The plank is a widely used isometric exercise for core stabilization, but most studies report mixed results, and very few have focused on female athletes. This within-subject, single-session observational study investigated muscle activation of the rectus abdominis and lateral deltoid during the plank in female collegiate athletes using surface electromyography (sEMG). Thirty healthy female students (aged 18?22 years, mean 18.63 ? 1.59) performed a standardized 30-second plank while sEMG signals were recorded from both muscles for a maximum duration of 20 seconds. Muscle activation was quantified using Root Mean Square (RMS) and Average Rectified Value (ARV). Paired-sample t-tests assessed differences in activation between muscles, and Pearson correlation analysis evaluated their co-activation. The rectus abdominis exhibited significantly higher activation than the lateral deltoid while correlation analysis indicated no significant relationship between the two muscles, at 5% level of significance, suggesting largely independent recruitment patterns. These findings highlight the rectus abdominis as the primary stabilizer during the plank, with the lateral deltoid contributing independently, providing practical insights for optimizing core and shoulder training in female athletes.

The strong increase in online shopping trends has prompted e-commerce platforms to develop electronic payment methods, especially the ?buy now, pay later? service (SpayLater). Given the potential of this form, the study was conducted to analyze the factors affecting consumers? SpayLater usage behavior on Shopee, one of the largest e-commerce platforms in Vietnam. Based on the extended technology acceptance model (TAM), the study built a model consisting of 10 factors: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, perceived security, additional utilities, trust, perceived usefulness, income, habits and usage behavior. Survey data of 337 consumers were processed using Cronbach?s Alpha coefficient, EFA and linear regression. The results showed that trust, habits, performance expectancy and income have a positive impact on SpayLater usage behavior. On that basis, the study proposes a number of solutions to support businesses in optimizing their strategy to reach users of the "buy now, pay later" payment service.

Pollution poses a major threat to aquatic ecosystems, profoundly influencing the physiological and biochemical functions of algae, which are primary producers and vital components of these systems. This study investigates the effect of pollutants on chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthetic efficiency in algae, focusing on the biochemical alterations induced by heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial effluents. Algal samples were exposed to varying concentrations of selected pollutants, and parameters such as chlorophyll a and b content, carotenoid concentration, photosystem II efficiency (Fv/Fm), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed. The results revealed a significant decline in chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic performance in polluted samples, accompanied by increased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Heavy metals such as cadmium and lead inhibited the activity of key enzymes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, including ?-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, resulting in pigment degradation and reduced light-harvesting capacity. Conversely, mild pollutant exposure triggered adaptive responses, including elevated antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase). These findings suggest that pollutants disrupt the biochemical integrity of algal photosynthetic machinery, impairing carbon fixation and energy conversion processes. The study highlights the critical role of algal chlorophyll metabolism as a sensitive bioindicator for aquatic pollution monitoring and provides insight into the biochemical mechanisms underlying algal stress responses in contaminated environments.

This study investigated the relationship between music appeal strategy and market performance in locally-based restaurants in Owerri, Imo State. Using a survey research method, data were collected from 40 management staff members across ten selected restaurants. A structured questionnaire was utilized to gather information on staff perceptions regarding the impact of music on customer experiences and market performance. The analysis revealed significant correlations between music appeal strategy and various performance metrics, including repeat purchases and profit margins. Specifically, music appeal strategy was found to have a strong positive relationship with repeat purchases (r = 0.572) and a moderate relationship with profit margins (r = 0.462), while its relationship with sales volume was weak (r = 0.054). The findings underscore the critical role of music in shaping customer behavior and enhancing the overall dining experience. Based on these results, recommendations are made for restaurant owners to strategically curate music selections and adapt them to different dining occasions to maximize customer satisfaction and profitability.

Aquaculture remains vital for food security and economic development in Nigeria, yet microbial contamination of fish-pond water threatens fish productivity, environmental balance, and public health. This study investigated the bacterial and fungal composition of fish-pond water from three ponds (A, B, and C) located in Ede North and Ede South Local Government Areas, Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. Physicochemical analyses revealed mean temperature of 27.9 ? 0.5 ?C, pH 6.9?7.1, dissolved oxygen 5.8?6.2 mg/L, and total dissolved solids 198?210 mg/L, all within FAO (2015) aquaculture standards. Microbiological assessment identified 230 total bacterial isolates, comprising 198 (86.1%) Gram-negative and 32 (13.9%) Gram-positive organisms. Dominant bacterial species were Escherichia coli (26%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (19%), Salmonella spp. (13%), Enterobacter spp. (6%), and Staphylococcus aureus (14%). Fungal isolates included Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Fusarium spp., Trichoderma viride, Penicillium spp., and Mucor spp. One-way ANOVA indicated no significant differences in microbial counts or physicochemical parameters among ponds (p > 0.05), while Pearson?s correlation showed a strong positive association between total dissolved solids and microbial load (r = 0.81). The predominance of Gram-negative bacteria reflects extensive faecal and organic contamination, and the co-occurrence of oxygenic fungi signals deteriorating pond hygiene. The study underscores the urgent need for routine microbiological surveillance, improved waste management, and prudent antibiotic use to ensure sustainable and safe aquaculture practices in Southwestern Nigeria.

The study evaluated education of special target group curriculum implementation in Colleges of Education in South South, Nigeria. The study adopted survey research design. Two research questions with two corresponding hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study consisted of all the three hundred level NCE students in the ten Colleges of Education in the South South Zone with a population of three thousand three hundred and seventy-six (3,376) and all the eighteen (18) lecturers teaching Education of Special Targets Group (EDU 211) in the ten Colleges of Education for the 2024/2025 academic session. The sample technique for the study was a simple random sampling technique for students while purposive sampling was done for the lecturers. Therefore, 300 students were selected and used for the study while all the eighteen lecturers were also used as the sample population for the study. Hence, the sample size for the study was 318 respondents. The instrument used for the study was a structured questionnaire titled; Implementation of Education of the special target group curriculum questionnaire (IESTGCQ). The instrument was validated by three experts. Cronbach alpha reliability test was done to ascertain the reliability of the instrument. The data collected was analyzed using mean and standard deviation as well as independent t-test. The result shows that lecturers and students both agree that lecturers made use of the minimum standard in implementing education of the special target group curriculum. The study further revealed that both lecturers and students agreed that the course provide students with adequate knowledge and skill about education of Special Target Group. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that the education of Special Target Group be taught by lecturers who are experts in adult and non-formal education.

In this tech-savvy generation, most children and adults are attached or addicted to digital devices. But also, another part of society is detached from technological advancement and digitally divided; they mainly come from the deprived and underprivileged society. The goal of digital inclusion is to reduce the gap between those classes. In this study, the researcher wants to evaluate the attitudes of B.Ed. Trainee teachers toward Digital Inclusion in the Purulia and Bankura districts of West Bengal. The researcher collected data based on the students' gender, locality, semester, and caste, totalling 200 B.Ed. Trainee teachers responded in this study. The analysis indicated that the overall attitude of B.Ed. Trainee teachers from Purulia and Bankura districts were at a moderate level and suggested that their perceptions were neither strongly favourable nor unfavourable towards Digital Inclusion. Moreover, this study found no significant differences in attitude when categorized by gender, locality, semester of study, and caste.

The widespread use of online social networks has led to the emergence of Social Network Mental Disorders (SNMDs) such as Cyber-Relationship Addiction, Net Compulsion, and Information Overload. Traditional detection methods depend on self-reports and psychological assessments, which are time-consuming and often delayed. This study presents a novel framework?SNMDD?that utilizes online social media behavior mining for early and automated SNMD detection. It integrates multiple features, including social interaction patterns, usage frequency, and content characteristics, using a unique SNMD- based Tensor Model (STM) for multi-source learning. Evaluated on data from 3,126 users, SNMDD demonstrates strong performance in distinguishing SNMD types. The study confirms that behavioral signals from social media can effectively indicate potential mental health issues, enabling timely and scalable mental disorder detection. Additionally, this work provides insights into the correlations between different user behaviors and SNMDs, offering practical implications for clinicians, platform designers, and mental health professionals to better manage and mitigate online behavioral disorders.

Regulations for nanomedicines are crucial to ensure their safety, efficacy, and quality. Given the unique properties and potential risks associated with nanoparticles, a clear regulatory framework is essential to guide the development, testing, and commercialization of these innovative therapies. Robust regulations also provide clarity for manufacturers, healthcare professionals, and the public, fostering trust and facilitating the responsible advancement of nanotechnology in medicine. Without standardized regulations, the potential benefits of nanomedicines could be overshadowed by safety concerns and inconsistent product quality. Despite these advancements, the regulatory landscape for nanomedicines remains fragmented and underdeveloped. The lack of clear, global regulatory frameworks presents significant challenges for the continued development and commercialization of nanotechnology-based therapies. Variability in classification across jurisdictions, with some nanomedicines being treated as medical devices and others as pharmaceuticals, underscores the need for a unified approach. This regulatory ambiguity threatens to stall the momentum of nanomedicine development and potentially divert investment away from this promising field. Efforts are underway within academic and governmental organizations to address these challenges. The establishment of National Characterization Laboratories and the call for a global consortium dedicated to the regulation of nanomaterials reflect a growing recognition of the need for coordinated regulatory oversight. Moreover, emerging trends in regulatory science, such as enhanced collaboration between materials science and translational research, are expected to play a crucial role in bringing nanomedicines from the lab to the clinic. In conclusion, nanotechnology represents a critical frontier in modern medicine, with the potential to revolutionize healthcare delivery through innovations in drug delivery systems, diagnostics, and regenerative medicine. However, the full realization of this potential will require a concerted effort to establish robust regulatory frameworks that can keep pace with the rapid advancements in nanotechnology. As the field continues to evolve, the integration of scientific disciplines within a cohesive regulatory structure will be essential to ensuring the safe and effective application of nanomedicine in addressing unmet medical needs.

This study examines the educational patterns and dimensions of Scheduled Caste (SC) populations in Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state. Using district-wise educational attainment data and logistic regression analysis, we investigate whether SCs lag behind Non-SCs in higher education achievement and analyze the effectiveness of government initiatives. The research employs quantitative analysis of educational outcomes across 71 districts, examining patterns in literacy, primary, secondary, and higher education attainment. Results reveal significant disparities between SC and Non-SC populations, with SCs achieving an average higher education rate of 15.76% compared to 22.56% for Non-SCs?a gap of 6.8 percentage points. Eastern districts show particularly pronounced educational disadvantages for SCs, while western districts demonstrate relatively better outcomes. Logistic regression analysis indicates that SCs have 12.3% lower odds of achieving higher education compared to Non-SCs (OR = 0.879, CI: 0.842-0.919). Government initiatives including the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Right to Education Act, and reservation policies have improved access but have not fully addressed structural barriers. The study concludes that despite constitutional provisions and affirmative action policies, SCs continue to face significant educational disadvantages that require targeted interventions addressing socio-economic, cultural, and institutional barriers.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898), a pioneering Indian Muslim reformer, scholar, and jurist, made significant contributions to archaeology during the early 19th century, particularly through his documentation of Delhi?s historical monuments. His most notable work, Asar-us-Sanadeed, first published in 1847 covering ancient buildings, forts, tombs, mosques, and other archaeological sites in Delhi and its environs. Sir Syed revised it in a more concise 1854 edition focused on factual accuracy. Asar-us-Sanadeed not only preserved records of monuments that have since vanished or deteriorated but also predated formal colonial archaeological efforts, such as those by Alexander Cunningham, positioning Sir Syed as one of India?s first indigenous historical archaeologists. His approach blended empirical observation with a romanticized view of the past, reflecting his broader intellectual shift toward rationalism and scientific inquiry.

This study examined the impact of political interference on promotion of civil servants in Enugu State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was adopted in this study. The population for the study was seven thousand, one hundred and sixty-three (7163), drawn from five selected ministries in Enugu state. A sample of 379 was derived from the population using the Taro Yamane statistical formula. Simple random sampling was used to administer the copies of questionnaire to the respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency, percentage and mean. The findings of the study indicated that political interference in civil service distorts merit-based promotion which brings individuals lacking the necessary skills into the civil service, discourages hardworking officers from putting in their best, encourages mediocrity, reduces commitment to innovation in service delivery, leads to prioritizing of the interests of political leaders which leads to inefficiency, encourages rent-seeking behavior among civil servants thereby eroding integrity in the service, difficulty in maintaining long-term planning, which undermines development outcomes, leads to poor service delivery and discourages growth in expertise of civil servants. It was recommended amongst others that modalities should be put in place to curb undue political interference using stronger institutions, clear legal safeguards, improved welfare, digitization, and a culture of professionalism capable of boosting the morale of civil servants and improve their productivity.

Aloe vera gel and Aloe vera juice is out there in the market nowadays and is preferred by numerous customers. This study is oriented towards standardization of Barbaloin present in Aloe. vera gel. And then taking Aloe vera gel as reference standard for standardising Aloe vera juice. Barbaloin, was separated by chromatographic method using gradient elution technique and was determined by using HPTLC- photo densitometric scanner. The proposed method is easy, sensitive, cost effective and may be used for the regular assay of Barbaloin in phytomedicines containing Aloe. vera gel and qualitative assay of Aloe vera juice. Other qualitative tests just like the presence of heavy metals & the Microbiological assay of the A. vera gel juice was also performed.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and automation are redefining labor markets worldwide, generating both fears of job displacement and hopes for opportunity creation. In India, the world?s most populous country with a labor force exceeding 500 million, this duality is particularly striking. This study analyzes the employment impacts of AI, drawing on national and international datasets, scholarly articles, and policy reports. Findings reveal that up to 69% of jobs in India face automation risk, particularly in IT, manufacturing, and retail sectors. Conversely, projections indicate 20 million new jobs by 2025 and 2.73 million AI-related tech jobs by 2028. The study integrates recent findings from sources like Nature, Drishti IAS, Innopharma Education, and global reports to provide a comprehensive view. Comparative global analysis suggests that India?s risk exposure exceeds OECD nations but that proactive skilling, rural innovation, and inclusive digital policies could turn disruption into net employment gains. Policy recommendations emphasize reskilling, rural digital inclusion, and human-centric AI adoption.

This article explores the media's crucial role in crisis management with an emphasis on how it affects children around the world. It examines the vast coverage of disasters, which impacts not only those who are directly affected but also resonates with children globally, demonstrating the media's global reach. The literature review emphasizes how crucial child-centered strategies and efficient risk communication models are to catastrophic risk reduction. Key terminology is established in the operational definition, setting the stage for further conversations. The article emphasizes how important it is for the media to be involved in every phase of disaster management, from providing early warnings to aiding in recovery. It looks at risk communication methods and emphasizes how important it is for children to understand and share information about danger. The section on lessening the negative effects of upsetting media coverage on children offers practical parental strategies that encourage mediation and active observation. It also emphasizes the media's role in averting disasters and promotes cooperation between media outlets, governments, and international organizations. To limit potential harm to children from crisis coverage, the paper concludes by advocating for responsible media behavior, effective risk communication measures, and child-centered methods. This multidisciplinary study reveals the complex relationship between media and disaster management, adding insightful information to current conversations on improving readiness and resilience in the face of global issues.

Neuro-Omni Channel Marketing is an innovative approach that combines ideas from neuroscience and omnichannel marketing to better understand how consumers think and feel. It helps to study the subconscious responses of customers across different online and offline platforms. This study investigates the impact of Neuro-Omni Channel Marketing on consumer behaviour in the fashion industry and provides insights into how the integration of neuroscience principles and Omni-channel marketing strategies influences customer engagement, purchasing decisions, and brand loyalty among fashion consumers. Using a descriptive research design with convenience sampling, the study focuses on consumers in Kerala, India. Analysing data through proportionate percentage analysis, chi-square tests, and multivariate techniques (multiple correlation and regression), findings reveal how Neuro-Omni Channel Marketing-driven stimuli enhance emotional engagement and shape buying choices compared to traditional marketing approaches. The research also highlights the effectiveness of Neuro-Omni Channel Marketing in influencing purchasing decisions, brand loyalty, and shopping experience. This research contributes to the existing literature on omnichannel marketing and provides valuable implications for fashion retailers and marketers.

This study examined the energy exchange throughout a cadaver's embalming process while taking thermodynamic exposure into account. The embalmed cadaver's head, neck, torso, arms, forearms, hands, thighs, legs, and feet were all included in the thermal model. Skin, fat, muscle, bone, brain, viscera, lung, and heart were among the tissues that were taken into consideration for each cylinder. For every cylinder, the heat conduction equation with constant heat generation is solved. This model made it feasible to determine how radiation, convection, and evaporation move heat and mass through the skin to the surroundings. As a result, the body's temporary reaction to changes in the surroundings was accomplished. The exergy fluxes resulting from heat and mass exchange on skin (radiation, convection, and evaporation) had to be obtained because the exergy analysis was used. The findings showed that when the model is exposed to ambient temperatures below those taken into account for the thermal neutrality condition, the destroyed exergy alone is adequate to assess the thermal experience. Additionally, the constant that produced comparable experiment behavior was the consequence of the minimal exergy destruction and highest second law efficiency. However, to accurately assess thermal comfort in situations with temperatures greater than those determined for thermal neutrality, the rate of exergy delivered to the environment with the amount of exergy lost should be combined.

Aquatic macrophytes are crucial components of freshwater ecosystems, serving as bioindicators of environmental health and enhancing ecological stability. They support aquatic biodiversity by providing habitats for fish, zooplankton, and macro-invertebrates, and they improve water quality through nutrient uptake, sediment stabilization, and oxygenation. However, their diversity is increasingly affected by human-induced pressures such as urban runoff, sewage, industrial waste, and seasonal climatic variations. These stressors often result in eutrophication, which disrupts species composition and reduces the overall abundance of macrophytes. This research documents the diversity of floating and free-floating aquatic macrophytes in the Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar district of Maharashtra, a semi-arid region with diverse freshwater ecosystems, including lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Field surveys conducted across various water bodies recorded 22 species from 13 families. The dominant plant families included Araceae, Salviniaceae, and Pontederiaceae, with key species such as Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, and Salvinia molesta, all known for their phytoremediation potential and ecological functions in nutrient cycling and pollution control. The adaptability of these species to nutrient-rich, disturbed waters highlights their value as indicators of ecosystem stress. The findings are in line with previous studies from the Marathwada region, particularly in Jalna district, underscoring the significance of macrophytes in maintaining water quality and biodiversity. This baseline study offers important insights for ecological monitoring and supports the formulation of conservation and restoration strategies for freshwater ecosystems in central India.

Long-duration human space missions require life support systems that can sustain life and limit dependence on supplies and store consumables from Earth. Plants can be a complete solution by providing fresh food, recycling CO2, generating O2, and improving crew health and well-being. NASA's Veggie and Advanced Plant Habitat and other analogs, such as EDEN-ISS, have shown space farming is possible; however, the capacity of the current systems was restricted because there was narrow spectral lighting used, difficulty of reaching roots due to microgravity, and inability to monitor them effectively. This paper provides a conceptual framework for an automated Astro-Agriculture system that will overcome the challenges of current systems. The automated system has three unique features to be developed: broad-spectrum tunable lighting to promote optimal photosynthesis and crop quality; a hydroponic /aeroponic, gravity-agnostic, scalable nutrient delivery system that will provide roots access to reliable hydration in microgravity, and hyperspectral and depth imaging for continuous, non-disruptive monitoring of plant physiology, growth characteristics, and biomass. The complete system is designed to connect environmental sensors to imaging and provide automated control of lighting, nutrient delivery systems, and the environment to minimize crew engagement. The system is sought as a compact modular unit for implementation in in-space human spaceflight missions in controlled-environment agriculture and vertical farming.

The study focus on class size and curriculum implementation in Senior Secondary Schools in Ughelli North Metropolis. The study adopted the descriptive research design. The population consist of all the Secondary Schools teachers and students of Senior Secondary II (SS II) in Ughelli North Metropolis. The simple random sampling techniques was used to draw the sample size comprises of 250 students and 50 teachers. The instrument used for the study was a self-structured questionnaire titled ?Class size Influence on Curriculum Implementation Questionnaire? (CSICIQ). The instrument was validated by three experts while the Cronbach alpha Statistics was used to establish the reliability index of 0.87. The instrument was designed with a modified 4-point Likert Scale. Two research assistants helped in the administration of the instrument. The data collected was analyzed using mean and standard deviation. A mean rating of 2.50 indicated agreement while mean rating below 2.50 indicated disagreement. Result from analysis revealed that class size has great influence on curriculum implementation with special reference to large class size. Based on the findings it was recommended among other that there should be strict adherence to class size by school administrators and government agencies as stipulated by the National Policy on Education.

The consolidation of Public Sector Banks (PSBs) in India emerges as a vital financial reform to enhance banking efficiency and extend credit accessibility. This study investigates how the merged PSBs can empower green startups in Tamil Nadu and promote agricultural development in Sivagangai district by overcoming credit constraints and fostering sustainable practices. Employing a mixed-method approach that includes surveys among green entrepreneurs and farmers alongside secondary data analysis, the research reveals significant improvements in loan accessibility and processing efficiency post-merger. However, remarkable disparities persist in financial literacy and scheme uptake, especially among Sivagangai's agricultural communities. The study emphasizes the need for sector-specific financial products, digital literacy enhancement, and policy frameworks facilitating inclusive banking to stimulate environmentally sustainable entrepreneurship and resilient agriculture in Tamil Nadu.

The study examined internal quality assurance implementation strategies and the realization of effective teacher education curriculum by colleges of education in south south Nigeria. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. Two research questions and one hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. The population of the study consisted of all the one thousand, one hundred and ninety eight lecturers from the nine colleges of Education in south south Nigeria. A simple random sampling technique was used in selecting three hundred lecturers the study. The instrument used for the study was a structured questionnaire titled; Internal Quality Assurance Strategies Implementation and Realization of Effective Teacher Education Programmes by Colleges of Education Questionnaire (IQASIRETEPCEQ)]. The instrument was validated by three experts. cronbarch alpha reliability test was done to ascertain the reliability of the instrument. The data collected was analysed using mean and standard deviation for research questions while ANOVA was used to analyse the hypothesis. The result shows that Colleges of Education in south south Nigeria had specific admission policy, screened certificates according to admission criteria and also recruited qualified academic staff among others, the study also reveals that political interest, inadequate financial resources as well as inadequate infrastructure were some of the challenges of Colleges of Education in south south Nigeria. Finally, the the hypothesis reveal that there is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the respondents in the three Colleges of Education on the level of implementing internal quality assurance strategy. Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were made; government should adequately fund Colleges of Education also, Colleges of Education should be encourages to generate funds internally, among others.

This study aims to examine the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies on improving the efficiency of administrative processes within Palestinian media institutions. A descriptive survey method was employed. The study sample was selected using a stratified sampling technique from three geographically and functionally diverse media institutions: the Palestinian News and Information Agency (WAFA), Ma?an News Network, and Al-Aqsa TV, with a total of 60 participants. The results indicated that the current use of AI technologies within the media institutions was at a moderate level (61.4%), as was the level of administrative process efficiency (67.8%). Furthermore, a statistically significant effect of AI utilization on enhancing Administrative Process Efficiency was observed. Regarding differences related to participants? personal variables, no statistically significant differences were found. Based on these findings, it is recommended to strengthen AI training, raise awareness of its impact on improving Administrative Process Efficiency, and tailor AI technologies to meet the specific needs of different media institutions.

Nanoparticle research has rapidly advanced due to the unique physicochemical properties of materials at the nanoscale, including high surface-to-volume ratios, tunable morphologies, and improved solubility. Among synthetic strategies, sonochemical methods have emerged as green, efficient, and scalable routes for preparing nanomaterials. Metformin, a widely prescribed antidiabetic drug, has recently gained attention as a chelating agent for transition-metal complexes due to its multiple donor nitrogen sites and high aqueous solubility. This review summarizes recent developments in the synthesis and characterization of metformin?cobalt(III) nanoparticles, with emphasis on the role of sonication in particle size reduction and improved morphology. We further discuss comparative studies on copper, nickel, and iron nanocomplexes synthesized via sonication and their biomedical and catalytic applications. Finally, challenges such as toxicity, agglomeration, and scalability are examined, with future perspectives on clinical translation and industrial potential.

The rapid expansion of e-commerce has transformed global business operations, enabling seamless digital transactions and unprecedented market access. However, this evolution has introduced a complex array of risks that threaten business continuity, consumer trust, and data security. This study investigates the major categories of risk in e-commerce operations namely cybersecurity, financial, operational, compliance, and reputational risks and evaluates their perceived likelihood, impact on business performance, and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 60 e-commerce professionals via a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS. The findings reveal that fraud and reputational risks are considered the most prevalent, while cybersecurity, operational, and compliance risks also remain critical. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) did not identify significant underlying dimensions among risk categories, indicating their independent nature. A weak, non-significant positive correlation was found between consumer trust and business performance. The study concludes with strategic recommendations for technical, operational, financial, and regulatory interventions to enhance organizational resilience. These findings underscore the importance of adopting a comprehensive and sector-specific approach to risk management in the evolving digital commerce landscape.

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of stakeholder awareness on achieving environmental sustainability in Nigerian housing development. Through a survey-based approach, demographic data of participants were examined to understand stakeholders' perspectives on sustainable housing development. Findings reveal a predominance of male participants, suggesting a gender disparity in sustainability discussions, and underscore the influence of middle-aged stakeholders, highlighting the need for targeted engagement strategies with younger cohorts. Despite a solid academic foundation among participants, challenges such as upfront costs, lack of awareness, and insufficient government support hinder widespread adoption of sustainable practices. Recommendations are proposed to enhance sustainability, including promoting gender diversity, engaging younger cohorts, capacity building, collaborative approaches, policy support, standardization, technology adoption, and awareness campaigns. Overall, this study offers valuable insights for advancing environmental sustainability in Nigerian housing development, fostering resilient communities, mitigating climate change impacts, and promoting sustainable development for future generations.

Uncertainties in the parameters of a business, if not properly modeled in a net profit formation, could lead to false or illusive profit reporting. Most business owners pay less attention to the extent of the variability of some parameter, thereby exposing their business to future liquidation. In this study, a series reliability analysis and modeling of a variable power supply days and machine downtimes, alongside their alternative sources of remedy for failure, is done in formulating the annual net profit of Celo Expert Company. The developed annual net profit model gives a net profit of ?156,054,531, and an inaccurate approach gives a net profit of ?180,353,467, with a difference of ?24,297,936. Projecting business future expenditure on such illusive profit could result in indebtedness or interrupted production process due to the lack of funds for purchase of materials and payment for services rendered.

This study explores the role of green start-ups in Tamil Nadu, India, in combating climate change through innovative technologies and sustainable practices. It examines how these start-ups contribute to environmental sustainability, economic growth, and social impact in the region. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study analyzes the challenges, opportunities, and impacts of green start-ups, focusing on their technological innovations, business models, and policy support. The findings highlight the potential of these enterprises to drive climate resilience and sustainable development, while identifying barriers such as funding constraints and regulatory hurdles. The study underscores the need for collaborative efforts between government, private sectors, and academia to foster a robust ecosystem for green entrepreneurship in Tamil Nadu.

This study investigates the obstacles encountered by Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) and the community's opinions of their function in health promotion throughout rural India, specifically in Guntur district. A quantitative, descriptive research design was utilised, gathering data from 400 ASHA workers using stratified random sampling and structured questionnaires. The findings indicate multiple significant constraints, such as obstacles in reaching rural families, delays in incentive disbursements—particularly for novice workers and complications regarding work-life balance for individuals with less expertise. ASHAs with elevated educational qualifications and greater experience are perceived as more credible and efficient by the community, and they typically obtain more prompt information regarding health initiatives. The research reveals that enhanced training, mentorship, and improved infrastructure further augment the confidence and reliability of ASHA workers as essential health resources. The findings highlight the urgent necessity for enhancements in rural mobility, more effective incentive allocation, continuous training opportunities, improved communication channels, and consistent feedback mechanisms from the community. Addressing these operational and structural obstacles is crucial for empowering ASHA workers, maintaining their motivation, and improving their capacity to facilitate healthcare access and encourage healthy behaviours in rural communities.

Investing in women, ending poverty, using gender-based finance, moving towards a green economy and social care, and empowering women?s transformation are some of the indispensable actions for holistic development of the economy. The paper aimed to study the gender equality with the help of indices such as HDI, IHDI and GDI and to interpret the dimensions of these indices in measuring gender equality of the ten largest economies of the world. Percentage analysis and Correlation were used to interpret the variables and indices. HDI reveals overall progress in human development, but masks gender disparities. IHDI shows that inequality, including gender inequality, significantly reduces human development. GDI specifically highlights gender-based disparities in health, education, and income. By prioritizing gender equality, we can unlock the full potential of human development, reduce inequality, and create a more just and sustainable world for all.

The proliferation of digital media has accelerated the spread of misinformation, making it increasingly difficult for the public to distinguish credible news from false narratives. This paper presents True Pulse, a full-stack web application designed to combat misinformation through AI-driven news article analysis. The system leverages a Python and Flask backend equipped with advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) models from the Hugging Face library to perform sentiment analysis and fake news detection. Upon receiving an article URL or raw text, the backend scrapes the content, evaluates its authenticity and emotional tone, and cross-verifies the story against trusted domains using the News API. This multi-faceted analysis is synthesized into a comprehensive Trust Score. The frontend, built with React and TypeScript, offers an intuitive interface for users to submit content and view results. The platform delivers clear, actionable analysis including trust scores, authenticity classification, key topic extraction, and links to corroborating sources, thereby empowering users to critically assess information in the complex media landscape.

Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) represent a transformative technology in display and lighting, offering inherent advantages such as self-emissivity, high contrast, and energy efficiency. However, traditional OLEDs, reliant on rigid indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, face limitations in form factor innovation and mechanical durability. This thesis comprehensively analyzes the profound advancements driven by novel materials, particularly graphene, and innovative device architectures, including flexible, transparent, and stretchable OLEDs. The emergence of materials like graphene, with its exceptional electrical conductivity, optical transparency, and mechanical flexibility, provides a superior alternative to ITO, enabling the realization of previously unattainable device forms. Concurrently, the development of flexible substrates, robust encapsulation techniques, and ingenious device designs has paved the way for displays that can bend, fold, and even stretch. This report details the fundamental principles, material innovations, and architectural breakthroughs that define this new era of OLED technology. Performance metrics for these novel OLEDs demonstrate significant progress, with graphene-based devices achieving efficiencies comparable to conventional ITO-based counterparts and exhibiting remarkable mechanical durability over thousands of bending cycles. These technological leaps are unlocking a vast array of applications across wearables, automotive, healthcare, and advanced display sectors, with market projections indicating substantial growth. While challenges in manufacturing scalability, material stability, and integration complexity persist, ongoing research into advanced material synthesis, self-healing properties, and hybrid systems promises to overcome these hurdles. The evolution of OLEDs signifies a fundamental shift towards ubiquitous, integrated, and conformable electronics, with far-reaching societal and economic implications.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become an essential aspect of business operations worldwide. With the increasing awareness of environmental issues, companies are now expected to contribute positively to environmental sustainability. This study aims to examine the CSR contribution to environmental sustainability and identify the key areas of focus for environmental sustainability initiatives. The study focuses on secondary data. The study concluded that, CSR initiatives on environmental sustainability are essential for promoting sustainable development and reducing the ecological footprint of businesses. Companies must develop a clear CSR strategy, invest in employee awareness and training, collaborate with stakeholders, and monitor and evaluate their progress to overcome the challenges and maximize the benefits of environmental sustainability initiatives.

Bibliometrics is one of the research disciplines used in the field of library and information science. Analyzing publication productivity is very important in social science research. This article analyses the contents of the Journal of Human Values from January 2023 to December 2024. This journal is a pioneering product of the management profession, published by Sage Journals on behalf of the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta. Publication, authorship pattern, institutions wise and geographical patterns are considered in this work.

Climate change poses a significant challenge in the 21st century due to its unpredictability and the urgent need for effective responses. This study explores how Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be leveraged to analyze climate patterns and formulate optimal strategies for addressing climate change impacts. It investigates AI techniques such as neural networks, support vector machines, and reinforcement learning, which process large-scale environmental data to enhance forecasting and strategic planning. The research also examines AI applications in optimizing resource use, tracking extreme weather events, and strengthening industries vulnerable to climate shifts. Furthermore, it addresses current challenges, ethical considerations, and future research opportunities in integrating AI with climate science.

The application of machine learning (ML) is causing a revolution in higher education by making it possible to have learning experiences that are flexible, individualized, and competent. The purpose of this research is to investigate the feasibility of combining Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML) in the context of graduate school. By citing recent scholarly publications and studies, it discusses the aforementioned topics, including current applications, advantages, challenges, and potential future prospects. The focus is on the ways in which new technologies might personalize learning, improve assessment, promote research, and boost administrative efficiency, ultimately resulting in a transformation of the postgraduate experience.

DIY (Do-It-Yourself) skin care is becoming more popular nowadays in college students, adults, and regular people for natural, low-cost alternatives to store-bought cosmetics. Herbal face masks and toners are some of the most common and widely used remedies because they are safe, easy to available, and effective. This review looks at how well herbal toners and face masks made at home work by putting together information from sources. The review talks about common herbal ingredients like aloe vera, turmeric, neem, green tea, rose water, and colloidal oatmeal. It summarise skin-beneficial phytochemicals and actions. also Benefits, drawbacks, safety concerns, and future prospective, giving students and people interested in herbal skin care a balanced view.

Food waste remains a significant global challenge with severe environmental, social, and economic implications. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2021), approximately one-third of food produced globally?about 1.3 billion tonnes?is wasted annually. In urban areas, large volumes of surplus yet edible food from restaurants, hotels, and grocery stores are discarded due to the absence of efficient redistribution systems. This study presents the design and implementation of FoodSaver Hub, an intelligent, web-based platform developed to connect food vendors with consumers in real time, thereby reducing food waste and enhancing access to affordable meals. A user-centered requirement-gathering approach was employed, involving interviews, meetings, and surveys with vendors, customers, and community organizations to ensure the system meets real-world needs. The resulting platform incorporates key functional components, including vendor registration, surplus food listing management, geolocation-based customer search, order tracking, and review features. Additionally, an administrative module supports system oversight, analytics, and reporting. Non-functional requirements such as performance, security, usability, and accessibility were also addressed to ensure reliability and user satisfaction. The Food Saver Hub model aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12.3, which aims to halve global food waste by 2030, and demonstrates how digital innovation can support sustainable consumption and production. This work contributes to the growing field of technology-enabled sustainability solutions by providing a replicable framework for surplus food redistribution in urban settings.

As digital environments become more and more demanding, students in the information technology area are more likely to experience stress, eye strain, mental weariness, trouble concentrating, and sleep problems. Too much time spent in front of screens and too much coding effort is to blame for this. The situation is exacerbated by insufficient institutional support networks, academic stress, and a lack of awareness regarding digital well-being. To address this gap, this study analyses contemporary trends in students' screen time and coding duration, assesses their effects on mental health, and offers actionable recommendations for educational institutions to foster sustainable digital practices. The primary objective of the study is to highlight this overlooked issue and promote a health-oriented educational framework that equally prioritises students' emotional and mental health alongside the enhancement of their technical competencies.

Nutraceuticals, introduced by Dr.Stephen DeFelice in 1989, refer to products derived from food sources that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Positioned at the crossroads of nutrition and medicine, these products have garnered attention for their potential to prevent and treat various diseases. This thesis explores the concept of nutraceuticals, their classification, and the regulatory frameworks that govern them. Nutraceuticals are broadly categorized into traditional and non-traditional types. Traditional nutraceuticals are naturally occurring substances used for centuries across different cultures for their health benefits. This category includes essential nutrients like vitamins and minerals, bioactive compounds such as phytochemicals and flavonoids, and functional foods enhanced with additional health benefits, like omega-3-rich foods that support cardiovascular health and probiotics for gut health. Non-traditional nutraceuticals, in contrast, are products modified or fortified through technological advancements, including foods enhanced with additional nutrients or recombinant nutraceuticals produced through genetic engineering. These innovations aim to address specific health needs, such as combating nutritional deficiencies in populations with limited diet diversity. This thesis underscores the increasing importance of nutraceuticals in global health and wellness. As demand for these products rises, there is a critical need for harmonized, science-based regulations that ensure consumer safety, product efficacy, and support the growth of the nutraceutical industry worldwide.

Globally, about 5% of adults suffer from depression.[1]

Approximately 280 million people in the whole world have depression.

Depression is major growing health concern in India too. Allopathic medicine offers treatments such as antidepressants and psychotherapy, which may provide symptomatic relief but also carry the burden of side effects, medicine to be taken for longer duration, recurrence, or partial response. Homoeopathy offers an alternative holistic approach, where treatment is individualized based on the totality of symptoms, including mental, emotional, and physical dimensions.[2,3]

The astounding development of FinTech in Bangladesh has substantially elevated the usage of the digital financial product ecosystem in banking, mobile financial services (MFS) like Bkash, Nagad, Rocket, Upay, etc., online transactions, etc., as well as financial transactions via e-commerce such as Pickaboo, Othoba, Daraz, etc., m- commerce such as Mobile apps, Bangla QR code, etc. This burgeoning trend has, however, left the e-financial ecosystem vulnerable to identity fraud, phishing, spoofing, social engineering, and other fraudulent complaints. The ever-changing nature of fraud makes traditional rule-based fraud detection ineffective. However, AI- powered fraud detection techniques such as machine learning, deep learning, behavioral profiles, federated learning, etc. have been shown to strengthen e-KYC and fraud detection. This article provides a systematic literature review of AI in e-KYC and fraud Detection in the context of the FinTech ecosystem in Bangladesh. It also discusses the existing literature, highlights the gaps and exigent areas for further research.

One of the greatest ways to communicate with people around the world these days is through social media. An internet platform called social media encourages networking and information sharing among diverse communities. Facebook, Wikipedia, Twitter, Google+, Pinterest, LinkedIn, Instagram, and Tumblr are a few examples of well-known social networking sites. They are all online social networks that allow users to share private information. The body of research on women's use of social media and its impact is growing daily. Women seek support from private media groups, indicating that these networks are pro-gender equality. Research on female gamers has begun to emerge, despite the fact that gaming has traditionally been more popular among men. Studies conducted in the twenty-first century have brought attention to the significance of women in technology, and one of the expanding issues that has not gotten enough attention is the problem of female gamers becoming addicted. Playing video games can help women develop their social, cognitive, and physical abilities. However, they are not as encouraged to play video games due to negative gender-based beliefs or negative gaming experiences. It seems that female gamers need coping mechanisms to deal with cyberbullying. Nonetheless, this sophistication will have both positive and bad impacts on the ladies. Using a qualitative methodology, the study collects secondary data from reliable sources like books, scholarly journals, government documents, and online sources. Examining the effects of social media on women's personality development, behaviour, usage of media today, addiction to gaming, gender representation of body image, and identity formation is the goal. This study highlights the complex effects of social media on women's life and stresses the value of creating inclusive environments, a diversity of representations, and encouraging networks.

The study examined the impact of construction industry contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to the Nigerian economy. The objectives is to determine factors driving the growth of construction towards its contribution to the national economy and gross domestic products for sustainable development. The paper explained the various approach for arriving at the GDP, Cross-border comparison and purchasing power parity, standard of living and GDP, and how the gross domestic product (GDP) accounts for contribution in the construction sector. The result shows that the contribution of construction sectors shows a progressive increase from 3.6 percent in 2015 to 4.1 percent in 2017 with a growth rate of 14.51 percent. In time of recession when there are less construction activities there is a low contribution of the construction to GDP. There is need for implementing policy reforms to prioritize investments in infrastructure and human capitals to foster inclusive and sustainable growth in Nigeria.

Vitamin D Status and Its Determinants Among HIV-Positive Adults in Nnewi, Nigeria Individuals living with HIV face a heightened risk of opportunistic infections due to compromised immune function. Vitamin D, a key immune modulator, has gained attention for its potential influence on immunity, especially in immunocompromised populations. Deficiency in vitamin D may further impair immune responses in people with HIV. This cross-sectional study assessed vitamin D levels and their associations with sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors among 56 HIV-positive adults attending the HIV Clinic at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria. Participants? sociodemographic and clinical data were collected alongside serum vitamin D measurements. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square or Fisher?s exact tests for categorical variables, independent t-tests for continuous variables, and logistic regression to identify predictors of deficiency. The mean vitamin D concentration in the cohort was 22.88 ? 5.96 ng/ml. Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/ml) was present in 26.8% of participants, while 64.3% had insufficient levels (20?29 ng/ml). Significant associations were observed between vitamin D status and both age (p = 0.02) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen (p = 0.002). Notably, multivariate analysis revealed that individuals on a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine/dolutegravir regimen had 97% lower odds of vitamin D deficiency compared to those on a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/lamivudine/dolutegravir regimen. In conclusion, age and ART regimen significantly influenced vitamin D status among HIV-positive adults in this setting. Routine monitoring of vitamin D may be beneficial in comprehensive HIV care, particularly with consideration of specific ART regimens.

One of the challenges of biology has been the definition of life. Most of our attempts on defining ?life? have finished in a catalogue of properties which, more or less, describe only the living beings? functions, not life. Our problem begins when we lose the notion of reality provided by nature, and go off the point with personal ideas. In this article, the operational definition of life and a meaning of death, based on empirical and observational data, will be expanded on, utilizing concepts from thermodynamics. We also look at the process of heat movement and transfer in the human body, the stages of death, and death in stricto sensu.

The continuous advancement in information and communication technologies has necessitated digital transformation in veterinary healthcare, yet many clinics still rely on manual appointment scheduling and record-keeping systems that lead to inefficiencies, missed appointments, and data inconsistencies. This study addresses these critical challenges by developing a comprehensive web-based Veterinary Appointment Management System that integrates secure client-pet databases, real-time scheduling capabilities, and role-based access control to enhance operational efficiency and service delivery in veterinary practices. The system was developed using a modern technology stack comprising Next.js for the responsive frontend interface, Flask API for robust backend services, and MySQL for secure database management. The implementation employed JWT-based authentication with multi-factor authentication capabilities, role-based access control (RBAC) for administrators, veterinarians, staff, and pet owners, and AES-256 encryption for data security. The development process followed structured system design principles with comprehensive testing phases including unit testing, integration testing, and user acceptance testing to ensure functionality, security, and usability standards. The implemented system successfully delivered all core functionalities including secure user authentication, real-time appointment scheduling with conflict resolution, comprehensive pet profile management with medical history tracking, automated notification systems, and administrative oversight capabilities. User acceptance testing demonstrated high satisfaction rates across all user roles, with the system effectively streamlining clinic workflows, reducing administrative burden, and improving data accessibility. Performance evaluation confirmed optimal response times, robust security measures, and scalable architecture suitable for small to medium-sized veterinary practices. The Veterinary Appointment Management System represents a significant advancement in veterinary practice digitization, successfully addressing operational inefficiencies through secure, user-friendly technology integration.

The reformulation of India?s corporate governance landscape in the aftermath of financial scandals and systemic failures has resolved around the principle of transparency. The introduction of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 (hereinafter ?LODR Regulations?) marked a pivotal step toward codifying and standardizing disclosure requirements for listed entities in India. Anchored in the broader objective of enhancing investor confidence and fostering a culture of accountability, the LODR Regulations function as the primary disclosure code governing companies listed on Indian stock exchanges. In response to growing investor activism, regulatory scrutiny, and the globalization of capital markets, India has witnessed a significant shift in disclosure mandates over the past decade. Anchored in both statutory reforms and jurisprudential interpretation, the SEBI (LODR) framework aims to institutionalize transparency, accountability, and stakeholder protection in listed companies. This study analyses key provisions of the LODR Regulations, evaluates SEBI?s enforcement mechanisms, and assesses their impact on disclosure quality and investor confidence. It attempts to draw comparative analysis with global regimes including those of the United States, United Kingdom, European Union, Singapore, and Australia, the article argues for a disclosure regime that is not only compliant but materially informative, technologically integrated, and globally harmonized.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investing has emerged as a pivotal approach in aligning financial returns with sustainable and ethical practices. This study evaluates the performance of select ESG mutual fund schemes in India, focusing on their financial competitiveness, risk-adjusted returns, and integration of ESG factors. A mixed-method research design was adopted, combining quantitative analysis of fund performance (using NAV, annual returns, Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, and Jensen?s Alpha) with qualitative insights from investor surveys and expert interviews. The findings reveal that ESG funds, while showing resilience during market downturns, delivered competitive returns comparable to conventional mutual funds. Higher ESG scores were linked to greater portfolio stability, though not always to higher returns, underscoring the role of strategy and governance. Investor analysis highlighted increasing awareness, with nearly half of respondents already investing in ESG funds, though gaps in knowledge and perceptions persist. The study underscores the need for standardized ESG rating frameworks, enhanced transparency, and stronger regulatory support to build investor confidence and expand ESG adoption in India. The results contribute to the growing body of literature on sustainable finance, offering valuable insights for investors, fund managers, and policymakers seeking to align profitability with long-term environmental and social responsibility.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors are becoming critical in valuing commercial real estate, particularly green buildings. These factors influence asset risks, income generation potential, and investor decisions. As sustainability becomes central to global investment strategies, valuation professionals must adopt ESG-inclusive methodologies. This paper explores ESG integration in commercial property valuation, focusing on green-certified buildings, and incorporates international frameworks and quantitative modeling to show the financial materiality of ESG in real estate.

Environmental sustainability is a major concern in the twenty-first century, especially in developing areas where economic growth often harms ecological health. Nagaon District in Assam, India, exemplifies these challenges. Located in central Assam, the district is known for its agricultural economy and biodiversity. However, it faces increasing pressures from deforestation, rapid urbanization, erosion from floods, and industrial growth. These changes have led to significant environmental damage, including loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and greater susceptibility to climate change. At the same time, Nagaon is vital for implementing sustainable development strategies because it represents both ecological wealth and a social dependence on natural resources.