The textile industry is a key contributor to India’s economic growth, exports, and employment. This study examines the export competitiveness of the Indian textile sector over a ten-year period (2014–2023). Using secondary data, the study analyses export performance across major international markets such as the USA, Europe, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and others. Statistical tools including Mean, Coefficient of Variation (CV), and Linear Growth Rate (LGR) are used to evaluate trends, stability, and growth. The findings reveal strong growth in markets like the USA, Bangladesh, and Vietnam, while regions such as the UK and China show declining trends. Product-wise analysis indicates that cotton and synthetic textiles dominate exports, while silk and woollen segments show slower growth. The study concludes that India has strong export potential but must focus on innovation, infrastructure, and market diversification to sustain competitiveness.

This study examines the impact of global gold price volatility on export competitiveness, with a specific focus on the Indian gold industry. Gold, being a significant commodity in international trade, is highly sensitive to fluctuations in global markets, which in turn affects export performance and market stability. The research aims to analyse the relationship between price volatility and the competitiveness of gold exports using appropriate statistical and analytical tools. Furthermore, the study highlights key challenges faced by exporters, such as exchange rate fluctuations, global competition, and changing demand patterns. It also emphasizes the need for effective risk management strategies and policy support to enhance stability and competitiveness in the gold export market. The research contributes to a better understanding of how global economic factors impact the gold industry and provides insights for policymakers, traders, and stakeholders in improving export performance.

The present study investigated the relationship between good governance and employee performance among the Municipal Agriculture Offices. The study focused on sub-dimensions of good governance practices, including transparency, accountability, fairness, and responsibility towards employee performance measures, which assessed task performance, contextual performance, counterproductive work behavior, and adaptive performance. Quantitative-descriptive design was used, and the purposive sampling technique was employed to collect data from Municipal Agriculture Office employees. Descriptive analysis was conducted to assess the level of good governance and employee performance, while Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient was used to identify the relationship between good governance and employee performance. The study showed that good governance practices were commonly practiced in Municipal Agriculture Offices. The good governance indicators that were commonly practiced included responsibility and accountability, next to transparency and fairness. The study concluded that governance practices were greatly inculcated in the operation and practices of the offices. Performance-wise, respondents were shown to have high task performance, contextual performance, and adaptive performance. On the other hand, counterproductive work behaviors were practiced seldom by the respondents. The correlation analysis showed that there was a statistically positive relationship between good governance and employee performance. Responsibility and fairness were found to be the best predictors of good governance and employee performance. The results of this study may suggest that ethical governance practices that are fair and responsible improve and motivate employee performance, resulting in discretionary behavior.

This study examined the relationship between MAPEH teachers’ classroom management practices and student participation among junior high school learners in public secondary schools in District VIII, Division of Valencia City. The investigation was anchored on Marzano’s Classroom Management Theory and the behavioral engagement framework of Fredricks, Blumenfeld, and Paris.
A descriptive–correlational research design was employed to determine the level of classroom management practices and the level of student participation, as well as the relationship between the two variables. The respondents were public secondary school teachers teaching MAPEH in the district, selected through purposive sampling. Data were gathered using an adopted questionnaire measuring five dimensions of classroom management practices, rules and procedures, behavior management, classroom organization and physical arrangement, teacher–student relationships, and motivational strategies, and four indicators of student participation: active involvement, on-task behavior, attendance and preparedness, and cooperative participation. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the levels of the variables, while Pearson’s Product–Moment Correlation was applied to determine the relationship between them.
Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated a high level of classroom management practices and that student participation in MAPEH was generally very high. The analysis further indicated a significant relationship between classroom management practices and student participation, suggesting that well-structured classroom environments contribute to higher levels of learner engagement in performance-based activities. The study highlights the importance of effective classroom management in promoting active participation and meaningful learning experiences in MAPEH classes.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of teachers’ financial literacy, financial management practices, and job engagement, and to explore the interconnections among these dimensions. The research design used for this study is descriptive-correlational. The respondents of this study consisted of 131 teachers from the Integrated Schools in District VI, Division of Valencia City, Bukidnon, during the school year 2025–2026. This study utilized a rigorously validated self-assessment instrument to examine teachers’ levels of financial literacy, financial management practices, and job engagement. Descriptive statistics, including weighted mean and standard deviation, were utilized to determine the levels of the variables, while Pearson’s r was employed to examine the relationships among them.
The findings showed that teachers were very highly literate financially, as well as financially, in terms of attitude and behavior. The level of financial management practices was found to be high, with budgeting identified as the most frequently practiced activity, followed by spending and credit management. Teachers saved for essential needs, and investments were low-risk. Teachers demonstrated a very high level of job engagement, with absorption emerging as the most dominant dimension, followed by vigor and dedication.
Despite this positive outcome, correlation analysis revealed that financial literacy and financial management practices were not significantly correlated with job engagement. It implies that financial capacity does not directly impact the engagement levels of teachers.
It concludes that teachers are financially capable and highly engaged in their work. It is recommended that more attention be given to financial training, workplace systems, and further exploration of other factors that impact teacher engagement.

This research used a quantitative, descriptive-correlational study to evaluate the effects of empowerment strategies on the ways that school leaders in Malaybalay City lead and make decisions. The study evaluated the degree to which the school leaders are implementing various types of empowerment strategies and quantified their leadership behavior and decision-making. This study also examined the relationships between empowerment strategies and leadership and empowerment strategies and decision-making.
Ninety-one (91) school principals participated in this study by purposive sampling. Data were collected using a 90-item Likert scale questionnaire, which has previously been shown to be both valid and reliable. Additionally, ethical standards were followed; all participants voluntarily participated in the study and were assured of confidentiality. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to calculate the levels of the variables, using Pearson’s product-moment correlation to test for relationships among the variables.
The analysis showed that school leaders used a variety of empowerment strategies, and that the two most used strategies were effective management and information sharing. Among the various dimensions of leadership practice (strategic, administrative, collaborative, and instructional), all practice dimensions ranked equally highly, showing overall leadership effectiveness. The results also showed that the school leaders made decisions with high collaboration and reliance upon data, consistent with the goals of their schools/companies. The study revealed a significant relationship between empowerment strategies and leadership, whereas no relationship was found between empowerment strategies and decision-making.

The present study was designed to explore the relationship of proactive personality, 21st century skills, and career decision-making among Senior High School learners. The study employed a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design to answer the research questions.
The respondents of the present study were the Grade 11 and 12 students of the following Senior High Schools in the Division of Valencia City, Bukidnon: Guinuyoran National High School, Immaculate Concepcion High School Inc., and Lourdes Integrated School. The self-assessment survey questionnaire was employed as the research instrument in the present study to gather the necessary information from the respondents. The mean, standard deviation, Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple regression analysis were employed to analyze the gathered data.
The results showed that students generally have a high level of proactive personality, 21st-century skills in terms of critical thinking, collaborating, communicating, and creativity, and their decision-making in terms of vigilance and moderate levels of procrastination and buck-passing. The results also showed that proactive personality and 21st-century skills have significant relationships with the students' decision-making. The results of the regression analysis showed that the variables have significant predictive power in predicting the career decision-making of the respondents.
The study concludes that enhancing proactive personality and 21st-century skills can lead to more effective career decision-making. It is recommended that schools should promote proactive personality and 21st-century skills to support students in making informed decisions in their career.

This study aimed to determine the efficiency of classroom management in reducing Students’ stress. A descriptive correlation design was used in this study. Descriptive designs aimed to describe the current state of the identified variables, whereas correlational designs attempt to use statistical data to determine the magnitude of the relationship between two or more variables. This research was conducted in the selected secondary schools in Impasug-ong Bukidnon. The result revealed that level of preparation needed to do the classroom management to reduce students’ stress in terms of work environment, pupils’ outcome and instructional supervision was categorized as always. Moreover, classroom management that can cause stress to students in terms of class rules, class activities and model behavior was labeled as always. Another result revealed that classroom management variables indicate a moderate positive correlation between the overall level of preparation for classroom management and reducing student stress, and this relationship is statistically significant. So, we reject the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant relationship between the level of preparation needed to do the classroom management to reduce student stress and classroom management that can cause student stress. This suggests that teachers may be given regular training and professional development opportunities to learn effective classroom management techniques. This can include workshops, seminars, and online courses. The training should cover topics such as creating a positive learning environment, managing student behavior, and promoting positive relationships with students. These may improve the level of preparation needed to do the classroom management to reduce students’ stress in terms of work environment, pupils’ outcome and instructional supervision.

Nardostachys jatamansi DC. Is an endangered, primitive and therapeutic herbal agent belonging to family Valerianaceae. The rhizomes of this hairy, perennial, dwarf and herbaceous plant are used for therapeutic effect in Ayurvedic and unani system of medicine. Nardostachys jatamansi has been reported to have many therapeutic activities like antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and cardio protective properties. It is used in the treatment of insomnia and CNS disorders. The vasodilator, bronchodilator, spasmolytic and platelet aggregation inhibition activities of the plant have also been reported. Jatamansone, nardostachone and actinidine are the major secondary metabolites present in the plant.
In light of this, natural substances like Jatamansi offer a safer alternative for beautification. Nardostachys jatamansi, renowned for its extensive health benefits, beauty- enhancing properties, and medicinal applications, has been a cornerstone of the Indian medicinal system for centuries. It is also applied locally in some skin problem by traditional healers in Himalayan region. It has antioxidant property, antifungal as proved by various research articles, ethanolic extract used for making various formulation1.

The construction industry often faces challenges in material tracking and information management due to the use of traditional systems that rely on centralized databases such as Excel sheets and registers. These systems can lead to problems such as lack of transparency, data modification, delays, and trust issues among project stakeholders. To overcome these limitations, integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) with blockchain technology has been proposed as a secure and transparent solution for managing construction data.
The aim of this study is to demonstrate a simple integration of BIM and blockchain for secure material tracking in construction projects. In this project, a building model is created using Autodesk Revit, and a material schedule is generated to extract details such as material ID, name, and quantity. The extracted material information is then stored on a blockchain ledger using a smart contract developed in Solidity and compiled using Remix IDE.
The results of the study show that the material data obtained from the BIM model can be successfully recorded and retrieved from the blockchain ledger. This ensures that the stored information is transparent, traceable, and resistant to unauthorized modification. Therefore, the project demonstrates that integrating BIM with blockchain can improve the security and reliability of material information in construction projects.

Obesity has evolved into a global health epidemic, traditionally monitored through Body Mass Index (BMI). However, BMI functions primarily as a lagging indicator, failing to capture the underlying behavioral precursors that drive weight gain. This research introduces B-ORAF (Behavioral-Obesity Risk Assessment Framework), an intelligent predictive system designed to evaluate obesity risk by quantifying lifestyle patterns. Leveraging a comprehensive dataset of 2,111 records, the study conducts a rigorous comparative evaluation of three distinct supervised learning paradigms: Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Through systematic feature engineering and performance benchmarking, the results reveal that the XGBoost model achieves an optimal classification accuracy of 95.56%, significantly outperforming other ensemble and kernel-based techniques. Crucially, feature importance analysis identifies sedentary technological engagement and dietary frequency as the most significant predictors of risk. By shifting the focus from static physical measurements to dynamic behavioral analytics, this framework offers a robust, non-invasive computational tool for early clinical intervention and the development of personalized preventative healthcare strategies.

Buccal route of drug delivery has significant attention to the systemic circulation through the jugular vein bypassing the first pass hepatic metabolism leading to high bioavailability. Such routes have expanded important notice due to their presystemic metabolism or instability in the acidic environment associated with the oral administration. Lercanidipine can be release and permeated through buccal mucosa rapidly at the first and then continuously for prolonged period. Lercanidipine tablets were prepared by direct compression. HPMC, Carbopol, sodium alginate were used as a release retarding agents in Lercanidipine tablets formulation. Drug content of all formulation was in the range of 98.00 to 100 % which passed the official requirement as per I.P. of all batches of preliminary trial batches was performed. Weight variation indicated that they were in range of official standards and no significant difference between individual weights of tablets from the average value. Dissolution of Lercanidipine tablet was carried out in USP type –II apparatus with some modification. Dissolution data for trial batches 1, 2,3,4,5 shown that drug release were found to be decreased as compared to trial batch 6 containing sodium alginate and HPMC combination. Similarity factor also calculated for batches 1 to 5 were F2 value in the range of 25 to 40% which suggested that there was dissimilarity between theoretical drug release profile and trial batch using different polymer concentration.

This study was conducted to find the relationship between the extent of stakeholders' support and participation in wash-in-school (WINS) implementation and learners’ health status. It applied the descriptive-correlational research design. It was conducted in the public elementary schools in Quezon III District, Division of Bukidnon, School Year 2022-2023.The study's respondents were all the public-school teachers and parents of the said locale. It is a researcher-made instrument used to gather the needed information. The data were analyzed using statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, frequency count, percentage, and Pearson r Product Moment Correlation Coefficient.
The subsequent research unveiled the following results: There was a High Extent of Wash-In-School (WINS) participation among stakeholders in Kipolot Integrated School. The majority of learners are categorized as Normal in terms of their health status. It suggests that a significant portion of the student population maintains a standard level of health and well-being. There was no significant relationship between the extent of WINS participation among stakeholders in Kipolot Integrated School and learners’ health status.
Considering the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are proposed: Teachers may persist in prioritizing and reinforcing hygiene and sanitation behaviors among learners. Parents should continue fostering and endorsing their children's health and well-being. Parents must prioritize good habits such as maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and ensuring appropriate relaxation to support their children's ideal health. Parents are urged to consider other aspects affecting their children's health and prioritize comprehensive strategies to enhance their children's overall health and welfare.

FinTech innovations have transformed access to financial services in developing economies, yet their ability to translate digital access into lasting financial resilience among low-income communities remains underexplored. Despite widespread adoption of mobile payments and digital wallets, many households continue to face income volatility, limited savings, and dependence on informal credit. This study investigates how FinTech adoption influences financial inclusion, financial resilience, and sustainable livelihood outcomes. The research adopts a mixed-method design using primary survey data collected from 300 low-income respondents and secondary evidence from policy and institutional reports. Descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and structural equation modeling were applied using SPSS to test the proposed framework. The findings reveal that FinTech adoption significantly enhances financial inclusion, which in turn strengthens households’ capacity to manage economic shocks and stabilize income flows. Financial resilience is identified as a critical mediator linking digital financial access to sustainable livelihood outcomes. The study offers important policy and managerial insights, emphasizing the need for resilience-oriented digital financial products, consumer protection mechanisms, and targeted financial literacy initiatives to ensure that FinTech-driven inclusion supports long-term socio-economic security rather than merely transactional convenience.

Joint pain and stiffness are symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease. The purpose of this study is to create and assess a polyherbal oil for its possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties utilizing Hadjod, Moringa, Gokhru, camphor, and sesame oil. The formulation was created using an infusion technique, and its stability and physicochemical characteristics were assessed. The outcomes showed promising anti-inflammatory action, acceptable features, and good stability. The oil may be a safe and efficient natural treatment for rheumatoid arthritis due to the synergistic impact of the herbal constituents. To validate its clinical efficacy, more research is needed.
The chosen herbal ingredients have strong anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and bone-healing qualities. To maximize the extraction of bioactive components, the oil was prepared using a conventional infusion technique. Sesame oil's excellent stability and skin penetration qualities made it an efficient carrier, while camphor was added to improve penetration and offer a cooling and analgesic effect.

The study investigated the influence of availability and utilisation of library resources and students' academic achievement in English Language in secondary schools in Akwa Ibom State. Four research questions and one hypothesis guided the study. Survey research design was used for the study. The population of the study consisted of all the eleven thousand three hundred and eleven (11,311) Senior Secondary School Two (SS2) students from the two hundred and forty-three (243) public secondary schools in the area under study. A multi-stage procedure including stratified, purposive and simple random sampling technique was used for the study. A structured questionnaire with forty (40) item questions was used for data collection. The instrument was subjected to face validation by three experts in Measurement and Evaluation. A reliability coefficient of 0.78 was obtained using Cronbach alpha reliability test. This showed that the instrument was reliable. Research questions were analyzed using mean and standard deviation while hypothesis was analyzed using Chi-Square Statistics. The findings of the study revealed that library resources were not sufficient in secondary schools; it also revealed that students seldom utilize library resources; more so, the study revealed some of the constraints to library resources; furthermore the study revealed some strategies to improve English Language students' use of school library. Finally, the research hypothesis reveals that students who utilize school library resources performed significantly better than those who do not. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that library resources should be provided in school libraries, and qualified librarians should be employed to manage school libraries.

Adolescence is a critical developmental period during which foundational beliefs about marriage, intimacy, and relational norms are formed. For adolescents who witness marital abuse, whether physical, psychological, or emotional, the imprint of that exposure can persist into adulthood, shaping attitudes towards romantic relationships in profound and often damaging ways. Yet the specific mechanisms by which adolescent exposure to marital abuse translates into adult relational attitudes remain underexplored in qualitative literature. This phenomenological study investigates the lived experiences of adults who were exposed to marital abuse during their adolescent years and explores how those experiences have shaped their current attitudes towards marriage and intimate relationships. Using a qualitative phenomenological design grounded in an interpretive philosophical approach, the study draws on Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977) and Attachment Theory (Bowlby, 1969). Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 22 adults aged 24 to 41 years who reported witnessing sustained marital abuse between their parents or parental figures during their adolescence (ages 13-19). Participants were recruited through community mental health centres, social media support groups, and snowball sampling across the United Kingdom. All participants were not currently living with their parents and had been in at least one serious intimate relationship as an adult. Thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke (2006) revealed six major themes: (1) normalisation of abuse as a relational script, (2) hypervigilance and the constant scanning for relational threat, (3) commitment ambivalence and the fear of marital entrapment, (4) exaggerated communication sensitivity and the catastrophic interpretation of conflict, (5) intergenerational rupture and the conscious rejection of parental modelling, and (6) fragile hope and the slow construction of alternative relational blueprints. Direct quotations from participants illuminate the lived reality of those carrying adolescent wounds into adult intimate spaces. The findings inform trauma-informed relationship education, therapeutic interventions for adult children of abusive marriages, and preventive programmes for adolescents currently exposed to marital abuse.

This quantitative correlational study investigates the relationship between cultural factors (shame avoidance, community rejection, and masculine identity threat) and economic factors (employment status, income level, housing affordability, and immigration-related work restrictions) and the duration and severity of homelessness among previously married African men in the United Kingdom. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 210 African-born men currently experiencing homelessness or homeless within the past 12 months following marital dissolution. Participants were recruited from homeless shelters, day centres, and community organisations across London, Birmingham, and Manchester. Validated instruments measured cultural stigma, social support loss, economic marginalisation, and homelessness chronicity. Multiple linear regression and binary logistic regression were employed to test hypothesised relationships. Results indicated that shame avoidance (β = 0.41, p < .001), loss of community-based social support (β = 0.38, p < .001), unemployment (β = 0.44, p < .001), and immigration-related work restrictions (OR = 3.87, p < .01) were the strongest independent predictors of homelessness duration and severity. Cultural factors collectively explained 34% of the variance in homelessness duration, while economic factors explained 41%. The combined model explained 58% of the variance, F(8, 201) = 34.72, p < .001, R² = 0.58. These findings provide the first quantitative evidence that both cultural and economic mechanisms operate independently and additively to prolong homelessness among this population. Implications for targeted interventions, housing policy, and culturally competent service design are discussed.

This study utilized the descriptive–correlational research design. The descriptive method was used to determine the level of implementation of gamified teaching strategies in Values Education in terms of game mechanics, game dynamics, and game-based instructional design, as well as the level of student behavior in terms of moral and ethical reasoning, social behavior and cooperation, and self-regulation and responsibility. The correlational method was applied to examine the significant relationship between gamified teaching strategies and student behavior in Values Education.
The following findings were revealed in this study: The level of implementation of gamified teaching strategies was high, with game mechanics obtaining the highest level among the three dimensions. Game-based instructional design and game dynamics were also highly implemented, indicating that gamification is widely used to enhance student engagement in Values Education. In terms of student behavior, the results showed a very high level, particularly in self-regulation and responsibility, followed by social behavior and cooperation, and moral and ethical reasoning.
Furthermore, the relationship between gamified teaching strategies and student behavior was found to be statistically significant. Game mechanics, game dynamics, and game-based instructional design all demonstrated strong positive correlations with student engagement and behavior. Therefore, the null hypothesis stating that there is no significant relationship between gamified teaching strategies and student behavior in Values Education was rejected.
Finally, the findings indicate that gamified teaching strategies play a significant role in enhancing student engagement and promoting positive behavior in Values Education. The integration of game-based elements such as rewards, collaboration, and interactive activities contributes to improved moral reasoning, social interaction, and self-discipline among students. It can be concluded that the use of gamification in Values Education is an effective pedagogical approach in fostering both active learning and character development among learners.

This study looked at how students&#39; study habits affect their performance in Araling Panlipunan during the 2023-2024 school year. We surveyed 100 Grade V students from Don Carlos Central Elementary School. We checked their gender, their parents&#39; education, family finances, and home study resources. We also looked at how they manage time, do assignments, review lessons, and study new material. We measured their academic success in Araling Panlipunan and studied if their study habits affected this success.
We found that managing time, completing assignments, and studying new material before it&#39;s taught had a negative impact on academic success. However, reviewing past lessons had a positive effect. Despite these findings, we didn&#39;t find a significant link between these study habits and academic success. This means that our initial idea, called the null hypothesis, was confirmed: study habits didn&#39;t strongly affect academic achievement.

Youtube as a Learning tool in teaching social studies and learners level of engagement, this would likely discuss how Youtube is utilized in social studies and the impact on students engagement. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of youtube as a Learning Tool in Teaching Social Studies and the learners level engagement for School Year 2023- 2024. This study utilized descriptive research. One hundred fourty five Grade V and Grade VI Learners’ randomly chosen from Bocboc Central Elementary School were the respondents of this study. This study focused in determining as to what is the effectiveness of Youtube in Teaching Social Studies and as to the level of learners engagement n learning social studies using Youtube in teaching, and to the relationship between the effectiveness of youtube in teaching social studies and the learners level of engagement in learning social studies using youtube in teaching.
This study showed that to the effectiveness of Youtube in teaching Social Studies, the videos provide students with reference materials to review concepts, theories’, and procedures can be affective tool. It engages students regardless of their study habits and preferences. And as the level of engagement in learning social studies using Youtube in teaching can engage more in learning if Youtube is often use.

This study examined the Teacher’s Profile and Their Competencies on Dealing Bullying Cases to the teachers of Don Carlos Central Elementary School, 2023- 2024. A total of 82 teachers from kindergarten to Grade 6 including Special Education and Alternative Learning System teachers. The descriptive correlational method of research was utilized in treating the data to answer the specific problems. The data gathered the scores of teacher’s profiles in terms of gender, age, highest educational attainment, teaching position, and length of service. The study also measured the teachers’ competencies in terms of Knowledge-Based Competencies and Questions; Skill-Based Competencies and Questions; Skills to Assess and Respond to Bullying; Skills to Support the Victim; and Skills to Seek Additional Help. Furthermore, it assessed the significant differences in the teachers’ competencies in dealing with bullying cases when grouped according to profile.

The study aimed to determine the extent of information and communication technology skills of Araling Panlipunan teachers and their relationship to their performance specifically the Grade 6 teachers of Division of Malaybalay City.The researchers used complete enumeration and a adopted questionnaire was utilized to measure the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills in the areas of word processing/excel, PowerPoint ,Search Engines and Internet .The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation. The study found that Araling Panlipunan teachers posess high mean scores across various ICT skill indicators, including proficiency in Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, search engines, and general internet use, indicate that Araling Panlipunan teachers possess a very high level of ICT skills Moreover, the teachers' teaching performance is outstanding level, This information highlights that Araling Panlipunan Teachers are well-equipped, holding the essential knowledge and skills to teach effectively. Overall, there is a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.199, p – value = .029) between the overall extent of ICT skills and job performance among Araling Panlipunan teachers. The findings can be used to guide educators in implementing regular evaluations of ICT competencies and integrating these assessments into personal development plans can help identify areas for improvement and track progress over time. This approach not only supports teachers in their professional growth but also contributes to a dynamic and innovative educational environment that meets the needs of today's learners.

Digital technology has grown quickly, changing the accounting profession in a big way. Cloud-based, automated solutions that use analytics have taken the place of traditional manual tasks. This study examines the rise of technology adaptation as a vital competitive advantage in modern accounting, revolutionizing essential accounting functions, enhancing precision and efficiency, enabling real-time decision-making, and allowing businesses to respond more effectively to evolving market dynamics. The paper recognizes the operational and human challenges of digital transformation, highlighting the influence of analytics, automation, and cloud technology on accounting practices. The study utilized both primary and secondary data within a descriptive research framework. Secondary data was sourced from academic journals, research articles, and reputable online publications to augment the theoretical framework, while primary data was collected independently through a structured questionnaire to guarantee originality and reliability. We used statistical methods like regression and ANOVA to look at the link between demographic factors like age, gender, and income and knowledge of technology use in accounting. The empirical results indicate that awareness levels and demographic characteristics exhibit a negligible and statistically insignificant correlation. The regression model elucidates only a negligible fraction of the variation in awareness, and neither the comprehensive model nor any specific variables achieve statistical significance. Consequently, the null hypothesis is accepted, indicating that awareness of technology use in accounting is not significantly affected by age, gender, or income. These results challenge the prevalent notion that demographic factors significantly affect technological proficiency. The findings of the study indicate that professional exposure, skill enhancement, organizational support, and training opportunities have a more significant correlation with knowledge and readiness for technology application in accounting than demographic variables. This study underscores that technology adaptation is a strategic necessity rather than merely an enhancement, integrating principles from prior research with empirical evidence. Companies that wait too long to use digital tools risk losing their efficiency and usefulness. Companies that use digital tools without enough training risk only using them superficially, even though these tools give them a big edge over their competitors. The report stresses the need for a balanced approach that combines new technology with the growth of human capital to keep the accounting industry competitive in the long run.

This study explores the impact of a 6-week upper-body resistance training program on sport-specific power performance in collegiate basketball guards, measured through chest pass distance. Thirty male athletes aged 18–22 were randomly assigned to an experimental group, which followed a progressive resistance training protocol, or a control group, which maintained their standard practice routines. The medicine ball chest pass test was administered before and after the intervention to assess upper-body explosive strength. The experimental group engaged in focused upper-body training targeting the chest, shoulders, and triceps three times weekly. Paired samples t-test analysis indicated significant gains in chest pass performance within the experimental group, while the control group showed negligible improvement. Furthermore, independent t-test analysis demonstrated a clear post-intervention advantage in favour of the trained group. These results highlight the effectiveness of short-term, targeted resistance training in enhancing basketball-specific upper-body power. The findings support the integration of structured strength programs into performance development strategies for guards. Future studies are encouraged to examine longer durations, alternative training modalities, and the combined effects of resistance and plyometric exercises.

Background: Competitive basketball demands not only technical proficiency but also superior playing ability and effective psychological coping strategies. Sports imagery training has been established as a valuable mental skills intervention that may augment both physical performance and psychological resilience. This study investigates the effect of specific skill training with and without sports imagery on playing ability and coping strategies among college men basketball players.
Objectives: To assess whether combining specific skill training with sports imagery training produces significantly greater improvements in overall playing ability, problem-focused coping, and emotion-focused coping compared to skill training alone and a control condition.
Methods: Sixty male college basketball players (aged 18–24 years) were randomly assigned to three equal groups: Group A – Specific Skill Training (n=20), Group B – Specific Skill Training with Sports Imagery Training (n=20), and Group C – Control (n=20). A 12-week intervention with five sessions per week was implemented. Playing ability was assessed using a standardised Basketball Playing Ability Scale. Coping strategies were measured using the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) subscales. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Scheffé post hoc test at p<0.05.
Results: Significant improvements were observed in playing ability, problem-focused coping, and emotion-focused coping for Groups A and B. Group B demonstrated significantly superior gains across all three variables (p<0.001). Scheffé post hoc analysis confirmed significant pairwise differences between all group combinations. The Control Group showed no significant change.
Conclusion: Sports imagery training combined with specific skill training significantly enhances basketball playing ability and psychological coping strategies. These findings advocate for the systematic inclusion of structured imagery protocols within collegiate basketball training curricula.

In the current competitive environment, human resources are a necessary asset for enhancing corporate performance. To outperform their rivals and increase productivity, firms must work to implement cutting-edge HR strategies. HRM will soon shift from traditional HR approaches to more sophisticated ones involving automation, augmented intelligence, robots, and artificial intelligence. It has been demonstrated that AI can change our lives. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the power to fundamentally change the way we live and work, from the automation of repetitive and time-consuming jobs to the enhancement and amplification of human capabilities. For HR, this is not just a chance but also a pressing need to change and grow. In order to create a straightforward and user-friendly work environment, HR professionals today are more focused on maximizing the blend of human and automated work. They have ample time to implement the improved staff performance. The true problem now lies with the corresponding HR department in how they will train and re-transform their staff in understanding AI and collaborating and working with AI and robotics in order to compete with AI and advanced robots.

Human resources will be forced to labour under more stressful situations unless and until the organization delivers the best HRMP to its employees, resulting in poor performance and job satisfaction. This research investigates the impact of human resource management practices on employee performance and job satisfaction. A standardized questionnaire was used to interview 229 volunteers from various organizations. The topic is investigated using chi square in this research. The results demonstrate that a variety of dependent factors, such as age, education, and current work experience, have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between HRM practices and employee performance. When mediation is employed, job satisfaction is unrelated to HR management practices.

Performance appraisal is a strategic component in any assessment of the conditions required for an organization to grow and survive. It is thought that both the organization and the individual need to be aware of how well actual performance is assisting in the fulfillment of the staffing plan, job plans, and, eventually, the organization's overall strategic plan. The individual employee also needs feedback regarding the development of his or her own goals and the management's expectations for increased productivity. An employee's performance is evaluated formally and methodically in order to ascertain how well the person is carrying out their duties. Typically, it is made according to a set schedule at predetermined intervals, such as quarterly, twice a year, or annually. Every employee has at some point requested an evaluation of his performance while working and, if needed, guidelines or advice on how to increase his productivity from his immediate boss or, more importantly, his employer.

This study explores a comparative analysis of Immanuel Kant’s moral philosophy and M.N. Roy’s Radical Humanism. It critically examines the possibility of establishing morality independently of theological or metaphysical foundations. Traditionally, moral systems are often seen as closely intertwined with religious doctrines, with moral authority deriving from divine commands. Kant grounds morality in rational autonomy and categorical imperatives; consequently, he partially disengages ethics from religion. However, Kant’s postulates regarding God and immortality—posited as necessary for the attainment of the Highest Good- reveal an underlying reliance on transcendental concepts.
In contrast, M.N. Roy presents a completely secular and anthropocentric ethical framework. Radical Humanism rejects all forms of supernatural authority, asserting that morality stems from human reason, freedom, and social experience. This study argues that Roy’s philosophy represents a significant advancement over Kant’s project by fully realising the secularization of ethics.
In conclusion, this paper demonstrates that it is indeed possible to sustain morality without recourse to God. Thus, in a pluralistic and modern world, reason, autonomy, and human responsibility constitute a sufficient foundation for an ethical life.

Plant health deterioration is often first visible through leaf abnormalities, which signal the onset of disease, pest infestation, or environmental damage, all of which negatively influence crop productivity and output quality. Relying on human visual inspection to identify such abnormalities is not only labor-intensive but also highly inconsistent and unsuitable for deployment at an agricultural scale. Digital image processing-based automation presents a viable, repeatable, and scalable pathway for early-stage leaf defect identification.
This work conducts a systematic comparative evaluation of leaf defect detection approaches, contrasting classical image processing pipelines with modern deep learning architectures. The experimental framework encompasses image acquisition, preprocessing, region segmentation, descriptor extraction, and classification. Traditional classifiers including k-Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest are benchmarked against convolutional neural network architectures and transfer learning variants.
Findings reveal that traditional methods yield acceptable results on small, well- controlled image collections, whereas deep learning architectures substantially outperform them in accuracy and generalizability across diverse scenarios. The study underscores the practical advantages of neural network-based classifiers for real-world agricultural deployment.

This study examines the impact of experiential learning on the learning achievement and retention of Grade 9 students of Valencia National High School in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Experiential learning, which emphasizes learning through direct experience, active participation, and reflection, was utilized as a teaching approach to enhance students’ understanding of ICT concepts and skills. The students were exposed to hands-on activities, real-world tasks, and collaborative projects that allowed them to apply theoretical knowledge in practical situations.
A quasi-experimental research design was employed, comparing the performance of students exposed to experiential learning with those taught using traditional instructional methods. Data were gathered through pre-tests and post-tests to measure learning achievement, as well as retention tests administered after a specific period to assess long-term knowledge retention.
The findings revealed that Grade 9 students who engaged in experiential learning demonstrated significantly higher learning achievement and better retention compared to those who experienced conventional teaching methods. The results indicate that experiential learning enhances student engagement, critical thinking, and the ability to retain ICT concepts over time.
Based on the findings, it is recommended that educators in Valencia National High School integrate experiential learning strategies into ICT instruction to improve students’ academic performance and long-term retention of knowledge. Further research may be conducted to explore its effectiveness in other subject areas and grade levels.

This study deals with the role of good governance in enhancing educational service delivery: A study of the public school system in Valencia City Division, specifically characterized by transparency, accountability, participation, and efficiency, is pivotal in optimizing public service delivery, particularly in education. The researcher conducted his study in Valencia City Division. The participants of the study were the 20 School Principals/School heads, 25 Assistant Principals, and 55 School Department heads for the school year 2025-2026. Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where the researcher chooses participants based on the researcher's judgment.
Through a qualitative research approach, data were collected through survey questionnaires and documentation analysis to explore the diverse methods utilized by principals/school heads, assistant principals, and department heads in the school setting. This study investigates the influence of good governance principles on educational service delivery within the public school system of Valencia City Division. The first part of the questionnaire included a demographic profile of the participants, and the second part was the survey questionnaire.
The researcher used descriptive statistical tools such as tally, mean, and proportions (R) to interpret the data gathered by the researcher. The findings reveal the various pedagogical roles of good governance in educational service delivery utilized by the school principal/school head, assistant principal, and department head to exercise governance. The implications of the study provide insights into effective good governance in enhancing educational service delivery that can benefit the school principal, assistant principal, department head, and the school as a whole.

This paper presents an innovative approach to a travel finding application that can help you to find a travel buddy for your similar journey. Our objective is to establish a connection between individuals and the undiscovered areas of our nation, there by rising awareness about the true essence of India. This endeavor will indirectly contribute to the upliftment and development. It is an application that can be a combination of different type of technologies or tools that can be node.js, MongoDB, Power BI, Excel Sheet, Html, CSS kind parts of MERN Stack development tool. React for cross platform web application and for backend services. Keys –Travel buddy application is a travel recommendation system that helps you to find good travel place for the journey to personalized their favourable place guide budget friendly trip for all who want to travel with their travel buddy todays the travel is not hard due to a large or huge amount of technologies that can helps us to travel into a perfect scenario of time oriented manner to complete a trip into a budget friendly manner also these tools or technologies can help us to gain a good trip experiences by the methodologies.

Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity among under-five children, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Rotavirus is a major etiological agent of severe childhood diarrhea. Nigeria introduced the rotavirus vaccine into its routine immunization schedule in 2022; however, evidence on its impact at sub-national levels remains limited. This study assessed the impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on diarrhea cases and diarrhea-related hospitalizations among under-five children in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. Methods: A retrospective before-and-after study design was employed using routine health facility data from selected public health facilities in the FCT, Abuja. Aggregate data on under-five outpatient diarrhea cases and diarrhea-related hospitalizations were extracted for the pre-introduction period (January 2020–December 2021) and the post-introduction period (January 2023–December 2024). Mean cases and hospitalizations were compared between periods using independent sample t-tests, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean number of under-five diarrhea cases declined from 142.6 (SD ± 28.4) in the pre-introduction period to 91.3 (SD ± 22.7) in the post-introduction period, representing a statistically significant reduction (t = 6.41, p < 0.001). Similarly, mean diarrhea-related hospitalizations decreased significantly from 58.2 (SD ± 14.1) before vaccine introduction to 32.7 (SD ± 10.5) afterward (t = 7.02, p < 0.001).

Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a highly invasive and noxious weed that poses serious threats to agriculture, ecosystems, and human and animal health. Environmentally sustainable alternatives to chemical herbicides are urgently needed for its management. This study evaluated the bioherbicidal potential of Myrothecium roridum FGCCW#03 against P. hysterophorus under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Cell-free culture filtrates and spore suspensions caused dose-dependent inhibition of seed germination, chlorosis, necrosis, wilting, and seedling mortality. Complete germination inhibition and up to 100% mortality were observed at higher concentrations of the culture filtrate. The results indicate that M. roridum FGCCW#03 produces potent phytotoxic metabolites and represents a promising candidate for development as a rapid-acting, eco-friendly mycoherbicide for sustainable management of P. hysterophorus.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) represent a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture owing to their pivotal role in enhancing plant nutrient acquisition, improving tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and maintaining soil ecological balance. Despite their well-established agronomic benefits, large-scale commercial production of AMF inoculants remains constrained by intrinsic biological limitations, particularly their obligate symbiotic nature, as well as technological and regulatory challenges. Recent advances have significantly improved production efficiency through the development of substrate-based cultivation systems, in vitro root organ culture (ROC), and emerging bioreactor-assisted technologies, enabling enhanced inoculum quality and scalability. Concurrently, innovations in formulation strategies, including carrier optimization and the development of multi-microbial consortia, have contributed to improved shelf life, stability, and field performance. However, challenges related to product standardization, variability in field efficacy, and regulatory inconsistencies continue to limit widespread commercialization. This review critically evaluates recent developments (2024–2025) in AMF production technologies, identifies key constraints, and highlights future opportunities for improving production efficiency, formulation strategies, and application practices. Addressing these challenges will be essential for realizing the full potential of AMF as next-generation biofertilizers in sustainable and climate-resilient agricultural systems.

The rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels has become a major environmental concern, necessitating the development of innovative and sustainable chemical solutions. Among emerging materials, nitrogen–sulfur-based organometallic heterocycles have gained attention due to their unique structural, electronic, and catalytic properties. These compounds offer promising applications in carbon capture, reduction, and transformation processes. This study presents an integrated framework combining multi-modal analytical chemistry, green synthesis methodologies, and bioassessment strategies to develop eco-efficient organometallic systems.
Green synthesis approaches are employed to minimize environmental impact by reducing hazardous reagents, energy consumption, and waste generation. Multi-modal analytical techniques, including spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrochemical analysis, are utilized to characterize structural and functional properties. Bioassessment studies evaluate toxicity, biodegradability, and ecological compatibility to ensure sustainability.
The results indicate that nitrogen–sulfur organometallic heterocycles exhibit excellent catalytic performance and environmental safety, making them suitable for carbon-neutral technologies. This research demonstrates the importance of integrating analytical chemistry, sustainable synthesis, and environmental evaluation in designing advanced materials for climate mitigation.

This study explored the lived experiences, subjective meanings, and unique perspectives of parent-recipients regarding the impact of government-initiated programs on family economic status alleviation in Sumilao District, Bukidnon, during the school year 2025-2026. Utilizing a qualitative phenomenological research design, the study analyzed the voices of 15 purposively selected parent-recipients of the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program to understand the shifts in their economic status and the realizations achieved through program participation. Findings reveal that the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) program serves as a transformative and providential lifeline, transitioning marginalized families from debt-heavy "survival scrounging" to a structured state of staple security and educational hope. Beyond financial relief, the program functions as a socio-economic mechanism that shifts families from reactive survival to proactive household management by fostering empowered parenting, social responsibility, and institutional trust through efficient delivery systems. The study concludes that 4Ps is a vital psychological and economic stabilizer rather than a mere subsidy. It demonstrates that direct social interventions are fundamental in converting immediate relief into long-term resilience, emphasizing that behavioral and cognitive growth are as critical as monetary aid. Recommendations include advising parents to treat grants as strategic investments in education and nutrition to break debt cycles. Furthermore, it is recommended that the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) institutionalize advanced Family Development Sessions focusing on financial literacy and mental health to sustain the transition from survival to self-sufficiency.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the "No Read, No Move" (NRNM) policy in enhancing learners' literacy skills in the Sumilao District, Division of Bukidnon, for the School Year 2025–2026. Utilizing an adapted survey-questionnaire and descriptive-correlational research design, the study assessed five dimensions: policy implementation fidelity, teacher monitoring and support, student reading practice frequency, parental involvement, and access to reading materials. Data from 163 learners and their respective educators were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r. Findings revealed a very high level of policy effectiveness across all dimensions, indicating that the administrative and instructional frameworks are robustly operationalized. However, the assessment of reading levels showed that the majority of learners are at the instructional level, requiring significant teacher scaffolding. Notably, the study found no significant relationship between the level of policy effectiveness and the learners' actual reading levels. This suggests that while structural and administrative compliance is high, it has not yet translated into immediate measurable gains in reading proficiency within the current academic cycle. The study concludes that the NRNM policy currently functions more as a diagnostic framework than a direct driver of proficiency. Recommendations include shifting teacher focus from administrative compliance to specialized pedagogical mastery, encouraging parents to move from policy awareness to active home-based paired reading, and urging school heads to prioritize qualitative instructional coaching over checklist fidelity to bridge the gap between policy implementation and literacy outcomes.

This study examines the impact of experiential learning on the learning achievement and retention of Grade 9 students of Valencia National High School in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Experiential learning, which emphasizes learning through direct experience, active participation, and reflection, was utilized as a teaching approach to enhance students’ understanding of ICT concepts and skills. The students were exposed to hands-on activities, real-world tasks, and collaborative projects that allowed them to apply theoretical knowledge in practical situations. A quasi-experimental research design was employed, comparing the performance of students exposed to experiential learning with those taught using traditional instructional methods. Data were gathered through pre-tests and post-tests to measure learning achievement, as well as retention tests administered after a specific period to assess long-term knowledge retention.
The findings revealed that Grade 9 students who engaged in experiential learning demonstrated significantly higher learning achievement and better retention compared to those who experienced conventional teaching methods. The results indicate that experiential learning enhances student engagement, critical thinking, and the ability to retain ICT concepts over time.
Based on the findings, it is recommended that educators in Valencia National High School integrate experiential learning strategies into ICT instruction to improve students’ academic performance and long-term retention of knowledge. Further research may be conducted to explore its effectiveness in other subject areas and grade levels.

This study assessed the impact of educational poster integration on the reading speed and comprehension of Key Stage 1 learners in Impasugong I District, Division of Bukidnon, during the 2025-2026 school year. Utilizing a descriptive-correlational design with a self-developed survey instrument, data from Key Stage 1 teachers were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r. Findings revealed a very high level of poster integration across all domains, including curriculum alignment, accessibility, and teacher modeling. While most learners are currently at a transitioning literacy level, a significant positive relationship, which is the use of educational poster integration, helps in the learners’ literacy, was established between poster integration and literacy proficiency, confirming that these visual scaffolds are primary drivers of reading success. The study concludes that posters are indispensable cognitive tools that bridge the gap between decoding and comprehension. Recommendations include institutionalizing visual scaffolding standards and evolving poster content to include higher-order comprehension prompts to support learners in moving beyond foundational skills.

This study aims to examine the relationship between the implementation of inclusive education and learners' academic performance in private schools in the city of Malaybalay, Bukidnon, for the school year 2025-2026. Despite government support through the enforcement of inclusive education policies, the academic success of students with Diverse Learning Needs largely depends on the effectiveness of differentiated teaching strategies, the availability of resources, collaboration, curriculum modification, and administrative support. Drawing on the theories of Garry Lindsay and Albert Bandura, this study employs a descriptive-correlational design to assess the impact of inclusive education strategies on students' academic performance. The findings revealed a very satisfactory level of implementation across all indicators, and learners demonstrated high academic performance. Moreover, a significant relationship was found between the level of inclusive education implementation and learning outcomes, confirming that institutional support positively influences academic achievement. The study reveals that strong inclusive frameworks can significantly improve outcomes for diverse learners. For instance, to sustain this progress, the principal may consider investing in additional teacher training; teachers may engage in further learning and peer mentoring; and parents may encourage learning at home and communicate regularly with the school. This can help learners achieve top performance levels.

This study aimed to assess the digital pedagogical skills of teachers and the effectiveness of lesson delivery. This study used a descriptive correlational research design to examine the relationship between teachers’ digital pedagogical skills and effectiveness in delivering lessons in Kadingilan 1 District. The findings revealed that teachers possess a high level of digital pedagogical skills in terms of digital content creation, use of educational technology tools, and assessment of digital learning in teaching Social Studies. The results also showed that the level of effectiveness of lesson delivery as perceived by teachers is at a very high level. The study further revealed a significant relationship between teachers’ digital pedagogical skills and the effectiveness of lesson delivery, indicating that higher levels of digital competence are associated with more effective teaching performance. This means that teachers who are skilled in creating digital content, utilizing educational technology tools, and implementing digital assessments are more likely to deliver engaging, organized, and responsive lessons. Their ability to strategically integrate technology into instruction strengthens classroom interaction, improves assessment practices, and enables data-driven instructional adjustments. Consequently, enhancing teachers’ digital pedagogical skills can significantly contribute to improving the overall quality and effectiveness of lesson delivery in Social Studies. These suggest that teachers may continue to enhance their digital pedagogical skills through targeted professional development, workshops, and hands-on training focused on advanced content creation, interactive technologies, and innovative assessment strategies. Schools may also provide access to updated digital tools, resources, and support systems to enable teachers to experiment with new instructional methods. Teachers maintain and further enhance their effective lesson delivery by continuously updating their teaching strategies and integrating innovative digital resources.

This study examined how the demographic profiles of barangay health workers (BHWs) influence their level of satisfaction with programs and services they deliver in Valencia City, Bukidnon. Using a descriptive-correlational design, data were gathered from BHWs across four barangays—Poblacion, Batangan, Lumbo, and Bagontaas—to assess satisfaction on financial assistance, family planning, environmental sanitation, and maternal check-ups. Respondents, exclusively female, ranged from 18 to 45 years and mostly had over 31 years of service. They represented diverse civil statuses, educational levels, and family incomes. Findings revealed a moderate level of satisfaction across all service areas. Importantly, there was no significant difference in satisfaction when groups were based on age, years of service, or educational attainment, indicating that demographic factors did not significantly affect satisfaction levels. This suggests intrinsic motivation and job fulfillment likely play stronger roles in driving BHWs’ effectiveness than personal demographics. The results highlight the need for enhanced incentives and support measures to improve satisfaction beyond the moderate level. Recommendations include encouraging active collaboration between residents and BHWs, improved information dissemination, and full implementation of Republic Act 7883 incentives such as standardized honoraria and hazard pay. Facilitating regular training, health insurance integration, and recognition summits can sustain motivation among this committed workforce. Future research should consider longitudinal and qualitative approaches to explore motivational factors and monitor satisfaction changes post-policy reforms, potentially broadening the understanding of how to optimize BHW performance for improved community health outcomes.

The main objective of the study was to describe the personal qualities of elementary school teachers; determine the professional qualities of elementary school teachers and to examine the significant relationship between the personal and professional qualities of elementary school teachers.
The respondents of the study were the 100 elementary school teachers in District 2, Division of Malaybalay City, School Year 2025-2026. Total enumeration sampling was employed in this study. The survey questionnaire for learning action cell implementation and the professional qualities of elementary school teachers was adapted from Cubero (2022). Data were analyzed quantitatively to ensure objectivity and accuracy of results.
The findings show that elementary school teachers exhibit exemplary personal qualities across all measured dimensions, particularly in punctuality, values formation, respectful use of humor, and patient support to learners. While still rated exemplary, relatively lower indicators involved fairness and consistency, risk-taking to motivate learners, and applying humor or patience in complex situations. Overall, the results indicate strong personal commitment and interpersonal competence, with opportunities for continuous growth in innovative and resilient classroom practices.
Teachers also demonstrated exemplary professional qualities in terms of subject mastery, learner diversity, teaching strategies, and field-specific knowledge. Strengths were evident in recognizing multicultural backgrounds, promoting higher-order thinking, and adjusting instruction based on learner progress, while lower ratings were noted in technology integration, assessment alignment, and cooperative learning strategies. These findings suggest solid professional competence alongside the need to strengthen the consistent use of modern, learner-centered, and digital approaches.
A significant relationship was found between personal and professional qualities, with humor, patience, enthusiasm, and communication skills showing the strongest associations. In contrast, passion and values and attitudes did not exhibit a statistically significant relationship with professional qualities. This implies that interpersonal traits directly affecting classroom interaction and engagement are more closely linked to professional effectiveness and instructional impact.

A simple, specific, accurate, precise stability indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Pyridoxine hydrochloride (PYH) Dl methionine (DMN) and Nicotinamide (NCM). An isocratic separation of PYH,DMN and NCM were achieved on C 18, 250 × 4.6 mm ID, 5 μm particle size columns at column oven temperature 37°C with a flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1 and using a diode array detector to monitor the detection at 254 nm. The mobile phase consisted of buffer : acetonitrile : trifluoroacetic acid at a ratio of 30 : 70 : 0.1 (v/v). The retention times of PYH DMN and NCM was found to be 5.25 and 10.14 min, respectively. Suitability, specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, and sensitivity of this method for the quantitative determination of the drugs were proved by validation in accordance with the requirements laid down by International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q2 (R1) guidelines. The proposed method is reliable and robust and can be used as quality control tool for the estimation of these drugs in combined pharmaceutical solid dosage forms.

Urban drainage systems often face blockages due to debris, plastic waste, silt accumulation, and natural obstructions such as leaves and sediments. These blockages can result in severe consequences, including waterlogging, urban flooding, damage to roads and infrastructure, and increased risk of waterborne diseases. Traditional manual inspection methods are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and incapable of providing real-time alerts, making them inefficient in rapidly growing urban environments.The Real-Time Smart Drainage Blockage Detection and Notification System offers an advanced solution to this problem by integrating modern sensing and communication technologies. The system employs a combination of sensors such as water level sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and turbidity sensors to continuously monitor the condition and flow of drainage systems. These sensors detect abnormal changes such as rising water levels, reduced flow, or increased turbidity, which indicate potential blockages .Once a blockage is detected, the system immediately triggers alerts and sends notifications to municipal authorities through IoT platforms or GSM modules. This ensures quick response and timely intervention, preventing minor issues from escalating into major disasters. The system can also be integrated with cloud platforms to store and analyze historical drainage data, enabling predictive maintenance and smarter decision-making.

Construction on weak and compressible soils presents a persistent challenge in geotechnical engineering due to excessive settlement, low bearing capacity, and differential deformation. Conventional fill materials such as soil and aggregates possess high unit weight, which increases vertical stress on the underlying subsoil, often resulting in long-term instability and structural distress. This study investigates the feasibility and performance of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) geofoam as a sustainable lightweight foundation fill material through a combination of laboratory experimentation and numerical modelling.
The experimental program includes determination of density, compressive strength, stress–strain behaviour, creep characteristics, and water absorption properties of EPS geofoam in accordance with ASTM standards. Simultaneously, foundation soil properties were evaluated using standard IS codes, including Atterberg limits, compaction, shear strength, and consolidation tests. A comparative analysis between conventional soil fill and EPS geofoam was conducted to assess differences in stress distribution and settlement behaviour. Furthermore, finite element modelling (FEM) was employed to simulate foundation response under varying loading conditions.
The results demonstrate that EPS geofoam, with a density ranging from 15–25 kg/m³, significantly reduces vertical stress on subsoil due to its extremely low unit weight. Load–settlement analysis indicates a reduction in settlement of approximately 40–60% compared to conventional soil fill. The stress–strain behaviour of EPS geofoam exhibits a characteristic elastic–plastic response with a plateau region, enabling controlled deformation and high energy absorption capacity. Numerical results closely correlate with experimental findings, confirming improved load distribution and reduced stress concentration.
The study concludes that EPS geofoam is a technically efficient, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional fill materials, particularly for foundation systems constructed over weak soils. Its application contributes to improved structural performance, reduced maintenance, and enhanced sustainability in modern infrastructure development.

The growth of vehicles in India plays a significant role in the country's economic development and mobility. The total number of registered vehicles has increased from approximately 230 million in 2015-16 to nearly 343 million by 2024-25. Two-wheelers dominate the fleet with a 70-75% share. This growth has increased demand for conventional transport fuels and contributed significantly to environmental pollution, with the transport sector accounting for nearly 20-25% of India's total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, rising from 269 Mt of CO2 in 2019-20 to an estimated 360 Mt of CO2 by 2024-25. Concurrently, India has seen a rapid rise in electric vehicles (EVs), with registrations increasing from around 50,000-70,000 in 2015-16 to more than 5.6 million by 2024-25. Annual EV sales crossed 1.9 million units in 2024, accounting for about 6-7% of total sales. The increasing adoption of EVs helps reduce dependence on petroleum fuels and offers a pathway to mitigate emissions and improve energy security, with estimated CO2 savings projected to increase to 4.50 Mt/year by 2024. The analysis suggests that while the overall market is growing strongly, the simultaneous growth of EVs provides a crucial strategy to address the environmental challenges and high crude oil import dependency (around 87-90%) faced by the nation.

The growing presence of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has opened new possibilities for language teaching, particularly through the use of conversational chatbots. This paper explores the pedagogical potential of AI chatbots from the perspective of a practicing teacher, focusing on their role as supplementary tools for language learning. Drawing on recent research and classroom-informed reflection, the study examines how chatbots can support learners’ communicative practice, promote autonomy, and create low-anxiety environments for language use. At the same time, it critically addresses key limitations, including inconsistent linguistic accuracy, limited pragmatic understanding, and concerns related to data privacy. The findings suggest that while AI chatbots are not yet capable of replacing human interaction, they can meaningfully enhance language instruction when integrated with clear pedagogical purposes. The paper concludes by offering practical implications for teachers and highlighting the need for more context-sensitive research on the long-term use of AI in language education.

The main objective of the study was to examine teachers’ management of diverse learners in terms of demonstration of high expectations, implementation of culturally relevant instruction, establishment of caring relationships, and parent and community involvement. The study also investigated teachers’ teaching competence in terms of instructional planning skills, knowledge of the subject matter, rapport with learners, and classroom management. Furthermore, it examined the significant relationship between the level of teachers’ management of diverse learners and their teaching competence.
The respondents of the study were the consisted of all 102 elementary school teachers in Cabanglasan I District, under the Division of Bukidnon, for the School Year 2025–2026. The study utilized total enumeration, a technique in which the entire population possessing specific characteristics is included in the research. The survey questionnaire for teachers’ management of diverse learners was adapted from Freeman and Freeman (2003) and for assessing teachers’ teaching competence was adapted from Padillo, Manguilimotan, Capuno, and Espina (2021), The study employed a descriptive-correlational research design to systematically examine the variables under investigation. Data were analyzed quantitatively to ensure objectivity and accuracy of results.
The study revealed that teachers’ management of diverse learners was generally rated high across all dimensions. They consistently demonstrated high expectations, fostered inclusivity, and implemented culturally relevant instruction through lesson adaptations and integration of community and learner experiences. Caring relationships and active parent and community involvement further supported a positive classroom environment.
Teachers also exhibited high teaching competence in all measured areas. Instructional planning was systematic, subject matter knowledge was comprehensive, and strong rapport with learners promoted trust and active participation. Effective classroom management maintained a conducive learning environment while accommodating diverse learner needs.
Analysis of the relationship between teachers’ management of diverse learners and teaching competence indicated a significant positive correlation. Educators who applied high expectations, culturally responsive instruction, and caring relationships demonstrated stronger teaching competencies, and parent and community involvement enhanced instructional effectiveness. These findings suggest that effective management of learner diversity directly contributes to improved teaching outcomes.

This study examined the supervisory practices of school heads and their relationship to teachers’ academic performance in Malaybalay City District 1, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines, during the academic year 2025–2026. Specifically, it determined the level of supervisory practices of school heads in terms of instructional leadership, performance monitoring and feedback, and professional development support, as well as the level of teachers’ academic performance in instructional implementation and student academic outcomes. The study also tested the significant relationship between supervisory practices and teachers’ academic performance. Employing a descriptive-correlational research design, the study involved teachers from eight elementary and integrated schools in the district. Data were gathered using an adopted questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale, which yielded a high reliability coefficient (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.990).
Findings revealed that school heads demonstrated very high supervisory practices in instructional leadership and high levels in performance monitoring and feedback as well as professional development support. Teachers exhibited outstanding academic performance in both instructional implementation and student academic outcomes. Moreover, results indicated significant relationships between supervisory practices and teachers’ academic performance. The study concluded that effective supervisory practices of school heads play a vital role in enhancing teachers’ instructional effectiveness and improving academic outcomes. Based on the findings, the study recommended that teachers sustain effective instructional practices, school administrators strengthen supervisory mechanisms, and future researchers explore related variables and contexts to further enrich educational leadership research.

The main objective of the study was to describe the delivery mechanism of the Alternative Learning System; determine the learners’ readiness for the accreditation and equivalency (A&E) test and correlate the significant relationship between the delivery mechanism of the Alternative Learning System and the learners’ readiness for the A&E test.
The respondents of the study were the 80 ALS learners in District 4, Division of Valencia City, for the school year 2025–2026. This study employed total enumeration sampling. The survey questionnaire for the delivery mechanism of the Alternative Learning System and learners’ readiness for the Accreditation and Equivalency (A&E) Test was adapted from Dizon (2019). Data were analyzed quantitatively to ensure objectivity and accuracy of results.
The study found that the ALS delivery mechanism is highly effective in terms of learning support, instructional materials, assessment practices, and A&E certification processes. Flexible learning options, personalized interventions, and contextualized materials enhance learner engagement and comprehension, while structured assessments provide clear guidance and feedback. However, technology integration and systematic monitoring of learner progress remain areas for improvement.
Learners demonstrated a generally high level of readiness for the A&E test across academic, emotional, and procedural dimensions. Academic preparedness is strengthened by module mastery, help-seeking behavior, and problem-solving skills, while emotional readiness is supported by confidence, stress management, and positive cognitive strategies. Adequate resources, peer collaboration, facilitator support, and procedural awareness further ensure successful test preparation.
A significant positive relationship exists between the ALS delivery mechanism and learners’ readiness for the A&E test, with assessment practices and A&E certification exerting the strongest influence. Learning support and instructional materials also contribute positively to engagement and comprehension. These findings underscore that strengthening technology use, monitoring systems, and post-assessment support can further enhance learner outcomes.

Daily Screen Exposure and Behavioral Adjustment Among Intermediate Learners as Perceived by the Teachers .This study examined the relationship between daily screen exposure and behavioral adjustment among intermediate learners (Grades 4–6) in selected elementary schools within the Malaybalay City Division, Bukidnon, Philippines. Using a quantitative descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from 100 class advisers who assessed pupils’ screen exposure and behavioral adjustment. The Teacher Screen Exposure Perception Questionnaire (TSEPQ) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) – Teacher Report were employed, with Cronbach’s alpha of .718 indicating acceptable reliability. Results showed that pupils exhibit a moderate level of daily screen exposure, particularly through online video consumption. Behavioral adjustment concerns were generally low, with occasional worry and minor temper-related behaviors moderately observed. Pearson correlation analysis revealed no significant relationship between screen time duration and behavioral adjustment (r = .157, p = .116). While moderate screen use does not appear to negatively impact classroom behavior, regulated, age-appropriate, and supervised digital media use is recommended. Broader contextual factors, including family environment, school support, and peer interactions, likely influence behavioral outcomes.

This study examines the effectiveness of play based learning strategies in fostering alphabet recognition skills among kindergarten learners. It addresses the need of skills in uppercase letter identification, lowercase letter identification and letter sound identification that support holistic development in kindergarten classroom at Hagpa Integrated School, Hagpa, Impasugong, Bukidnon. A pre – experimental design was utilized involving 42 learners aged 4–6 years, who participated in structured play based learning activities during the first to third quarter of the school year. Data were gathered through pre and post intervention assessments, observation checklists evaluating gains in alphabet recognition, and teacher interviews providing qualitative insights. Analysis revealed significant improvements in letter name identification, letter sound identification, and learner engagement following the intervention. These findings indicate that play based learning strategies positively influence early literacy skills and offer practical guidance for teachers seeking to integrate child centered approaches into kindergarten curricula. The study underscores the value of structured play in enhancing learning outcomes and recommends further research to investigate long term impacts and broader applications in early childhood education.

This study investigated the effects of school-based climate change education programs on the environmental awareness of elementary learners in Quezon II District, Division of Bukidnon, during the 2025-2026 school year. Utilizing a quantitative descriptive-correlational design, data were gathered from teachers and Grade VI learners through a validated researcher-made survey questionnaire. Statistical tools included mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The findings revealed a very high extent of program effects across all dimensions: curriculum integration depth, teacher training, experiential learning, community involvement, and digital resource utilization. Simultaneously, learners demonstrated a high level of environmental awareness in terms of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Notably, the study established a strong, significant relationship between program effects and learner awareness, indicating that as the quality of institutional interventions increases, student awareness significantly improves. The study concludes that climate change education is most effective when multi-faceted, combining proficient teaching with hands-on activities. The results realize that well-structured programs transform students from passive recipients into empowered environmental stewards prepared for climate action. Recommendations suggest that teachers sustain blended instructional approaches, while school heads institutionalize platforms for student-led projects. Furthermore, DepEd policy makers are encouraged to prioritize experiential learning and teacher specialization within the national curriculum to ensure the durability of climate literacy. These robust interventions are essential for cultivating lifelong environmental responsibility among Filipino learners.

This study assessed the relationship between indigenous cultural knowledge and technical livelihood practices among Junior and Senior High School Lumad learners at Divine Mercy School of Bukidnon during the 2025-2026 school year. Using an adapted survey questionnaire and descriptive-correlational analysis, the research evaluated five dimensions of cultural knowledge: Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), Traditional Livelihood and Technology, Social and Political Systems, Cultural Beliefs and Worldview, and Indigenous Health and Wellness. The findings reveal that Lumad learners possess a robust cultural foundation, with knowledge practiced to a great extent across all dimensions. Furthermore, respondents demonstrated a high level of proficiency in technical livelihood practices, acting as active practitioners of indigenous technology. Correlation analysis established a significant positive relationship between the extent of cultural knowledge and the level of technical practices, confirming that ancestral wisdom serves as the functional engine driving technical mastery. The study concludes that indigenous heritage is a living, professional competency rather than a fading tradition. It is recommended that teachers integrate cultural expertise into daily lessons and that schools institutionalize a Culture-Based Livelihood Framework by involving tribal elders in vocational training. This transition from theoretical instruction to advanced, contextualized application ensures that the curriculum fosters both academic relevance and technical empowerment. By validating indigenous systems as sophisticated professional assets, the educational environment can better support the cultural continuity and economic self-reliance of Lumad learners within their communities.

Background: Hemorrhoids represent the most common anorectal pathology, affecting 4-86% globally with peak incidence 45-65 years. While grades I-II respond to conservative/office measures, grades III-IV mandate surgical intervention.
Methods: Systematic narrative review per IMRAD structure synthesizing peer-reviewed guidelines (ASCRS 2025), RCTs, and meta-analyses (2018-2026) on symptom profiles, grading accuracy, and comparative surgical outcomes.
Results: Internal hemorrhoids manifest painless bright red rectal bleeding and prolapse; external cause acute thrombotic pain. Goligher grading (I-IV) directs therapy: rubber band ligation (RBL, grade II, 80% success), open hemorrhoidectomy (Milligan-Morgan, grade IV, 5% recurrence), stapled hemorrhopexy (PPH, grade III, VAS pain 3-5), THD (grade III, 11% recurrence).
Conclusions: stapler hemorrhoidectomy endures as gold standard; THD/PPH excel in recovery. Thrombosed external hemorrhoids require excision <72 hours.

The purpose of this exploration paper is to dissect the issues and possibilities of freight forwarding companies in dealing with the transnational import and import of goods, with special reference to Air Vault Express & Logistics Pvt. Ltd.( AirVLT), a technology- grounded, Indian logistics provider. Using a descriptive and exploratory exploration methodology, primary data was gathered from structured questionnaires administered to a sample group of 50- 75 logistics professionals, assiduity directors and scholars involved with the areas of Freight Forwarding and Supply Chain Management. Secondary data was attained from academic journals, trade reports published by the WTO and UNCTAD, and other publications from the companies involved.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in medical diagnostics, enabling improved accuracy and efficiency in disease prediction and medical image analysis. This study explores the application of Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning techniques, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), in analyzing complex medical data such as X-rays, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Computed Tomography (CT) scans. Traditional diagnostic approaches rely heavily on human expertise and manual feature extraction, which can be time-consuming and prone to variability. In contrast, AI-based models automatically learn hierarchical features from large datasets, enhancing diagnostic performance. This paper integrates insights from recent advancements in deep learning-based medical imaging and real-world implementations such as CNN-based diagnostic models for pneumonia detection. The findings indicate that AI systems can achieve performance comparable to, and in some cases exceeding, that of experienced clinicians. Furthermore, the study discusses key challenges including data privacy, model interpretability, and the need for high-quality annotated datasets. The paper concludes by highlighting future directions such as explainable AI and real-time diagnostic systems, emphasizing the growing role of AI in developing efficient, scalable, and patient-centric healthcare solutions.

This study investigated public school teachers’ perceptions of school safety in Kadingilan II District for the school year 2025-2026, specifically examining the presence of security personnel, supportive school culture, and preparedness for emergencies. It also assessed teachers‘ retention levels and explored the relationships among these variables. Utilizing a quantitative research design, data were collected from 121 teacher-respondents using an instrument adapted from Zhang and Yu (2020), which included items on demographic profile, effects of continuing professional development, and collective efficacy satisfaction. The data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. The study found that teachers’ perceptions of school safety-specifically in terms of the presence of security personnel, supportive school culture, and preparedness for emergencies-were all at a high level. Teachers’ retention levels were likewise high. A significant relationship was established between school safety perceptions and teacher retention. These results suggest that high levels of safety perception contribute to a stable and supportive school environment that strengthens educator commitment, with supportive culture and emergency preparedness emerging as more influential factors than physical security alone. Based on findings, it is recommended that teachers continue promoting inclusivity and actively participate in safety drills to enhance preparedness. School administrators are encouraged to invest in holistic safety and well-being programs that nurture trust, collaboration, and professional stability. Future researchers are advised to explore underlying mechanism through qualitative inquiries and longitudinal designs to deepen understanding of how school safety influences teacher retention over time.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide and is characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and functional impairment. The disease pathology involves amyloid-β plaque accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation forming neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal degeneration. Genetic factors such as the APOE4 allele increase susceptibility to AD.Current treatments, including cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists, provide only symptomatic relief without altering disease progression. Recent advances in disease-modifying therapies, particularly monoclonal antibodies targeting amyloid-β, have shown potential in reducing amyloid burden and slowing cognitive decline in early stages, though safety concerns and long-term efficacy remain under evaluation.In addition to pharmacological approaches, lifestyle interventions such as healthy dietary patterns, omega-3 supplementation, cognitive training, regular exercise, and adequate sleep may support brain health and delay disease progression. Overall, a comprehensive and personalized strategy combining early diagnosis, targeted treatment, and preventive measures is essential to reduce the burden of Alzheimer’s disease and improve patient outcomes.

This study aimed to determine the influence of teachers’ stewardship on learners’ learning engagement at Guinuyoran Central School for the school year 2025–2026. A descriptive-correlational research design was utilized to explore how teachers’ sense of stewardship—specifically in terms of duty and responsibility, communication, and nurturing growth—affects learners’ engagement in the classroom. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data on how these aspects of stewardship influence the level of learning engagement among learners. The respondents were Grade 1 to Grade 6 learners. Results revealed that the majority of the respondents were 9 years old (18.5%), male, and in Grade 2 (20.8%), comprising the largest group. The extent of teachers’ stewardship—across duty and responsibility, communication, and nurturing growth—was interpreted as “always”, indicating a high level of practice. Likewise, the level of learners’ engagement, particularly in terms of class performance, was also interpreted as “always”, suggesting that learners are highly engaged. Furthermore, the findings showed a significant relationship between the extent of teachers’ stewardship and the level of learners’ engagement in class performance. Significant differences were also observed based on learners’ age and grade level, while no statistically significant difference was found based on sex. These results suggest that teachers should continue to strengthen their stewardship by consistently demonstrating responsibility, effective communication, and support for learners’ holistic growth. Additionally, schools are encouraged to provide professional development and mentoring programs to further enhance teachers’ stewardship practices, thereby fostering a more engaging and productive learning environment.

In the era of digital transformation, retail supply chains are increasingly driven by data analytics, automation, and real-time information sharing. Efficient supply chain management enables retailers to reduce operational costs, enhance responsiveness, and improve customer satisfaction. This research examines how advanced data analytics optimizes retail supply chains, using Walmart’s global supply chain model as a benchmark and comparing it with Walmart’s operations in India. The study identifies technological, infrastructural, and strategic gaps between developed and developing supply chain systems. Using descriptive analysis, gap analysis, efficiency index, and conceptual correlation, the research highlights that predictive analytics, automation, and digital integration significantly improve supply chain efficiency. The findings suggest that adopting data-driven strategies can enhance visibility, reduce costs, and improve coordination in India’s retail supply chain.

This study investigates the impact of experiential learning on student engagement and academic achievement in botany education. Traditional lecture-based teaching methods often limit students’ interest and conceptual understanding, particularly in subjects like botany that require observation and practical exposure. Therefore, this research adopts an experimental design to compare the effectiveness of traditional teaching methods with experiential learning approaches. A sample of 40 secondary school students was selected and divided into two groups: a control group taught through conventional lecture methods and an experimental group exposed to experiential learning strategies such as plant observation, leaf collection, and school gardening activities. Data were collected using an achievement test, observation checklist, and student feedback questionnaire. The results were analyzed to evaluate differences in engagement levels, concept retention, and academic performance between the two groups. The findings reveal that students in the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher academic achievement, better retention of botanical concepts, and increased classroom participation compared to the control group. Experiential learning not only enhanced students’ understanding of plant science but also fostered curiosity, critical thinking, and a positive attitude toward learning. The study concludes that experiential learning is a highly effective pedagogical approach in botany education. It is recommended that educators integrate activity-based teaching methods and practical experiences into the curriculum to improve learning outcomes. This research contributes to the growing field of interdisciplinary education by linking botanical sciences with innovative teaching practices.

This study determined the level of digital integration among elementary learners across technology usefulness, accessibility, digital skills, and attitude toward technology, alongside their critical thinking skills in analyzing information, evaluating and reasoning, decision-making and problem solving, and reflection and metacognition. It also established relationships between these digital dimensions and critical thinking development. Specifically, the research measured these factors, assessed qualitative levels ("Very Highly Educational," "Highly Extent"), and identified significant correlations predicting higher-order thinking gains. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, data from elementary learners were gathered via validated surveys and analyzed using descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, qualitative interpretations) and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. Technology usefulness was rated "Very Highly Educational," with learners perceiving strong enhancements in participation, motivation, comprehension, and academic performance. Accessibility, digital skills, and attitude toward technology rated "Highly Educational," excelling in basic operations and enthusiasm but moderated by troubleshooting, online safety, source evaluation, and resource equity challenges. Critical thinking skills consistently rated "Highly Extent" across domains: analyzing information excelled in questioning and fact-opinion distinction; evaluating and reasoning in rationale explanation; decision-making/problem solving in creativity; reflection/metacognition in responsibility and post-activity review. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships (p < .001): accessibility (r=.624), attitude (r=.526), digital skills (r=.518), and usefulness (r=.283). These confirm reliable access as the primary enabler of sustained practice, complemented by positive mindsets and emerging competencies driving analytical depth. The findings underscore equitable infrastructure, mindset cultivation, and skill-building as essential for fostering 21st-century critical thinkers through digital integration.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of integrating climate change education in elementary schools across curriculum content integration, teaching methods and strategies, understanding of climate change concepts, and behavioral intentions toward environmental action. It also assessed learners' climate change awareness regarding causes, effects, and everyday environmental behaviors, while establishing relationships between integration effectiveness and awareness levels. Specifically, the research measured these dimensions, determined qualitative effectiveness levels ("Very Highly Effective," "Very Great Extent"), and identified significant correlations influencing environmental consciousness. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, data from elementary learners were collected through validated surveys and analyzed using descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, qualitative interpretations) and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. Integration effectiveness rated very highly for content embedding of climate themes and local-global impacts across subjects, and for learner-centered teaching via real-world examples, multimedia, interactive activities, project-based learning, and discussions. Conceptual understanding proved very highly effective, with learners grasping climate science, mitigation roles, and multi-stakeholder responsibilities. Behavioral intentions rated highly effective, reflecting motivation for sustainability advocacy, resource conservation, school activities, and carbon reduction. Learners' climate change awareness reached very great extent overall, encompassing causes, ecosystem effects, individual agency, and pro-environmental practices. Correlation analysis showed significant positive relationships (p < .01): overall effectiveness (r = .596), teaching methods/strategies (r = .570), understanding (r = .558), behavioral intentions (r = .469), content integration (r = .430). These affirm interactive pedagogies and conceptual grounding as key drivers of awareness. The findings highlight coherent, experiential climate education's role in cultivating informed, action-oriented learners for environmental stewards.

This study investigated the level of teacher collaboration and learners' engagement inside the classroom, focusing on communication and interaction, collaborative learning practices, and a supportive environment for collaboration among Grade 6 teachers and learners. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, data were collected using adapted questionnaires scored on a 5-point Likert scale. Findings revealed a very high level of teacher collaboration across all measured dimensions and a very high level of learners’ engagement in behavioral, emotional, and academic domains. However, significant relationships with learners’ engagement were identified only in the supportive environment variable, while communication and interaction and collaborative learning practices showed no significant correlation with engagement. The study concluded that despite high teacher collaboration and learner engagement levels, only the supportive environment significantly associates with learners’ engagement inside the classroom, highlighting its critical role in fostering learner involvement. Recommendations include encouraging learners and parents to sustain supportive learning environments, urging teachers and school administrators to strengthen and maintain a supportive climate through professional development and policy prioritization, and suggesting future research to explore specific supportive environment factors that influence engagement and additional variables affecting learner involvement using varied research methods. This study emphasizes the importance of supportive environments to enhance classroom engagement effectively.

This study investigated the level of teachers’ environmental awareness and its relationship with their environmental protection practices. It focused on three dimensions of awareness: environmental knowledge, understanding of human impact and responsibility, and awareness of environmental policies and participation opportunities. Teachers’ environmental protection practices were examined in terms of knowledge application, attitudes, barriers, and support needs. Using a descriptive-correlational design, the study was conducted among 120 randomly selected elementary teachers in public schools under Quezon I District, Division of Bukidnon, during the School Year 2025–2026. A researcher-made survey instrument, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.961, was employed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Pearson Product Moment Correlation to determine the relationships between variables. Results showed that teachers’ environmental awareness and protection practices were very high across all dimensions. Significant positive correlations were found between all aspects of environmental awareness and teachers’ protection practices, indicating that higher awareness corresponded with stronger and more consistent engagement in environmental actions. The study concluded that teachers possess highly developed environmental awareness, actively demonstrate environmentally responsible practices, and that awareness plays a key role in shaping their actions. It is recommended that teachers sustain and enhance their environmental knowledge through professional development, integrate environmental topics into classroom activities, and model sustainable practices. School administrators are encouraged to provide adequate resources, supportive policies, and collaborative opportunities to promote environmental initiatives. Future researchers may explore additional factors influencing teachers’ environmental practices, such as community involvement and policy effectiveness, to further strengthen environmental education in schools.

This study aimed to examine the Digital Minimalism Practices and Students' Academic Well-Being. This study employed a descriptive correlational research design to determine the relationship between digital minimalism practices and students' academic well-being. The participants in the study were public High School students in Kadingilan, Bukidnon, District 2, specifically from San Andres National High School, Grade 11 and Grade 12, using purposive sampling to ensure relevance to the research focus. The result revealed that learners demonstrate a high level of Digital Minimalism Practices, including limiting social media use, indicating that they are generally mindful of managing their online engagement. Another significant finding showed that students' perceived Academic Well-Being was interpreted as "always," reflecting a consistently positive academic experience. The analysis further revealed a significant relationship between the level of Digital Minimalism Practices and students' Academic Well-Being. These suggest that school administrators continue to promote digital minimalism practices among learners. Programs and activities that encourage responsible social media use and greater engagement in offline activities should be strengthened. They may continue to strengthen programs that support students' academic well-being. Schools may conduct seminars and workshops that promote healthy digital habits and responsible technology use. Teachers may integrate digital well-being discussions into lessons to reinforce self-regulation skills and encourage learners by modeling balanced digital habits at home. Teachers are encouraged to guide students in managing online distractions while maximizing the use of digital tools for learning. Peer support initiatives and collaborative learning activities should be promoted to maintain positive relationships.

This was conducted in 2026 and examined the readiness of Kindergarten, Grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 teachers in the implementation of the MATATAG Curriculum, along with the support systems available to them, their instructional practices, and the challenges they encountered. Using a descriptive quantitative research design, the study involved 105 teacher-respondents from public schools in District 10, Division of Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. A validated researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data, which were analyzed through mean and standard deviation. Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated a high level of readiness, particularly in pedagogical knowledge and professional development. They also displayed a very positive attitude toward curriculum change, indicating openness to new approaches and willingness to modify traditional teaching practices. However, moderate ratings were noted in areas such as follow-up training and mother tongue-based instruction. Teachers reported generally positive perceptions of support systems. Institutional support was rated high due to adequate classroom facilities, though library and financial resources were less sufficient. Administrative support received very high ratings, reflecting strong leadership in monitoring, guidance, and collaboration. Resource availability was also rated high, largely because of community involvement and external partnerships, despite persistent gaps in funding and instructional materials. Instructional practices showed very high implementation across methodologies, assessment, and classroom management, indicating strong alignment with MATATAG principles. However, teachers still faced notable challenges rated as "Challenging" including a lack of teaching materials, diverse learner needs, limited time to cover extensive curriculum content, and insufficient hands-on resources. These concerns highlight systemic barriers that may hinder the full and effective implementation of the MATATAG Curriculum.

The present study investigated the educational challenges and success pathways among Manobo IP Junior High School Learners This study addresses the following problems: (1) What was the level of educational challenges among Manobo Indigenous Peoples (IP) learners in terms of (a) language barriers, (b) resource availability, (c) teaching methods and curriculum, and (d) socioeconomic and environmental challenges? (2) What was the extent of success pathways among Manobo IP learners? (3) Was there a significant relationship between the level of educational challenges and success pathways among Manobo IP learners? This study adopted the descriptive correlational research design, and 140 public junior high school IP learners responded to structured questionnaire. The results were analyzed descriptively in terms of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation; and analytically with Pearson r. Results showed that the distribution of respondents by school: Pantaron Integrated School (54), Bulacao Integrated School (41), Concepcion Highschool (24), and Buco Integrated School (21), totaling 140. Findings revealed moderate educational challenges overall, with language barriers at a moderate level (M = 2.72), resource availability showing notable gaps particularly in textbooks (M = 2.52, Low) and support programs (M = 2.54, Low) despite strengths in technology access (M = 4.22, Very High), teaching methods and curriculum at moderate levels (M = 3.83) bolstered by high teacher training (M = 4.29, Very High) and cultural respect (M = 4.22, Very High), and socioeconomic-environmental factors at moderate levels (M = 2.63). Success pathways were consistently high (overall M = 4.51, Always), driven by exceptional learner motivation despite obstacles (M = 4.84), keen awareness of early marriage risks (M = 4.78), and robust cultural resilience (M = 4.38). A significant positive correlational relationship emerged between educational challenges and success pathways across all domains (language barriers: r = .283, p < .001; resources: r = .624, p < .001; teaching methods: r = .518, p < .001; socioeconomic-environmental: r = .526, p < .001), with resource availability exhibiting the strongest association, underscoring how challenges cultivate resilience and adaptive strategies.

This study examined the relationship between familial involvement and the emergent literacy skills of kindergarten learners. Specifically, it investigated the level of familial involvement in terms of home literacy practices, parental emotional support and encouragement, availability of literacy materials at home, frequency of family–child interactions around reading and writing, and family communication about school activities. It also determined the learners’ level of emergent literacy in terms of letter recognition, sound recognition, vocabulary development, and early writing skills. Using a descriptive correlational research design, the study was conducted at Airport Village Elementary School in Casisang, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines, during the school year 2025–2026. The respondents consisted of 100 kindergarten learners and their parents selected through random sampling. Data were gathered using an adapted Likert-scale questionnaire for parents and an adapted Early Literacy Assessment (ELA) for learners. The instruments yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.765, indicating acceptable reliability. Descriptive statistics and the Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient were used for data analysis. Findings revealed that familial involvement was generally high, with very high levels of parental emotional support and family communication about school activities. Most learners demonstrated an advanced level of emergent literacy. Results further indicated a significant relationship between overall familial involvement and learners’ emergent literacy levels. Parental emotional support and encouragement, availability of literacy materials at home, and family communication about school activities were significantly associated with emergent literacy, while home literacy practices and the frequency of family–child interactions were not. The study concludes that the quality of familial involvement plays a crucial role in early literacy development. It recommends strengthening meaningful parental support, enhancing school–family partnerships, and conducting further research on qualitative aspects of family involvement.

This study aimed to determine the Influence of eco-literacy on academic motivation among high school learners. This study employed a descriptive correlational research design to determine the level of ecological literacy among learners in terms of waste management, recycling, water conservation and the level of academic motivation in terms of interest, self-efficacy and desire for achievement among Junior high school learners. The participants consist of Grade 7, 8, 9, and 10 learners from San Andres National High School in Kadingilan Bukidnon District I during the school year 2025–2026. The result revealed that the level of ecological literacy among learners in terms of waste management, recycling, and water conservation interpreted as very high level. The level of academic motivation among junior high school learners in terms of interest, self-efficacy, and desire for achievement interpreted as very high level. The result also revealed that ecological literacy is positively associated with learners’ interest in learning. Its influence on self-efficacy was mixed, showing a small positive effect in some areas but a nuanced or weak relationship overall, indicating that ecological knowledge alone may not consistently boost learners’ confidence in their academic abilities. In terms of desire for achievement, ecological literacy appeared to have little to no direct impact, implying that while students may be environmentally responsible, this does not necessarily translate into stronger goal-oriented or competitive motivation in school. The regression analyses show that ecological literacy, particularly water management and water conservation, significantly enhances learners’ interest in learning, indicating that active environmental practices can strongly boost engagement and curiosity. However, its influence on self-efficacy is limited and mixed, and it does not significantly affect learners’ desire for achievement, suggesting that environmental knowledge and behaviors do not directly translate into confidence or goal-oriented academic motivation.

Level of Implementation of Gender and Development (Gad) and Educational Practices Among Teachers by JECEL C. GEPILANO Master of Arts in Teaching, Major in Social Studies, Valencia Colleges (BUKIDNON), Incorporated, City of Valencia, Bukidnon, November 2025. This study examined the level of implementation of gender and development (GAD) policies across key educational dimensions learning environment, learning materials, learning delivery, assessment, and learner development and assessed the extent to which GAD-related educational practices such as accomplishment, discipline, creativity, orderliness, patience, and decisiveness were observed among Key Stage 2 and Key Stage 3 learners. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from Grades 4 to 10 teachers using a structured questionnaire adapted from Creswell (2012). Descriptive statistics measured implementation levels and educational practices, while Pearson correlation tested their relationships. Findings showed that the implementation of GAD policies was very high across all examined dimensions. Similarly, GAD values were very much practiced among learners and educators. However, no significant relationship was found between the level of GAD implementation and the degree of educational practices observed. This suggests that although GAD is strongly applied and practiced, other factors may mediate their interaction. Future research is encouraged to explore additional variables such as socio-cultural factors or institutional constraints to better understand the dynamics between GAD implementation and educational practices.

This study explores Vietnamese EFL university students’ perceptions of native English-speaking teachers (NESTs) in a higher education context in Hanoi, Vietnam. Employing an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, the research collected quantitative data through questionnaires administered to undergraduate students, followed by qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews. The study focuses on three key dimensions: perceived pedagogical benefits, challenges in language learning, and cultural considerations in the classroom. The findings indicate that students generally hold positive attitudes toward NESTs, particularly valuing their ability to create engaging and communicative learning environments. NESTs were perceived as especially effective in teaching listening and speaking skills, as well as improving pronunciation and fostering learners’ confidence in real-life communication. However, several challenges were identified, including difficulties in understanding grammar explanations delivered solely in English and occasional communication barriers due to differences in linguistic background. From a cultural perspective, the results suggest that while students appreciate opportunities to learn about target-language cultures, cultural differences can influence classroom interaction styles and learning expectations. Nonetheless, both students and teachers demonstrated adaptability in navigating these differences, contributing to a generally positive learning experience. The study highlights the complementary roles of native and non-native English-speaking teachers and suggests that pedagogical collaboration may enhance learning outcomes in the Vietnamese EFL context. Implications are discussed for language educators and institutional policymakers in optimizing English language teaching practices in Vietnam.

This study explores how interactive teaching practices contribute to fostering students’ confidence and sense of belonging in a high school context in Hanoi, Vietnam. Moving beyond traditional teacher-centered approaches, interactive classrooms emphasize student participation, dialogue, and collaborative learning, which are considered essential for holistic student development. Adopting a qualitative case study design, the research was conducted in a public high school with the participation of 32 Grade 11 students. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and students’ reflective journals over a six-week period. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns in students’ experiences. The findings reveal three key themes. First, students reported feeling more valued and respected when their ideas were acknowledged during classroom interactions. Second, opportunities to express opinions in a supportive environment significantly enhanced students’ confidence. Third, collaborative activities and inclusive classroom structures contributed to a stronger sense of belonging among students. The study highlights the important role of interactive teaching practices in promoting not only academic engagement but also students’ psychosocial development. These findings suggest that creating participatory and supportive classroom environments can be an effective strategy for improving student well-being and engagement in Vietnamese secondary education.

Water quality assessment is essential for understanding the suitability of natural water resources for human consumption, agriculture, and ecological sustainability. The present study focuses on the evaluation of physico-chemical parameters of water collected from Ranghat (Chendra Waterfall), located in Lundra, Surguja district of Chhattisgarh. Water samples were collected from selected points of the waterfall region and analyzed using standard analytical methods. Key physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate were determined. Physico-chemical parameters are fundamental indicators of water quality as they reflect the chemical composition and physical characteristics of water bodies and help in identifying pollution levels and ecological health . The obtained results were compared with standard permissible limits prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO) to evaluate the suitability of water for drinking and domestic purposes. The study reveals variations in water quality parameters, which may be influenced by natural geological conditions, seasonal changes, and anthropogenic activities in the surrounding region. Parameters such as pH and dissolved oxygen were found to be within acceptable limits, indicating relatively good water quality, whereas slight variations in TDS and hardness suggest moderate mineral content. Continuous monitoring is necessary as changes in physico-chemical characteristics can significantly affect aquatic life and human health.

This study investigated how students’ socio-economic status (SES) and school practices influence mathematical proficiency among secondary learners in Region XII, Philippines. Using a descriptive-correlational design with multiple regression, data from 322 mathematics teachers across five Schools Division Offices were analyzed. SES was measured through home resources, language proficiency, and parental support, while school practices covered knowledge enhancement, instruction, assessment, curriculum alignment, and the environment. Results revealed significant positive correlations between SES and school practices with dimensions of mathematical proficiency. Regression analyses identified parental support as the strongest predictor of content knowledge, home resources for mathematical processes, and language proficiency for reasoning. Among school practices, knowledge enhancement predicted mathematical processes, while assessment predicted reasoning. Findings highlight the importance of equity-driven policies that strengthen family engagement, classroom resources, and assessment quality to address socio-economic disparities in mathematics achievement.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human papillomavirus (HPV) remain major public health challenges, particularly among sexually active women in developing countries. This study examined the prevalence of STI history among sexually active women during HPV infection Attending Specialist Hospital, Bauchi State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, and data were collected through structured interviewer-administered questionnaires and laboratory testing of cervical samples for HPV DNA detection. The study population comprised sexually active women aged 18–49 years attending the clinic between January and June 2025. Results showed that 47.9% of participants reported a previous history of one or more STIs, and 29.6% were positive for HPV infection, with high-risk genotypes (HPV 16 and 18) being the most prevalent. A significant association was found between past STI history and HPV infection (p < 0.05), suggesting that prior exposure to genital infections increases susceptibility to HPV acquisition and persistence. Socioeconomic factors such as low educational level, early sexual debut, multiple sexual partners, and poor condom use were strongly linked to infection prevalence. The findings underscore the need for targeted health education, increased HPV vaccination coverage, and improved access to reproductive health services. The study concludes that integrating STI management with routine cervical screening and vaccination programs will be vital for reducing the burden of HPV-related diseases in Bauchi State and Nigeria at large.

The study aimed to assess teachers’ AI awareness in adaptation, productivity, ethics, and governance, and evaluate AI-based strategies in personalization, instruction, assessment, feedback, and classroom management. Furthermore, the study investigated the significant relationship between teachers’ AI awareness and utilization and their teaching strategies using AI. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed, involving 92 elementary school teachers from the Pangantucan South District, Division of Bukidnon, during the 2025–2026 school year. Data were collected using a validated researcher-made instrument, pilot-tested with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82, and achieved a reliability coefficient of 0.983 in the main study. Descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, were used to determine the levels of AI awareness and teaching strategies, while Pearson’s r was utilized to assess significant relationships between the variables. Findings revealed that teachers frequently utilized AI across all measured dimensions, yet their AI-based teaching strategies were only moderately effective. Moreover, significant relationships were found between teachers’ AI awareness and utilization particularly in AI impact, productivity enhancement, and governance and their teaching strategies. The study concluded that teachers’ familiarity with AI provides a strong foundation for continued integration, but there is a need to enhance the depth and effectiveness of AI-based instructional strategies. Recommendations include ongoing professional development for teachers, structured support and guidelines from school administrators, and further research on long-term effects and ethical frameworks for AI integration in elementary education.

India's digital payments ecosystem m has become a global benchmark, with the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) leading as the world's largest real-time retail payment system. In FY 2024-25, UPI accounted for 81% of retail digital payments by volume, driving exponential growth through coordinated efforts by the Government of India, RBI, and the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). The RBI's role has evolved from a traditional regulator under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 (PSS Act), to a proactive enabler, innovator, and architect of an inclusive, secure, and innovative payments landscape. Through Payments Vision 2025—"E-payments for Everyone, Everywhere, Every Time"—the RBI has emphasized five pillars: Integrity, Inclusion, Innovation and Institutionalisation. As of early 2026, UPI continues to set records, with February 2026 registering 20.39 billion transactions worth ₹26.84 lakh crore (value in crores), and average daily volumes hitting an all-time high of 728 million. This research paper examines the RBI's historical evolution, current regulatory framework, key achievements, challenges, and future trajectory in shaping India's digital payments revolution.

This study examined the level of teachers’ Gender Awareness Seminars and their attitude towards gender issues in the classroom at Bukidnon National High School, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines during the school year 2025–2026. Specifically, it investigated teachers’ awareness in terms of gender sensitivity and equality, their participation and application of gender-sensitive practices in the classroom, and the significant relationship between Gender Awareness Seminars and teachers’ attitudes toward gender issues. The study employed a descriptive-correlational research design and involved 248 teachers as respondents, selected through complete enumeration. Data were collected using an adapted questionnaire from Chandra and Liu (2022). The findings revealed that teachers’ Gender Awareness Seminars were at a very high level in both gender equality and gender sensitivity. Similarly, teachers’ attitudes toward participation in gender issues and application of gender-sensitive practices in the classroom were very high. Moreover, significant relationships were identified between teachers’ gender awareness and their classroom attitudes, indicating that higher levels of gender sensitivity and equality awareness are positively associated with the implementation of gender-sensitive practices. Based on these results, it was concluded that teachers are knowledgeable and committed to promoting equitable and inclusive learning environments. Accordingly, teachers are recommended to continue applying gender-sensitive practices and sharing best practices with colleagues, while school administrators should support regular seminars and monitor policy implementation. Future researchers are encouraged to explore the long-term effects of gender awareness on student behavior, learning outcomes, and classroom dynamics, as well as other influencing factors such as school culture and community involvement.

This study investigated the level of teachers’ workload and its relationship to teachers’ job satisfaction among public school teachers in the Quezon 3 District during the school year 2025–2026. Specifically, it examined teachers’ workload in terms of administrative tasks and extracurricular responsibilities, as well as their job satisfaction in terms of administrative support and work-life balance. The study employed a descriptive-correlational research design and involved 150 teachers from Manuto Integrated School, San Jose Integrated School, and Quezon Central Elementary School through total enumeration. Data were gathered using an adapted and modified questionnaire based on Martinez (2020), with a Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.825. Mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r were used as statistical tools for data analysis. Findings revealed that teachers experienced a high level of workload in terms of both administrative tasks and extracurricular responsibilities. Despite this, teachers reported a high level of job satisfaction in administrative support and a very high level of job satisfaction in work-life balance. Results of the Pearson r correlation showed that administrative tasks and extracurricular responsibilities did not have a significant relationship with teachers’ job satisfaction. Based on these findings, the study concluded that although teachers consistently experience heavy workloads, their job satisfaction remains high, largely due to strong administrative support and favorable work-life balance conditions. The absence of a significant relationship between workload and job satisfaction suggests that supportive leadership and effective organizational practices help mitigate the negative effects of work demands. The study recommends that teachers continue practicing effective time management and self-care, the Department of Education streamline administrative and extracurricular requirements while strengthening support systems, and future researchers explore additional factors affecting teachers’ job satisfaction across different contexts.

This study examined to find out the relationship between teachers’ intrinsic motivation and their occupational stress management in public elementary schools in Pangantucan North District, Division of Bukidnon with 168 teachers respondents, during school year 2025–2026. Intrinsic motivation was assessed in terms of interest, perceived competence, and value, while occupational stress management covered workload and work pressure management, support and relationships at work, control and autonomy in the workplace, and work-life balance and stress coping strategies. Using a descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from 168 elementary school teachers through standardized questionnaires adapted from Bjorklund (2021). Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) described the levels of intrinsic motivation and stress management, and Pearson r.Results revealed that teachers reported high levels of intrinsic motivation across all dimensions, as well as high levels of occupational stress management in all identified areas. However, no significant relationship was found between intrinsic motivation and occupational stress management, suggesting that these constructs function independently in supporting teacher well-being. The study recommends that teachers sustain their intrinsic motivation through reflective practices and mentoring, while school administrators implement regular workload audits and proactive work-life policies to preserve effective stress management. Future research is encouraged to explore mediating or moderating variables, compare different school contexts, and use qualitative methods to better understand the mechanisms linking motivation and stress management.

This study investigated the home literacy environment (HLE) of Grade 1 learners in terms of informal and formal literacy activities, passive literacy exposure, print access at home, and parental attitudes toward reading, alongside their reading fluency and comprehension levels. It also examined relationships among these variables. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, the research was conducted in public elementary schools under Panadtalan Elementary School, Maramag 2 District, Maramag, Bukidnon, during School Year 2025–2026. Respondents were randomly selected 95 Grade 1 learners (N unspecified). Data was gathered via a researcher-made survey questionnaire (Cronbach’s α = 0.961), analyzed using means, standard deviations, and Pearson product-moment correlation. Findings revealed a very high HLE across all dimensions: very high informal/formal activities and parental attitudes, high passive exposure and print access. Most learners showed beginner fluency (monotone, word-by-word reading with little expression), with few reaching expressive levels. Reading comprehension was moderate to none. No significant relationships existed between HLE dimensions and comprehension, but a strong positive correlation linked fluency and comprehension. Conclusions indicate robust family support for literacy yet persistent fluency and comprehension gaps, with fluency as the key predictor of comprehension. Recommendations target fluency interventions for parents/learners, school administrators, curriculum planners, and future researchers via experimental and longitudinal studies.These results underscore prioritizing fluency training in early-grade Philippine education to enhance comprehension outcomes.

This study aimed to determine teachers' perceptions of gender roles regarding discipline strategies and teacher-student interaction patterns, and the level of teachers' influence on Classroom Management in terms of teachers' beliefs and expectations. This study utilized a descriptive correlational research design to examine the relationship between teachers' perceptions of gender roles and their influence on classroom management. The descriptive aspect identified the prevailing gender role perceptions among teachers regarding discipline strategies and teacher-student interaction patterns. At the same time, the correlational component will determine the degree and direction of the relationship between these perceptions and classroom management practices. Statistical tools, including the mean, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation coefficient, were used to analyze the data. 121 teachers served as the respondents of the study. The results revealed that teachers' perceptions of gender roles regarding discipline strategies and teacher-student interaction patterns were interpreted as "often." The results suggest that teachers frequently consider gender in their classroom management. Another finding showed that teachers' influence on classroom management, in terms of their beliefs and expectations, was interpreted as "always." The result suggests that teachers consistently play a significant role in shaping student behavior and maintaining classroom order. The analysis indicated that there was no significant relationship between teachers' perceptions of gender roles and their influence on classroom management. The result suggests that schools may implement professional development programs on gender sensitivity to help teachers recognize and address unconscious biases. Teachers may engage in reflective practice and peer observation to ensure consistent, equitable treatment of all learners. School administrators may establish policies and guidelines that promote gender fairness in classroom interactions, participation, and leadership opportunities.

This study aimed to examine the Attributes of Burnout and the physical and mental health outcomes of Public School Teachers in Kadingilan 2 District for SY 2025-2026. This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design to examine the relationships between burnout attributes and teachers' physical and mental health outcomes. The respondents of the study were the one hundred twenty-one (121) teachers in Kadingilan 2 District. The result revealed that the level of teachers’ burnout attributes in terms of emotional exhaustion was interpreted as always, while depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment were interpreted as often. In terms of physical health, physical symptoms and flexibility were interpreted as always. In contrast, mental health outcomes of teachers in terms of sleep disturbances and anxiety levels were often interpreted. The result also shows that emotional exhaustion is the burnout dimension most strongly associated with teachers' health, significantly correlating with physical symptoms, reduced flexibility, sleep disturbances, and anxiety. Depersonalization has a significant negative relationship with sleep disturbances and anxiety, suggesting that emotional detachment may slightly buffer mental health impacts. Reduced personal accomplishment significantly affects sleep disturbances, but has no other physical or mental outcomes. These suggest that school administrators implement strategies to reduce emotional exhaustion, such as workload management, stress-reduction programs, and emotional support, and promote wellness activities, professional development, and recognition, which can help enhance personal accomplishment and reduce detachment. Regular monitoring of teachers' physical and mental health is essential to maintain well-being and prevent burnout. Teachers are encouraged to engage in regular self-care practices, stress management strategies, and professional support systems to help mitigate emotional exhaustion and maintain their well-being.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of compliance with the Child Protection Policy in schools and the learners’ mental state in Impasug-ong I District, Division of Bukidnon, for the School Year 2024–2025. Specifically, it sought to assess the schools’ compliance with the Child Protection Policy in terms of (a) duties and functions of school officials and personnel, (b) establishment of the Child Protection Committee, and (c) capacity building of school officials, personnel, parents, and learners. The study further examined whether a significant relationship exists between policy compliance and learners’ mental state. The study utilized a descriptive-correlational research design. Data were collected and analyzed using frequency count, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Spearman’s rank correlation. Findings revealed that the level of compliance with the Child Protection Policy was very highly compliant across all assessed areas, indicating strong implementation and adherence among schools in the district. The learners’ mental state was described as flourishing, characterized by positive emotions, joy, gratitude, calmness, strong relationships, high resilience, and coping skills. However, statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between the level of compliance with the Child Protection Policy and the learners’ mental state. The findings suggest that while compliance with child protection measures ensures that other factors beyond policy implementation may influence a safe and secure school environment, learners’ mental well-being is also important. It is therefore recommended that schools complement their compliance efforts with holistic mental health and socio-emotional support programs to further enhance learners’ overall well-being.

This study examined the impact of social equality and inclusion on learners’ equity perspectives and attitudes toward inclusion and diversity in the public elementary schools of the San Fernando I District, Division of Bukidnon. A researcher-made survey questionnaire was utilized to gather data from learners and teachers. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson $r$ Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The findings indicate that social equality and inclusion yielded a Very High Impact across all measured dimensions of learners' equity perspectives, specifically concerning Access to Educational Resources, Teacher Support and Fair Treatment, Socioeconomic Disparities, School Policies, and Peer Relationships. Furthermore, learners demonstrated a Positive Attitude toward inclusion and diversity, acknowledging their importance. Crucially, a strong, significant positive relationship was established between the impact of all social equality factors and learners’ attitudes toward inclusion and diversity, thereby rejecting the null hypothesis. The study concludes that all aspects of social equality profoundly influence learners' perceptions of equity. This mandates a holistic, systems-wide approach that prioritizes the interpersonal aspects of equity, such as fair treatment and unbiased support from teachers, as the most direct means of strengthening positive attitudes. Practical recommendations include mandating annual, evidence-based diversity training for teachers and empowering learners as "Inclusion Advocates" to foster a self-sustaining culture of belonging.

This study investigates the emotional intelligence (EI) levels of teachers and their relationship to job satisfaction among permanent staff at Valencia City Central School during the 2025-2026 Academic Year. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, data were collected via a two-part instrument. A 5-point Likert scale captured responses, and analyses included means, standard deviations, Pearson correlations, and linear regression to identify predictors of job satisfaction. Results indicate that teachers frequently apply EI components, with emphasis on self-awareness, emotion management, self-motivation, empathy, and social skills. Permanent teachers also reported notable levels of job satisfaction. Significant relationships emerged between EI dimensions and job satisfaction: Self-Awareness, Managing Emotions, Motivating Oneself, Empathy, and Social Skills all correlated with higher job satisfaction. Regression analysis identified Managing Emotions and Motivating Oneself as the strongest positive predictors. Collectively, these findings suggest that fostering specific EI competencies can enhance teacher satisfaction, with implications for professional development, school leadership, and policy aimed at teacher retention. Limitations include the single-site design and cross-sectional data. Future research should replicate across diverse settings and examine potential mediating factors (e.g., workload, leadership styles) and longitudinal effects of EI-focused interventions on job satisfaction.

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of Self-Learning Modules (SLMs) in ensuring educational continuity during calamities among key stage 2 learners of the elementary schools of Dinagat Islands. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of how SLMs support students’ academic progress, engagement, and adaptability during periods of disruption. The study involved 308 intermediate-grade learners, predominantly aged 9 to 11 years. Learners from Grades 4, 5, and 6 were fairly evenly represented, with only minimal variation across grade levels, indicating a balanced sample in terms of age, sex, and grade level. This study used descriptive correlation method of research relying primarily on the researcher questionnaires to gathered information in assessing the effectiveness of Self-Learning Modules (SLMs) in ensuring educational continuity during calamities. The descriptive correlation method is the most common and widely used method in gathering data and information using questionnaire checklist. The effectiveness of Self-Learning Modules (SLMs) during calamities was generally rated at a moderate level across major dimensions. Access and availability were moderately implemented, indicating that learners were able to obtain the modules, although issues related to ease of access and navigation persisted. The clarity and quality of content were also rated as moderate, reflecting that the instructions, language, organization, and learning activities were generally clear, appropriate, and aligned with learners’ needs. Similarly, self-learning and independence were moderately implemented, suggesting that SLMs supported self-paced learning and fostered a degree of learner autonomy, though full independent learning was not consistently achieved. In terms of learning continuity, SLMs moderately enabled learners to stay on track and functioned as an alternative to face-to-face instruction during calamities; however, difficulties in mastering complex concepts and covering all intended content were noted. The results show that age significantly affects access and availability of SLMs and the challenges faced by learners, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis for these variables. However, no significant age-based differences were found in clarity and quality of content, self-learning and independence, and effectiveness in ensuring learning continuity, resulting in the acceptance of the null hypothesis for these areas. For gender, the null hypothesis was accepted across all dimensions of SLM effectiveness, indicating that learners’ experiences with SLMs do not significantly differ between males and females. In terms of grade level, the null hypothesis was rejected for access and availability, self-learning and independence, and challenges faced, indicating significant differences across grade levels. Conversely, the null hypothesis was accepted for clarity and quality of content and effectiveness in ensuring learning continuity. Overall, the findings indicate that age and grade level significantly influence certain aspects of SLM effectiveness, while gender has no significant effect.

Retinal infections like diabetic retinopathy (DR) and hypertensive retinopathy are major contributors to global vision impairment. Early detection via automated analysis of fundus images is essential to ease the burden on healthcare systems. This study proposes Vision AI Master, an AI-based clinical screening system that uses EfficientNet-B4 for robust classification. To address the “black box” nature of deep learning, Grad-CAM is integrated for visual explainability. The framework also includes a deterministic morphological pathway using Zhang-Suen skeletonization to calculate the artery-to-vein (A/V) ratio, a key marker of hypertensive narrowing. Delivered through a multimodal interface with voice-enabled diagnostic review and automated QR-encoded reports, the system achieved 94.2% classification accuracy on public datasets, showing that combined heatmaps and vascular measurements provide a practical tool for real-time clinical decision-making.

This study determined the level of implementation of the Brigada Eskwela in District of Dangcagan, Division of Bukidnon, for the School Year 2025-2026. This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design to determine the level of implementation and effectiveness of the Brigada Eskwela program and to examine the relationship between program implementation and its effectiveness.The respondents of the study were the 180 elementary teachers of Dangcagan District. The result revealed that the level of implementation of the Brigada Eskwela in terms of Resources Mobilization and Sustainability, Parental Involvement and Empowerment, Leadership and Governance, Social Capital and Community Trust and Student Motivation and Sense of Belonging interpreted as very high level.The result also revealed that the level of effectiveness of Brigada Eskwela in terms of community partnership interpreted as very high level. There a significant relationship between the level of implementation of Brigada Eskwela and the level of effectiveness of Brigada Eskwela. The findings iconcluded that Brigada Eskwela is highly implemented across all key dimensions, including resources, leadership, parental involvement, social capital, and student motivation, effectively engaging stakeholders in school improvement. Teachers perceive that this comprehensive implementation strengthens collaboration, trust, and shared responsibility, resulting in both tangible improvements and intangible benefits such as social cohesion and student well-being. Overall, higher levels of implementation are positively associated with greater program effectiveness, demonstrating that strong community partnerships and coordinated efforts are central to the success of Brigada Eskwela. These suggest that schools may continue to monitor and evaluate program implementation to maintain high standards. Training for teachers, leaders, and community volunteers can enhance capacity and sustain best practices. Parental and community involvement may be strengthened beyond the annual activity through regular engagement. Schools may also document resources mobilized and activities conducted to track progress effectively. Leadership may promote inclusive decision-making to empower sub-leaders and volunteers.

The study aimed to examine the level of differentiated instruction implemented among senior high school learners, describe the learners’ development in 21st century skills, and determine the significant relationship between differentiated instruction and learners’ 21st century skills. The respondents consisted of 162 senior high school learners enrolled at Kitubo National High School, Kitaotao III District, Division of Bukidnon, during the School Year 2025–2026. Total enumeration sampling was utilized to include all learners who met the study criteria. A researcher-made survey questionnaire was employed to measure the implementation of differentiated instruction and the development of learners’ 21st century skills. Reliability testing yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.952, indicating very high internal consistency and confirming the reliability of the research instrument .Findings revealed that differentiated instruction was perceived by learners as highly implemented in terms of teaching approaches, assessment and feedback, and classroom environment. Teachers used varied explanations, examples, and participatory strategies that enhanced learner understanding and engagement. Assessment practices were generally constructive and varied; however, reflective tasks, opportunities for revision, and consistent recognition of learner achievements were less emphasized, indicating areas that may require further instructional support. Results also showed that learners demonstrated high proficiency in critical thinking, problem-solving, communication, collaboration, creativity, and innovation. Learners actively analyzed information, asked questions, and worked effectively with peers, reflecting strong engagement in essential 21st century skills. Nevertheless, practices related to providing feedback, reflecting on learning, and taking creative risks were less frequently observed. Further analysis revealed a strong and positive relationship between differentiated instruction and the development of learners’ 21st century skills. The findings underscore the importance of sustaining learner-centered and adaptive instructional practices to support holistic and meaningful skill development among learners.

This study investigated the English proficiency of Indigenous learners at Manalog Integrated School, focusing on their demographic profile, Phil-IRI reading performance, and the factors influencing English proficiency in terms of linguistic, socio-cultural, and educational dimensions. Specifically, it explored the significant relationships between Phil-IRI results and these factors, as well as differences in influence based on age and gender. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed, with 102 Indigenous learners from Grades 7 to 10 selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire adapted from Cabaltica and Arcala (2021), which yielded a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.742. Descriptive statistics, weighted means, standard deviations, Pearson correlation, and ANOVA were applied to analyze the data. Findings revealed that most respondents were aged 12 to 15 years, with a nearly equal distribution of male and female learners. The majority were classified at the Frustration Level in Phil-IRI, indicating low reading proficiency. Linguistic factors moderately influenced English proficiency, while socio-cultural and educational factors had high influence. No significant relationship was found between Phil-IRI performance and the influencing factors. Age significantly affected how factors influenced English proficiency, whereas gender did not.Conclusions indicate that Indigenous learners face challenges in reading comprehension and speaking, with age-related differences shaping how linguistic, socio-cultural, and educational factors affect proficiency. Based on these findings, recommendations include fostering active English reading and speaking among learners, encouraging supportive home and community environments, implementing culturally responsive instructional programs, integrating age-appropriate and interactive curriculum strategies, and conducting further research on additional variables influencing English proficiency.

This study investigated the application of gamification, mediating factors of teachers, and student learning outcomes in the context of public schools through the descriptive-correlational research approach and quantitative surveys. The implementation was evaluated by the researchers using points, badges, levels, narratives, and quests. The results showed that instructors were quite effective at self-efficacy and flexible practices with the lack of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge, resource limitations, and workload. However, educators were not reluctant about gamification to increase motivation. The outcomes indicated that gamification improved the learning performance (engagement and retention) in a significant way, which aligns with the Self-Determination Theory. It was observed that there were high levels of performance in knowledge acquisition, motor skills as well as appreciation. Moreover, the significant connections were observed between the use of gamification, teacher moderating variables, and student performance, and the highly influential role of teacher efficacy. These results indicate that the curriculum should be improved by focusing on the use of gamification training and professional growth. Also, there should be regular evaluations and administration that will make teaching sensitive to resource-limited settings. Teachers are advised to use gamification in combination with reflective activities to improve self-efficacy and pedagogical learning, but future studies need to examine longitudinal effects. In the end, the present study confirms that gamification has a potential to improve the quality and performance of students provided that strong teacher moderators mediate it.

This study assessed the contributions of the NG-CARES project to the empowerment of the rural poor and vulnerable groups in Tarka Local Government Area (LGA), Benue State, Nigeria. It evaluated the project’s impacts on financial stability, job creation, income growth, local production, and implementation challenges. A total of 250 NG-CARES beneficiaries across five communities were targeted, from which 125 respondents were selected using stratified random and purposive sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, and 119 valid responses were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Findings revealed that the project reached its intended beneficiaries, with 68.9% living in extreme poverty and 53.8% being female. Most respondents (59.7%) were farmers, and 51.3% had only primary education. Prior to the intervention, 93.3% of smallholder farmers were financially unstable, but during NG-CARES, the same percentage reported improved financial status, attributed to the provision of agricultural assets (42.9%) and inputs (41.2%). Confidence in meeting financial needs increased, with 55.5% expressing confidence and only 4.2% expressing none. Job creation also improved, with agricultural processing and labour roles increasing, while informal job dependence dropped from 42.0% to 26.9%. Income growth was evident, as beneficiaries earning below ₦30,000 dropped from 55.5% to 12.6%, while those earning above ₦200,000 rose from 8.4% to 23.5%. Although only 8.4% received training, 87.4% reported increased productivity. Chi-square tests confirmed a statistically significant effect of NG-CARES on financial stability (χ² = 178.30, df = 3, p = 2.05e-38) and income growth (χ² = 54.27, df = 3, critical value = 7.815). The study concluded that NG-CARES effectively empowered economically marginalised groups by improving livelihoods and reducing poverty. It recommends scaling up funding, enhancing communication, expanding training, and improving infrastructure and market access to ensure sustainability.

Heterocyclic compounds are organic ring structures containing nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. They are the basis of the chemical structures of most approved drugs. However, as far as we know, there hasn't been any thorough comparative study across different classes that has systematically evaluated their advantages. Our data-driven analysis of 360 approved small-molecule drugs from 10 therapeutic classes, largely based on the WHO Essential Medicines List (2023), FDA Orange Book (2023), DrugBank v5.1, and ChEMBL v33, goes towards filling that void. By structural annotation with the help of RDKit, drugs were grouped and then compared using nine physicochemical/pharmacokinetic descriptors and four clinical outcome measures. Out of the 360 drugs studied, 314 (87.2%) are heterocyclic, with the proportion being highest in antiparasitics (95.5%), antibacterials (93.8%), and CNS agents (92.0%). Oral bioavailability was one of the areas where heterocyclic drugs performed better than the others (61.4% vs 43.7%), and they showed lower lipophilicity (logP 1.8 vs 3.9), decreased CYP450 substrate frequency (38% vs 67%), and longer plasma half-lives (14.2 h vs 8.9 h) as well. In the clinical setting, they showed higher therapeutic efficacy (78.4% vs 61.9%), greater target selectivity (SI = 12.8 vs 5.3), lower adverse drug reaction incidence (18.3% vs 31.6%), and fewer drug-drug interactions. Piperidine, pyridine, and piperazine together made up over 40% of the heterocyclic scaffolds. We therefore reject the null hypothesis at all four primary endpoints (p < 0.05), thus emphasizing the importance of heterocyclic chemistry in the rational design of drugs.

This study examined the level of policy implementation among teachers and its relationship to their perceptions of governance effectiveness in education. Specifically, it assessed teachers’ views on policy effectiveness, its impact on morale and retention, and clarity and communication, as well as perceptions of governance in terms of framework assessment, influence on teacher well-being, and transparency of communication. Using a descriptive–correlational research design, the study was conducted in the Claveria West District, Misamis Oriental, Philippines, covering 14 elementary schools and utilizing total enumeration. Data were gathered through adapted questionnaires from Helen F. Ladd (2023) with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.720. Descriptive statistics revealed high levels of policy implementation across all dimensions and very high perceptions of governance in teacher well-being and transparency. Correlation analysis indicated a significant positive relationship between overall policy implementation and governance effectiveness with policy effectiveness showing a significant individual relationship, while impact on morale and retention and clarity and communication alone were not significant. The findings suggest that strong and effective policy implementation as a whole contributes to more favorable perceptions of governance. The study recommends targeted professional development for teachers, leadership strategies that foster transparent and collaborative governance, and integrated policy frameworks that address both teacher needs and governance structures to enhance overall educational outcomes.

This study investigated the effect of classroom routines on the on-task behavior of elementary learners in District II, Malaybalay City Division, during the School Year 2025-2026. Specifically, it assessed the level of teachers&#39; classroom routines across five dimensions morning/entry, transition, instructional, cleanup/closing, and behavior management and the corresponding level of student on-task behavior. Utilizing a descriptive-correlational research design, data were gathered from elementary grade teachers through a researcher-made survey questionnaire. Statistical tools, including mean, standard deviation, and the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, were employed for data analysis. Findings revealed that teachers implement classroom routines with a very high effect to the on-task behavior of learners. It implies that teachers are doing a great job of maintaining classroom routines, which effectively helps them keep the class organized and achieve their teaching goals. Consequently, elementary learners were found to be highly engaged in the class. Correlation analysis established a significant relationship between classroom routines and on-task behavior, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The study concludes that structured routines serve as essential proactive scaffolds that transform potential classroom chaos into stable learning environments. The high level of learner engagement signifies a successful transition from teacher-dependence to self-regulated learning. Recommendations include the institutionalization of standardized routines through specialized professional development and the introduction of more complex, self-directed projects to capitalize on student autonomy. These results affirm that procedural consistency is a fundamental driver of academic focus and sustained student participation in the elementary setting.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Letter-Sound and Object Identification intervention and its relationship with the reading levels of 76 Grade 7 non-reader learners at Bangcud National High School, Malaybalay City Division, during the School Year 2025–2026. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, data were collected using a validated researcher-developed instrument. Statistical analysis included frequency counts, percentages, means, standard deviations, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. Findings revealed that letter-sound and object identification were perceived as highly effective across all components, including letter-sound recognition, object identification, phonemic awareness, vocabulary development, and reading fluency. Despite this high level of effectiveness, most learners remained at the instructional level, indicating that while they possess foundational skills, they still require substantial guidance to achieve independent reading proficiency. Furthermore, a significant positive relationship was found between the intervention's effectiveness and the learners' reading levels, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This finding indicates that the intervention worked best for learners who already possess higher reading skills, meaning its benefits increased as the learners' initial reading proficiency rose. The study concludes that bridging the phonological-semantic gap through multimodal phonemic anchors is a potent catalyst for literacy recovery among adolescent non-readers. Results suggest that systematic, object-based instruction is essential for transitioning learners from frustration to mastery. It is recommended that school heads formalize letter-sound and object identification as a mandatory remedial program and that teachers institutionalize multisensory mapping to replace abstract drills. By integrating culturally familiar objects into phonetic lessons, educators can provide the necessary scaffolding to accelerate students toward autonomous reading proficiency.

This study aimed to examine the effects of the Read-Aloud Strategy on vocabulary acquisition. Specifically, this study aimed to determine the level of the Read-Aloud Strategy in terms of comprehension and engagement, and learners’ vocabulary acquisition in terms of understanding and active listening. This study employed a descriptive correlational research design to examine the effect of the read-aloud strategy on learners’ vocabulary acquisition and was conducted in Kadingilan Central Elementary School, Kadingilan, Bukidnon. This study used a purposive sampling, specifically targeting 161 Grade-4 learners from selected public elementary schools within the Kadingilan 1 District. The findings indicate that the Read-Aloud Strategy is highly effective, with students demonstrating very high levels of comprehension and engagement. Another result revealed that the level of learners’ Vocabulary Acquisition in terms of understanding and active listening was interpreted as a very high level. Moreover, it was also found that there is a significant relationship between the level of the Read-Aloud Strategy and the level of Vocabulary Acquisition. These findings suggest that teachers can improve students’ comprehension, engagement, and vocabulary learning by consistently implementing read-aloud strategies in the classroom. Incorporating interactive elements into these sessions can make the activities more effective. Discussing the meanings of new words with students can also deepen their understanding. Teachers may prompt students to make predictions about the story, which helps maintain attention and engagement. Using new vocabulary in sentences allows learners to practice applying what they have learned. Providing repeated exposure to new words in meaningful contexts reinforces retention. Overall, consistent and interactive read-aloud sessions contribute to improving students’ overall language proficiency.

This study aimed to examine the gender and learning performance in Social Studies among learners of Kapalaran Elementary School, Dangcagan Districy for the S.Y 2025-2026. The study utilized a descriptive-correlational research design to determine the the gender and learning performance in school. The respondents of the study were the 120 learners in Kapalaran Elementary School. Through the use of survey questionnaires data was gathered. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, t-test and Pearson r were employed to analyze the descriptive level of application and to determine whether a significant correlation and differences exists among the variables. The descriptive-correlational design was appropriate for this study as it not only measured the existing level of application but also explored how different factors relate to learners’ performance in Social Studies. The result revealed that majority of the respondents were male learners and the level of the learning performance in terms of learners’ participation shows a large extent and performance task interpreted as very large extent. The study showed a relatively balanced gender distribution among learners, allowing fair comparison of learning performance and indicating equal access to schooling for both males and females. Learners demonstrated high levels of participation and strong performance in tasks, reflecting an engaging and supportive learning environment that enhances academic outcomes. Gender was found to significantly influence learning performance, with female learners generally outperforming males, highlighting the importance of considering gender differences to improve instructional strategies. These suggest that schools may continue to promote gender balance in enrollment and participation. Administrators may ensure equal opportunities for both male and female learners in academic programs. Gender-sensitive policies may be strengthened to maintain inclusivity. Teachers may encourage equal participation in classroom activities. Guidance programs may be implemented to support both genders academically. Continuous monitoring of gender distribution is recommended. This will help sustain balanced representation in future studies.

This study examined the cross-cultural teaching experiences of teachers and their relationship to learners’ engagement in Indigenous elementary schools in Kitaotao District I. The research recognized that cultural diversity in Indigenous communities presents both opportunities and challenges for non-Indigenous and Indigenous teachers in delivering inclusive and responsive instruction. The primary objective was to determine how teachers’ cross-cultural practices, beliefs, and strategies influence the behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement of learners in the classroom. A quantitative correlational research design was employed. Data were gathered through a structured survey questionnaire administered to elementary teachers from Indigenous schools in the district. The instrument measured teachers’ cross-cultural teaching experiences in terms of cultural awareness, instructional adaptation, communication practices, community involvement, and use of culturally responsive strategies. Learners’ engagement was measured across three dimensions: participation, interest and motivation, and investment in learning tasks. Descriptive statistics, mean scores, and correlation analysis were used to interpret the data. A Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.82 or higher was considered acceptable, indicating that the instrument had strong reliability. Findings revealed that teachers generally demonstrated a moderate to high level of cross-cultural teaching experience, particularly in showing respect for local culture and adapting examples and activities to learners’ contexts. However, challenges were noted in language differences, limited culturally aligned instructional materials, and minimal formal training in Indigenous education. Learners showed moderate to high engagement levels, especially when lessons were contextualized and interactive. Statistical analysis indicated a significant positive relationship between cross-cultural teaching practices and learners’ engagement. Classrooms where teachers applied culturally responsive methods, localized content, and inclusive communication strategies reported higher learner participation and motivation. The study concludes that strengthening cross-cultural competence among teachers contributes meaningfully to improved learner engagement in Indigenous elementary schools. It recommends continuous professional development, localized instructional material development, and stronger school– community partnerships to support culturally responsive teaching. These efforts can help create more inclusive learning environments and enhance educational outcomes for Indigenous learners.

Background: Cholelithiasis, commonly known as gallbladder stone disease, is among the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders globally, affecting an estimated 10–15% of adults in Western nations and carrying significant morbidity, healthcare expenditure and procedural burden. Objectives: This article aims to synthesize contemporary evidence from 2015 to 2025 regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for cholelithiasis, with particular emphasis on evolving minimally invasive techniques and pharmacological advances. Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical guidelines published between January 2015 and December 2024 was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases.
Results: Global prevalence data indicate rising incidence, particularly in urbanizing low- and middle-income countries. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains the gold-standard intervention with success rates exceeding 97%. Emerging evidence supports enhanced recovery protocols, and novel biomarkers are under investigation for risk stratification. Conclusion: Cholelithiasis represents a substantial and growing public health challenge. Clinicians must remain current with diagnostic innovations and evidence-based management to reduce associated complications, including cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and cholangiocarcinoma.

Today in many educational institutes, managing allocation of seats for various examinations is still based on manual process, leading to errors, consumes time, and there are huge chances of unfair seating practices of students. This occurs especially while handling large amounts of students and having multiple rooms for allocation. To address these problems, a smart web-based seating allocation system is designed to ensure that the exams should be transparent, fair and cheating free in institutions. Instead of making machine learning models, this system applies an algorithmic approach along with the MERN stack to do the seating arrangement carefully and efficiently. The proposed system uses effective techniques, Hashing is used for mixing student data randomly, while sorting is used to organize the data properly according to need. The constraint satisfaction approach defines various rules and ensures that all the rules are followed, such that not any student of the same branch and same year can sit together at the same bench. Greedy algorithm is helpful in assigning the best possible seat for an individual and Graph coloring is used to avoid the conflicts between nearby students, Round Robin will distribute students evenly in rooms. This system has an exam cell panel from where the authorized user can access it, the exam cell head will simply upload the data of students and the system will easily generate a seating plan using these algorithms and make the manual process of seating arrangements easy for the user. This approach will make the process easy and reduce the consumption of time and efforts both. The backend architecture of this system is a modular and secure design having authentication system, while the frontend dashboard has a clear and user-friendly interface so that anyone can easily operate it and can generate the seating plan. The proposed system was tested on data of up to 1500 students, the performance was on the mark. The result shows reduction of over 90% in the time for allocation of seats as compared to the manual approach of seating allocation without any conflicts, the system ensures the utilization of rooms efficiently. Overall the system is fast and easy to use for anyone, it can also handle large numbers of students and works well in real world situations.

The architecture utilizes a multi-layered approach to Digital image acquisition often suffers from stochastic noise, degrading visual quality and data integrity. This paper presents a robust Image Denoising System based on a Deep Convolutional Autoencoder (DCAE) architecture. By utilizing an encoder-decoder framework implemented in TensorFlow and Keras, the system learns to extract essential structural features from noisy inputs and reconstruct high-fidelity "clean" images. Unlike traditional spatial filtering methods that often blur edges, this model leverages Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to maintain spatial hierarchies. The system was validated using the MNIST dataset with synthetic Gaussian noise, demonstrating significant improvements in image clarity through automated feature recovery.

This study examines consumer purchasing behaviour at Lagos international trade fairs, focusing on the factors influencing purchase decisions and the relationship between trade fair experiences and buying outcomes. A qualitative research approach was adopted, employing semi-structured interviews with attendees and exhibitors, alongside observational analysis of exhibitor activities. The findings indicate that consumer purchasing behaviour at trade fairs is predominantly experience-driven and shaped by price incentives, product demonstrations, brand familiarity, and exhibitor–consumer interactions. Positive trade fair experiences were found to significantly enhance purchase intention, impulse buying tendencies, and post-event purchasing likelihood. The study further validates the relevance of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the Stimulus–Organism– Response (S–O–R) model, and Experiential Consumption Theory in explaining consumer behaviour within trade fair environments. Based on these findings, strategic recommendations are proposed regarding experiential marketing practices, booth design, promotional strategies, and small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) capacity development to optimise consumer engagement and trade fair performance. This research contributes to the limited empirical literature on consumer purchasing behaviour at international trade events in emerging economies, with specific emphasis on Nigeria.

The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing significant transformation due to advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI), automation, and robotics. These technologies are revolutionizing drug discovery, manufacturing, supply chain management, and patient care. AI accelerates drug development by analysing large datasets, while automation enhances efficiency and accuracy in repetitive tasks. Robotics, integrated with AI, enables faster, scalable, and precise manufacturing processes and is also used for efficient medication dispensing. These innovations drive the development of personalized medicine, offering tailored treatments based on individual patient data. Collectively, these advancements address industry challenges, including rising demand, regulatory compliance, and global health needs, paving the way for a more efficient and patient-centred pharmaceutical sector.[1]

The study was undertaken to evaluate the nutrient composition, physical and sensory properties of bread samples produced from wheat, roasted clam and unripe plantain flour blends. The freshwater clam was washed, sliced, parboiled, roasted and milled while the unripe plantain was sorted, cleaned, sliced, blanched, drained and milled separately. The individual flour obtained was blended together in the ratios of 90:5:5, 80:10:10, 70:15:15, 60:20:20 and 50:25:25 and used for the production of functional bread while 100% wheat flour served as control. The composite flour blends were evaluated for proximate composition, energy content, mineral and vitamin composition while the physical, microbial and sensory properties of the functional bread samples produced were determined using standard methods. The moisture, crude protein, fat, crude fibre and ash contents of the bread samples increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in the addition of roasted clam and unripe plantain flours from 10.53-18.03%, 9.06-34.52%, 3.12-4.68%, 3.42-5.15% and 2.41-3.04, respectively, while the carbohydrate and energy contents decreased from 71.46-34.64% and 355.16 - 318.52 KJ/100g, respectively. The mineral composition of the bread samples also increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in substitution of ground bean and sweet potato flours from 76.32-102.33 mg/100 g (calcium), 86.33-106.76 mg/100 g (potassium), 43.17-70.79 mg / 100 g (phosphorus), 92.14-112.15 mg / 100 g (magnesium), 1.52-2.05 mg / 100 g (iron) and 2.13-2.98 mg/100 g (zinc), respectively. The thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, vitamin A and vitamin E contents of the bread samples increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in the addition of ground bean and sweet potato flours from 42.17-59.19 mg/100 g, 62.31-80.69 mg/100 g, 24.15-47.57 mg/100 g, 12.15-12.15-12.73 mg/100 g, 18.32-47.33 mg/100 g and 15.31-43.67 mg/100 g, respectively. The physical properties (loaf volume, loaf height, loaf weight, oven spring and specific loaf volume) of the bread samples decreased significantly (p<0.05) with corresponding increase in the addition of ground bean and sweet potato flours from 310.21-115.41 cm3, 6.82-3.84 cm; 410.21-246.31g, 458.15-407.94 cm and 0.76-0.26 cm3/g, respectively. The results of the microbial assessment showed that the total viable count for the samples varied between 0.33 x 104 and 1.20 x 104 cfu/g and there were no detectable coliform or fungal counts. The sensory properties of the samples showed that the control sample (100% wheat flour bread) was the most acceptable to the panelists and also differed significantly (p<0.05) from the composite flour breads in colour, texture, taste and flavour. Although the 100% wheat flour bread (control) had better sensory and physical properties, it had the least values in nutrient contents compared to the composite flour bread loaves. However, the study showed that the nutrient contents of wheat flour breads could be improved by enriching wheat flour with ground bean and sweet potato flours at the levels of 5-25% and 5-25%, respectively in the production of bread loaves.

This study examined work-life balance in relation to academic programme completion of female postgraduate students in public universities in Anambra State. Two research questions and two corresponding null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population comprised 2,125 female postgraduate students across Nnamdi Azikiwe University and Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, and a sample of 390 was drawn using the Yamane formula and stratified simple random sampling. Data were collected with a researcher-designed instrument, titled - Work-Life Balance of Female Postgraduate Students and Academic Programme Completion Questionnaire. The test–retest was used to determine the reliability coefficient at 0.79. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics to answer the research questions, and z-test and Analysis of Variance were used to test the hypotheses with SPSS at 0.05 level of significance. The findings indicated that time pressure from academic tasks reduces students’ ability to maintain a healthy personal life, that personal responsibilities diminish capacity to complete coursework, and that school policies to support balance among students were perceived as inadequate. Students also reported emotional exhaustion and health effects linked to workload, while acknowledging some successes in maintaining relationships and completing required tasks despite constraints. The study concluded that work-life balance has a substantive bearing on timely programme completion for female postgraduate students, and that existing institutional supports are insufficient to neutralise the effects of competing domestic and academic demands. Based on the findings, the study recommended that universities should strengthen flexible scheduling, expand counselling and childcare access, and enforce responsive supervisory practices to improve completion rates.

This study investigated the relationship between Artificial Intelligence (AI) awareness and the utilization of AI-assisted teaching strategies among 143 public school teachers in Kitaotao 2 District during the 2025–2026 school year. The research specifically evaluated three dimensions of awareness: conceptual understanding, professional development exposure, and application confidence. Simultaneously, it assessed how these educators integrated AI into lesson delivery, assessment, feedback, and student support. Using a quantitative design with complete count sampling, the findings revealed that teachers had moderate to high AI awareness and consistently used AI-assisted strategies in their classrooms. A critical outcome of the study was the identification of a strong, significant positive correlation between awareness and utilization. This suggests that as teachers gain a deeper understanding of AI, receive more targeted training, and build their technical confidence, they become significantly more likely to adopt innovative AI tools in their daily instructional practices. The study concludes that fostering teacher competence is fundamental to the successful digital transformation of the classroom. To sustain this momentum, it is recommended that educational authorities and school administrators prioritize robust professional development programs and institutional support. By strengthening educators' capacity to navigate AI technologies, schools can ensure these innovations are used effectively to enhance learning outcomes and modernize the educational experience.

This phenomenological study examined the lived experiences of academically challenged senior high school learners at Cabanglasan National High School during the School Year 2025–2026. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: (1) What behavioral patterns do challenge senior high school learners show at school and at home? and (2) What coping mechanisms do they use to deal with their personal and family-related difficulties? The study aimed to understand how these learners navigate daily challenges and how such experiences shape their behavior, motivation, and overall well-being. Using a qualitative research design guided by Colaizzi’s method of phenomenological analysis, data were collected through in-depth interviews with ten (10) purposively selected senior high school learners experiencing academic, emotional, family-related, or social challenges. Significant statements were extracted, meanings were formulated, and themes were identified to capture the essence of their lived experiences. The findings revealed that learners exhibited behavioral patterns characterized by emotional suppression, emotional release, contextual identity shift, emotional reactivity, and maladaptive responses. These patterns reflected both internal struggles and adaptive adjustments to challenging environments. In coping with their difficulties, learners relied on spiritual reliance, peer support systems, distraction and escape coping, self-reliant internal coping, and organized problem-solving strategies. The results indicate that while learners demonstrate resilience and personal agency, they also experience emotional vulnerability and occasional isolation. The study concludes that challenged senior high school learners possess both strengths and vulnerabilities in managing adversity. The findings underscore the importance of supportive school environments that foster emotional expression, strengthen peer and spiritual support systems, and promote adaptive coping strategies to enhance learners’ well-being and academic engagement. Therefore, it is recommended that schools implement structured guidance and counseling programs that provide emotional support, coping skills training, and safe spaces for learners to express and manage their challenges.

This study examined the level of awareness of environmental issues and the coping strategies employed by junior high school learners at Cabanglasan National High School. Specifically, it addressed the following questions: (1) What is the level of learners’ knowledge of environmental issues in terms of awareness of major global and local problems, understanding of causes and effects, and knowledge of possible solutions and sustainable practices? (2) What coping strategies do learners use in learning environmental topics in terms of personal, peer, or family support, and school-based strategies? (3) Is there a significant relationship between learners’ environmental knowledge and their coping strategies? A descriptive-correlational research design was used, and data were collected from 150 junior high school learners selected through stratified random sampling. A validated structured questionnaire was employed to measure learners’ knowledge of environmental issues and the coping strategies they use. Findings revealed that learners possess a very high level of environmental knowledge, demonstrating strong awareness of global and local problems, understanding of causes and effects, and knowledge of sustainable practices. They also employ effective coping strategies, including personal study techniques, peer and family support, and school-based activities, with school-based strategies being the most frequently utilized. Additionally, a positive relationship was observed between learners’ environmental knowledge and their coping strategies, indicating that higher awareness contributes to more effective approaches to overcoming learning challenges. These results emphasize the importance of promoting environmental education in rural schools and providing opportunities for learners to apply knowledge through practical and collaborative activities. Teachers are encouraged to integrate interactive and hands-on strategies, while schools may enhance programs and clubs that strengthen environmental understanding and coping skills.

The study employed a quantitative, descriptive-correlational research design using complete count sampling and involved 143 public school teachers. Data were collected using a validated survey questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation analysis. The findings revealed that teachers had a very high level of awareness of climate change in terms of knowledge and attitudes. They also demonstrated a high level of self-efficacy. This suggests that while teachers possess a strong understanding and positive dispositions toward climate change, there remains room to strengthen their confidence and perceived capacity to implement climate-related instruction effectively. The extent of environmental integration in classroom instruction was also found to be high across all dimensions examined. Correlation analysis indicated a significant relationship between climate change awareness and environmental integration, with self-efficacy showing the strongest association. These results underscore that teachers who possess greater knowledge, confidence, and positive attitudes toward climate change are more likely to integrate environmental topics effectively into their classroom instruction. This finding highlights the pivotal role of teachers' preparedness in advancing environmental education. It suggests that strengthening teachers’ competencies can directly enhance the quality and depth of climate-related learning experiences for students. The findings are significant as they emphasize the importance of strengthening teachers’ self-efficacy and instructional support to enhance climate change education. The study concludes that improving teachers’ awareness—particularly their confidence in teaching climate-related content—can lead to more meaningful and consistent integration of environmental topics in classroom instruction.

This study examined the level of participation in wellness programs among teachers in District V schools, Division of Valencia City, Bukidnon, Philippines, during the School Year 2025-2026, and its relationship to teachers' health and productivity. Utilizing a descriptive-correlational design, complete enumeration sampled teachers from Barobo Integrated School, Tugaya Integrated School, Guinuyoran Central School, Magsal Integrated School, and Lourdes Integrated School. The adapted instrument, drawn from the RAND SF-36 Health Survey and validated job performance scales. Data analysis involved means, standard deviations for levels, and Pearson product-moment correlation for relationships. Findings revealed very high participation in wellness program activities and teachers' health practices, alongside very high overall health and productivity. Significant positive correlations between participation in wellness activities and health activities. Conclusions affirm robust teacher engagement yielding enhanced health, energy, and professional outputs like punctual attendance and classroom management. Active involvement directly boosts performance, aligning with literature on wellness benefits. Recommendations urge teachers to integrate personal routines like mindfulness, administrators to expand workshops and incentives, and future researchers to pursue longitudinal, multi-division studies with qualitative insights on barriers like sleep habits. These insights advocate sustaining school wellness initiatives for sustained educator wellbeing and efficacy in Philippine public schools.

This study examined the relationship between teachers’ level of empowerment and their job satisfaction. Specifically, it sought to determine teachers’ perception of their level of empowerment in terms of autonomy, access to professional development, and participation in decision-making; assess their level of job satisfaction in terms of pay and benefits, working conditions, and professional recognition; and test the significant relationship between empowerment and job satisfaction. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed. Data were gathered from teachers using a structured survey questionnaire and were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r correlation to determine levels and relationships among variables. The findings revealed that teachers perceived a high level of empowerment across all dimensions, with access to professional development and participation in decision-making obtaining relatively strong ratings. Teachers also reported a high level of job satisfaction in terms of pay and benefits, working conditions, and professional recognition, with peer recognition receiving the highest mean. Moreover, the results showed a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between overall teacher empowerment and overall job satisfaction (r = .718, p < .05), leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The study concludes that teacher empowerment significantly influences job satisfaction. When teachers are provided with professional growth opportunities, involved in decision-making processes, and recognized for their contributions, their level of job satisfaction increases. The findings underscore the importance of strengthening empowerment practices in schools to enhance teachers’ professional well-being, motivation, and organizational commitment.

Background: Herbal formulations are widely used for maintaining health and wellness. However, conventional dosage forms often show poor patient compliance and slower onset of action. Effervescent systems can overcome these limitations by improving dissolution, absorption, and palatability. Objective: To develop and evaluate a polyherbal effervescent granule formulation for improving gut health, reducing stress, and providing mild energy enhancement. Materials and Methods: A polyherbal combination of Phyllanthus emblica (Amla), Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) was selected based on their pharmacological properties. Preformulation studies were carried out to assess physicochemical parameters such as solubility, moisture content, particle size, and flow properties. Effervescent granules were prepared using the wet granulation method. Eight formulations (F1–F8) were developed by varying acid–base ratio and binder concentration. The prepared granules were evaluated for flow properties, effervescence time, pH, moisture content, drug content uniformity, dissolution, and stability. Results: All formulations showed acceptable physicochemical properties. Effervescence studies indicated rapid carbon dioxide release and quick dissolution. The pH of the reconstituted solution was within the acceptable range (5.5–6.5). Statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA) showed significant differences among formulations (p < 0.05). Among all batches, formulation F5 was found to be optimized, showing rapid effervescence (~65 seconds), pH ~6.3, low moisture content (<2%), good flow properties, and high drug content uniformity (~99.5%), along with good stability. Conclusion: The developed polyherbal effervescent granules demonstrated improved performance, rapid action, and better patient acceptability. The optimized formulation (F5) can be considered a promising dosage form for nutraceutical or over-the-counter applications.

The study investigated the relationship between students’ personality traits and students’ academic achievement in Computer Science in Secondary schools in Benue State using Path analysis. It was guided by six specific objectives and six research questions raised for the study. Three hypotheses were formulated for the study and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study adopted triangulated research design. The study was carried out in Benue North West Educational Zone of Benue State, Nigeria. The population of the study is 4293 Students. This comprises all the senior secondary II students in Benue North West Educational Zone. The sample size for the study is 384. This was obtained using Krejcie and Morgan Table for sample size determination. Student Personality Trait Questionnaire (SPTQ) and Students Profoma were validated by three experts. Cronbach Alpha method was used to determine the reliability coefficient of the Students’ Personality Traits Questionnaire and it yielded a total reliability coefficient of 0.72. Data were collected through face to face administration of copies of the instruments with the help of five research assistants. As a path analytic study, data collected were analyzed using multiple regression analysis in Mplus. The study found that the causal model for providing an explanation of the achievement of students in Computer science is the model involving students’ personality traits of openness to experience and conscientiousness. The study also found that there is no significant difference in the model fit of the empirically observed model and the theoretical model proposed for the study. It was revealed that the significant paths through which the independent variables (students’ personality traits) caused variation on the dependent variable (students’ academic achievement) are those of openness to experience and conscientiousness. Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that students’ personality traits of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism plays a role in students’ academic achievement in Computer Science, and they account for 15.0% variation in students’ academic achievement in Computer Science in secondary schools in Benue state. It was recommended among others that Curriculum planners and teachers should incorporate learning strategies and classroom activities that nurture and leverage openness (e.g., creative tasks, exploration) and conscientiousness (e.g., time management and goal setting) to enhance academic achievement.

The Landmines are still a big threat to people in many areas that have been through a war, killing thousands of people every year. Traditional ways of finding things, like manual probing and trained animals, take a long time, are dangerous, and use a lot of resources. To solve these problems, this project introduces the Spider Bot for Landmine Detection, a robotic system that moves like a spider. The multi-legged design enables stable movement across uneven and hazardous terrain, where wheeled or tracked robots often face limitations. Equipped with suitable sensors, the spider bot can detect buried landmines effectively while minimizing risk to human operators. The project emphasizes safety, cost-effectiveness, portability, and reliability, making it a practical solution for real-world demining applications. Additionally, the study demonstrates the integration of robotics, sensor technology, and autonomous navigation as a step toward - more advanced, scalable, and humanitarian-focused mine detection systems.

Background: Chronic stress acts as a potent trigger for various psychosomatic disorders by dysregulating the bidirectional communication between the mind, the nervous system, and the immune system, a field known as Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI). While conventional treatments often focus on symptom suppression, homoeopathy offers a holistic approach aimed at restoring the "vital force" and systemic equilibrium. This study explores the therapeutic role of individualized homoeopathic medicines in managing stress-induced disorders through a PNI lens. Methods: 30 patients presenting with stress-induced conditions such as chronic anxiety, tension-type headaches, or stress-related insomnia—was conducted. Patients were evaluated using standard psychological scales (PSS-10) and clinical PNI markers where applicable. Individualized homoeopathic remedies (e.g., Ignatia Amara, Arsenicum album, Natrum muriaticum) were prescribed based on the totality of symptoms and constitutional profiles. Follow-ups were conducted over period of 6 months to assess clinical improvement and causal attribution using the Modified Naranjo Criteria (MONARCH) inventory. Results: Significant clinical improvement was observed across the case series, with a marked reduction in stress-related scores. Patients reported not only relief from physical somatic symptoms but also enhanced emotional resilience and improved sleep quality. The integration of PNI principles suggested that homoeopathic intervention may help modulate the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system responses, leading to better immune-inflammatory balance.

The present research paper looks at the developments of the Private Equity (PE). Trend of Venture Capital (VC) investment in India during pre-pandemic, The periods of pandemic, post- pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic constantly redid the Private Equity (PE) and Venture Capital (VC) significantly. Fundamental dynamics of investment in the Indian startup ecosystem. This study analyzes tendencies of investments in three periods - pre-pandemic (20182019) to learn... pandemic (2020), and post-pandemic recovery (2021-2024). investor behavior alteration, capital distribution across industries, and the investment round preferences. Based on secondary data from industry reports and financial databases, the study shows a clear shift from aggressive growth-focused investments to more disciplined and profit-focused investment strategies. The results further indicate that even though total funding levels returned to their course following the First wave of shock in the pandemic, the risk appetite among investors fell and with a higher degree. focus on governance, long-term unit economics and long-term value. creation. Strong sectors like HealthTech and other technology-based industries received more investment. The recovery of sectors such as Travel and Hospitality was slower. The study concludes that COVID-19 created a major change in the Private Equity and Venture Capital environment in India. It had a long-term impact on investment strategies and made investors focus more on financial discipline and flexible business strategies in startup financing.

Fistula-in-ano is a common anorectal condition requiring surgical management that balances fistula eradication against continence preservation. This review summarizes contemporary surgical techniques including fistulotomy, fistulectomy, seton placement, LIFT, advancement flap and VAAFT, drawing from recent randomized trials, cohorts and systematic reviews. For simple low fistulas, fistulotomy and fistulectomy achieve high healing rates with low recurrence and minimal incontinence. Sphincter-sparing procedures for complex fistulas show variable success, with LIFT demonstrating 28-90% healing and VAAFT 15-65% recurrence in recent studies. Postoperative pain is modest, hospital stay short (1-3 days), and complications include wound infection and minor incontinence. Future research should prioritize standardized outcomes and head-to-head trials of sphincter-preserving methods.

The Indian IT industry, projected to reach $350 billion by 2026, faces intense talent competition requiring effective Performance and Compensation Management (PCM) practices. This research examines how agile performance systems and transparent reward structures impact employee engagement, motivation, and retention among IT professionals. Using secondary data from industry reports (NASSCOM, Deloitte, Mercer 2022-2025) and literature review of 34 studies, findings reveal agile feedback systems increase engagement by 30% and reduce turnover by up to 30%, while skills-based compensation correlates with 14.9% higher productivity. Challenges include hybrid work feedback gaps and AI appraisal bias. Recommendations emphasize AI-driven PMS, gamified rewards, and VALUE frameworks for sustainable talent retention.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, commonly known as hibiscus, has long been recognized in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties, particularly in hair care. This study explores the potential of hibiscus as a natural treatment for hair fall, a common condition affecting individuals due to factors such as stress, hormonal imbalance, nutritional deficiencies, and environmental damage. Rich in bioactive compounds including flavonoids, amino acids, mucilage, and vitamins, hibiscus exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and nourishing properties that contribute to scalp health and hair growth. The objective of this topic is to evaluate the effectiveness of hibiscus extracts in reducing hair fall and promoting hair regrowth. Various parts of the plant, especially leaves and flowers, are used to prepare oils, pastes, and extracts that can be applied topically. These formulations help strengthen hair follicles, improve blood circulation in the scalp, and prevent dandruff, which is a contributing factor to hair loss. Research indicates that hibiscus may stimulate keratin production, thereby enhancing hair thickness and reducing breakage. Its natural conditioning properties also help restore hair texture and shine. Compared to synthetic treatments, hibiscus-based remedies are cost-effective, eco-friendly, and have minimal side effects, making them a promising alternative for long-term use. This study highlights the significance of integrating traditional herbal knowledge with modern scientific validation to develop safe and effective hair care solutions. Further clinical and experimental research is recommended to standardize formulations and confirm the fall control. Mechanisms involved in hibiscus-mediated hair

Excessive, uncontrollable worry over many facets of daily life is a hallmark of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a chronic mental illness. In contrast to panic disorder or specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by ongoing anxiety that is not situation-specific. In accordance with current psychiatric recommendations, this article attempts to give a succinct summary of GAD, including its clinical aspects, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, therapy, and prognosis. Additionally, it integrates personalized homeopathic techniques.

Ageing is a multidimensional process involving progressive physiological, psychological, changes. Ayurveda provides a comprehensive approach to healthy ageing through Rasayana (rejuvenation) and Jarachikitsa (geriatrics). These modalities aim to delay degenerative changes, enhance longevity, and improve quality of life. The present review discusses Ayurvedic concepts of ageing, preventive and curative strategies including diet, lifestyle, Panchakarma, Yoga, and Rasayana therapy. Emphasis is placed on early intervention, as described in classical texts, to minimize geriatric morbidity. Integration of Ayurveda with modern geriatric care offers a holistic model for promoting healthy ageing and reducing the burden of chronic diseases.

Socialization is the lifelong dialectical process through which individuals acquire, internalize, and sometimes challenge the norms, values, beliefs, behaviours, and cultural competencies necessary for effective participation in society. This review paper examines the primary institutions of socialization—family, school (education), peer groups, mass media, and religion—and analyses their distinct yet interconnected roles. Drawing on structural-functionalist, conflict, and symbolic-interactionist perspectives, the analysis highlights how these institutions facilitate primary and secondary socialization, reproduce social structures (including inequalities of class, gender, and race), and contribute to both social cohesion and change. In contemporary contexts marked by digital media, globalization, and shifting family structures, these institutions increasingly interact in complex, sometimes contradictory ways. The paper concludes that while socialization remains essential for societal stability, its mechanisms are evolving, necessitating ongoing sociological inquiry into power dynamics, agency, and resilience.

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA), which entered into operation on 1 July 2024 upon superseding the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, establishes a materially reconstituted regime for the reception of electronic records in Indian judicial proceedings. This paper undertakes a critical appraisal of the BSA's provisions pertaining to electronic evidence, tracing their doctrinal genealogy through the deeply contested Section 65B mechanism and the watershed pronouncements of the Supreme Court in Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (2014) and Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal (2020). The central contention advanced is that whilst the BSA succeeds in resolving numerous interpretive uncertainties that had long beset its predecessor statute, consequential lacunae continue to subsist in relation to the certification requirement, cloud-hosted data, and algorithmically generated records. The paper concludes by formulating recommendations directed to both Parliament and the judiciary to ensure that India's law of electronic evidence is rendered adequate to the demands of the contemporary digital environment.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance. In recent years, the gut microbiota has emerged as a critical factor influencing the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms linking gut microbiota and diabetes mellitus, including dysbiosis, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, inflammation, immune responses, and gut barrier dysfunction. The review also highlights the clinical implications of these findings, emphasizing the potential of gut microbiota as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target. Microbiome-based interventions, including dietary modifications, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, show promising results in improving metabolic outcomes. However, current research is limited by inter-individual variability, lack of standardized methodologies, and insufficient long-term clinical evidence. Future directions include the application of advanced omics technologies, personalized medicine approaches, and well-designed clinical trials to better understand host–microbiome interactions and optimize therapeutic strategies. Overall, targeting the gut microbiota represents a promising and innovative approach for the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus.

Agricultural income in India enjoys a distinctive position within the taxation framework, as it is exempt from central income tax under the Income Tax Act, 1961 . This paper critically examines the legal and constitutional basis of such exemption, along with its economic implications. The study explores the definition and scope of agricultural income, the division of taxation powers between the Union and State governments, and the rationale behind granting tax relief to the agricultural sector. While the exemption was initially justified to protect small and marginal farmers and to promote agricultural development, it has increasingly become a subject of debate in contemporary times.
The research identifies key issues such as tax evasion, misuse of provisions by high-income individuals, and lack of uniformity in state-level taxation. It further evaluates whether the existing framework aligns with present-day economic realities. A comparative analysis with international taxation practices highlights the uniqueness of India’s approach. The paper concludes that a re-evaluation of the current policy is necessary to ensure equity, efficiency, and transparency, while safeguarding the interests of genuine farmers through targeted reforms and improved regulatory mechanisms.

Viral infections remain a major global health challenge due to rapid mutation rates, drug resistance, and limited therapeutic efficacy. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have emerged as promising strategies to enhance antiviral therapy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in nanocarriers including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanoemulsions. These systems improve drug bioavailability, enable targeted delivery, and reduce toxicity. Recent innovations such as ligand-targeted nanoparticles, biomimetic systems, and nanovaccines are also discussed. Despite significant progress, challenges related to toxicity, scalability, and regulatory approval persist. Future perspectives highlight the role of personalized nanomedicine and clinical translation.

Modern full‑stack applications are large and complex. Traditional monolithic frontend applications cause issues like slow builds, long release cycles, and tight team coupling. Micro‑frontend architecture solves these challenges by dividing the frontend into smaller independent parts developed and deployed separately. This paper explains micro‑frontends, their tools and languages, benefits, challenges, and migration roadmap. Case studies show how companies improve agility and scalability using this approach.

The fast proliferation of OTT streaming services has fuelled better legal tussles relating to the ownership and use of audiovisual content especially in the celebrity-led documentaries. The article focuses on the copyright case between Wunderbar Films Pvt. Ltd. that linked with the actor-producer Dhanush and actress Nayanthara over the purported use of a three-second behind-the-scenes (BTS) clip of the 2015 Tamil film Naanum Rowdy Dhaan in the Netflix documentary Nayanthara: Beyond the Fairy Tale. The controversy revolves around the question of whether this kind of use amounts to infringement of a cinematograph film as contained in the Copyright Act, 1957 and whether the prior Artist Agreement transferring rights pertaining to performances forever divides performer autonomy. The paper finds and discusses fundamental legal issues of authorship and first ownership in Sections 2(d) (v), 2(f), and 17, the performer in Sections 38 and 38A, the relevance of fair dealing in Section 52, the de minimis doctrine, and territorial jurisdiction in Section 62 and Clause 12 of the Letters Patent. Using a doctrinal and analytical approach, the paper evaluates competing claims of producer control and performer expression on the basis of statutory provisions, judicial precedents and comparative jurisprudence. The paper states that even though the legal framework is structurally biased in favor of producer ownership, proportionality principles, including de minimis and contextual analysis under fair dealing, continue to play an important role in digital-era controversies. It adds to the copyright jurisprudence through illustrating the necessity to redefine the balance between propriety and autobiography within a changing streaming ecosystem.

प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र में अभिधर्म दर्शन के अंतर्गत ‘चित्त’ की अवधारणा का दार्शनिक, मनोवैज्ञानिक एवं व्यावहारिक विश्लेषण किया गया है। अभिधर्म परंपरा में चित्त को किसी स्थायी आत्मा के रूप में नहीं, बल्कि क्षणिक, अनित्य एवं कारण-निर्भर मानसिक प्रक्रिया के रूप में स्वीकार किया गया है। इस अध्ययन में चित्त के स्वरूप, उसके विभिन्न प्रकारों—जैसे कामावचर, रूपावचर, अरूपावचर एवं लोकुत्तर चित्त—तथा चेतसिक धर्मों के साथ उसके संबंध का विवेचन किया गया है। साथ ही, कुशल, अकुशल एवं अव्याकृत चित्त के माध्यम से कर्म और विपाक की प्रक्रिया को भी स्पष्ट किया गया है।
शोध में यह प्रतिपादित किया गया है कि चित्त ही कर्म का कर्ता है और उसी के आधार पर पुनर्जन्म तथा दुःख का चक्र संचालित होता है। प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद के सिद्धांत के माध्यम से चित्त की कारण-कार्य संबंधी प्रकृति को समझाया गया है। इसके अतिरिक्त, निर्वाण की प्राप्ति में चित्त की शुद्धि को अनिवार्य बताते हुए प्रज्ञा, शील और समाधि के महत्व को रेखांकित किया गया है। यह अध्ययन इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुँचता है कि अभिधर्म का चित्त-सिद्धांत आत्मवाद का खंडन करते हुए दुःख-निरोध का एक वैज्ञानिक एवं व्यावहारिक मार्ग प्रस्तुत करता है, जो मानव जीवन के नैतिक एवं आध्यात्मिक उत्थान में अत्यंत सहायक है।

The 21st century has witnessed extraordinary technological growth from artificial intelligence and robotics and renewable energy systems. While these advancements have elevated human living standards, they have simultaneously intensified environmental degradation, resource depletion, and climate instability. The intersection between environmental ethics and technology presents complex moral dilemmas that demand a rethinking of human responsibility. This study critically explores the ethical dimensions of technological innovation, analyzing its environmental consequences, moral obligations, and potential solutions. Through a qualitative and conceptual framework, it investigates how ethical reasoning, sustainability principles, and ecological consciousness can guide responsible technological development. The study concludes that without the integration of environmental ethics into technology design, governance, and education, sustainable progress will remain elusive.

Chirality plays a fundamental role in pharmaceutical sciences. Many drugs exist as enantiomers that exhibit different pharmacological and toxicological properties. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has emerged as a reliable technique for separating these enantiomers due to its precision, reproducibility, and adaptability. This review discusses principles, methods, stationary phases, applications, and future perspectives of chiral HPLC separations.

Background: Chronic stress acts as a potent trigger for various psychosomatic disorders by dysregulating the bidirectional communication between the mind, the nervous system, and the immune system, a field known as Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI). While conventional treatments often focus on symptom suppression, homoeopathy offers a holistic approach aimed at restoring the &#34;vital force&#34; and systemic equilibrium. This study explores the therapeutic role of individualized homoeopathic medicines in managing stress-induced disorders through a PNI lens.
Methods: 30 patients presenting with stress-induced conditions such as chronic anxiety, tension-type headaches, or stress-related insomnia—was conducted. Patients were evaluated using standard psychological scales (PSS-10) and clinical PNI markers where applicable. Individualized homoeopathic remedies (e.g., Ignatia Amara, Arsenicum album, Natrum muriaticum) were prescribed based on the totality of symptoms and constitutional profiles. Follow-ups were conducted over period of 6 months to assess clinical improvement and causal attribution using the Modified Naranjo Criteria (MONARCH) inventory.
Results: Significant clinical improvement was observed across the case series, with a marked reduction in stress-related scores. Patients reported not only relief from physical somatic symptoms but also enhanced emotional resilience and improved sleep quality. The integration of PNI principles suggested that homoeopathic intervention may help modulate the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system responses, leading to better immune-inflammatory balance.

The study investigated the relationship between test-wiseness and academic achievement of Economics/Mathematics Students in Colleges of Education in North Central Nigeria. It addressed two objectives, research questions, and hypotheses respectively using a correlational survey design. From a population of 26,344 Students, a sample of 379 was selected through multi-stage sampling procedure and the Krejcie and Morgan table of sample size determination. Two instruments were used for data collection for this study. They include; a questionnaire of 45 items which comprised of a Self-constructed “Test-Wise-ness Questionnaire (TWQ)” which comprises of 15 items and “a “Profoma”. The instruments were validated by five (5) experts. Cronbach Alpha method was used to determine the mean reliability coefficient of 0.75 for the instruments. Data were analyzed with the use of Pearson Product Moment Correlation Statistics. Relationships were interpreted as follows: 0.01-0.39 (low), 0.40-0.69 (moderate), and 0.70-1.00 (high); significance was based on p-values (p ≥ 0.05 ═ not significant, p < 0.05 ═ significant). The results showed a high positive and significant relationship between test-wiseness and academic achievement, and positive relationships between test- wiseness with academic achievement base on both male and female students in Economics/Mathematics in Colleges of Education in North Central Nigeria. This study concluded that test-wiseness has positive relationship with Economics/Mathematics students’ academic achievement in Colleges of Education in North Central Nigeria. The study recommended that teachers/lecturers should apply different methods to encourage test wise-ness among students to facilitate and improve their academic achievement and in the administration of tests and during students’ orientations, teachers/lecturers should lay more emphasis on female genders’ needs to be wise as this will enhance their academic achievement.

Salbutamol is a bronchodilator and Ambroxol hydrochloride is a mucolytic. Combination of these drugs is used in the formulation of cough syrups. In the literature, there is no method reported for the simultaneous estimation of the drugs in oral liquid dosage form. Hence, the present work is aimed to develop reverse phase HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Salbutamol sulfate (SAL), and Ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB) in oral liquid dosage form and validation of the developed method. The chromatographic separation of the drugs was achieved with the mobile phase system sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer pH 3.0: acetonitrile: methanol in the ratio of 65:10:25 with the flow rate of 1 mL/min and injection volume 10 µL. An Inertsil C8-3 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column was used, and the detection wavelength was 276 nm. This system produced sharp peaks with good resolution, minimum tailing and satisfactory retention times of SAL and AMB were found to be 3.157and 11.883 min respectively indicating the suitability of the system. The developed method was validated for various parameters accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness, and specificity as per ICH guidelines.

In the rapidly evolving information environment, libraries have transformed into hybrid systems that manage both physical and digital resources, including books, journals, e-books, online databases, institutional repositories, and multimedia content. Metadata standards play a vital role in organizing, describing, storing, and facilitating efficient retrieval of information in such complex environments. However, the implementation of metadata standards in hybrid libraries presents several challenges. One of the major issues is the lack of uniformity among metadata standards, as different resource types require diverse schemas such as MARC, Dublin Core, and other formats, making integration difficult. Technical challenges also arise due to the use of heterogeneous library management systems that often lack interoperability, leading to problems in data migration and duplication. Additionally, limitations in human resources, including insufficient training and lack of technical expertise, hinder effective implementation. Financial constraints further restrict the adoption of advanced technologies and infrastructure development, particularly in developing regions. Issues related to data quality and consistency, arising from varied cataloguing practices and human errors, also pose significant challenges. Organizational factors, such as the absence of clear policies and resistance to technological change, further complicate the process. The study concludes that effective planning, continuous staff training, adequate funding, and inter-institutional collaboration are essential to overcome these challenges and enhance information access in hybrid library environments.

The comorbidity that is also known as the co-occurrence of chronic diseases is a subject that has become a dominant topic in the global population health discussion. Some of the most common and clinically significant comorbid conditions include diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and liver disease, particularly, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These diseases usually have common etiological risk factors and are co-occurring, thus a large burden on health-care systems across the globe. The current prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is more than 500 million worldwide. Insulin resistance is one of the distinguishing features of T2DM and this predisposes individuals to numerous complications. Hypertension is the most common comorbidity among patients with diabetes, which is present in about 50-80 percent of them. The presence of diabetes and hypertension exacerbates the risk of cardiovascular disease, cerebral events, kidney damage, and early death significantly, thus making the successful treatment of this two-fold pathology a top clinical goal. The liver disease, especially NAFLD, is very common in people who are diabetic. Epidemiological research estimates a figure of 70 3/4th percentage of T2DM patients to show hepatic steatosis. There is a spectrum of NAFLD, including the simple steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis, which can eventually lead to liver failure. Together, this triad significantly increases the morbidity, morbidity and the general burden on health-care resources. The use of early preventive measures, which involve lifestyle change, weight control, and combined therapeutic options, are invaluable in terms of risk reduction and the improvement of long-term outcomes.

Working capital management plays a crucial role in maintaining the financial stability and operational efficiency of a company. It involves managing current assets and current liabilities to ensure adequate liquidity while maximizing profitability. The purpose of this research paper is to examine the relationship between working capital management and the profitability of a company. Efficient management of components of working capital such as inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and cash helps organizations maintain smooth business operations and improve financial performance. This study analyzes how different working capital indicators, including the cash conversion cycle, current ratio, and quick ratio, influence the profitability of firms. Secondary data from financial statements of selected companies are used to evaluate the relationship between working capital management and profitability measures such as return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The research also highlights the importance of balancing liquidity and profitability, as excessive investment in working capital may reduce profitability while inadequate working capital may lead to operational difficulties. The findings of the study suggest that efficient working capital management significantly affects the profitability of companies. Firms that effectively manage their short-term assets and liabilities are better positioned to enhance profitability and maintain financial sustainability. Therefore, companies should adopt effective working capital policies to optimize the use of resources and improve overall financial performance.

Green HRM initiatives are an attempt to incorporate environmental management into HRM processes, which is becoming more and more necessary. Green HRM refers to the use of all employee interfaces in a way that supports and upholds sustainable business practices and raises awareness, both of which assist organisations in conducting their operations in an environmentally responsible manner. Therefore, green HRM has two main components: knowledge capital preservation and eco-friendly HR practices. This study's goal is to investigate the state and difficulties of green HRM practices in India, a field that has received little attention. This article focusses on examining the current Green HRM practices that Indian organisations have implemented, as well as their awareness, adoption, and growth rate in the Indian context. The success rate of implementing Green Human is examined in this study. The necessity to investigate green human resource management in developing nations like India is met by this study.

Self-medication with over-the-counter (OTC) drugs is a common practice worldwide due to the convenience, accessibility, and affordability of these medicines. OTC drugs are generally considered safe when used appropriately; however, misuse, overdose, drug interactions, and inappropriate self-diagnosis may lead to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and serious health complications. Pharmacovigilance plays a crucial role in monitoring the safety of drugs after their marketing and identifying adverse effects associated with their use. With the increasing availability of OTC medicines, monitoring their safety through pharmacovigilance systems has become essential to protect public health. This review highlights the role of pharmacovigilance in self-medication practices, particularly focusing on OTC drugs, their benefits, risks, misuse patterns, and the importance of effective safety monitoring systems. The article also discusses challenges in pharmacovigilance reporting, the role of healthcare professionals, and future perspectives for improving OTC drug safety.

Background: Cervical lymph node tuberculosis (TB) constitutes 35% of extrapulmonary TB cases in India and represents a diagnostic challenge due to overlapping presentations with lymphoma, metastases, and reactive nodes.
Objective: To review prevalence, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management of cervical node TB in the Indian context.
Methods: Narrative review synthesizing recent Indian studies, NTEP guidelines, and international standards.
Results: Urban incidence is 52/100,000 adults; hospital series show TB in 38-57% of cervical lymphadenopathy cases. Common presentation: painless unilateral posterior triangle swelling (mean age 32-37 years, female predominance). Diagnosis: FNAC (80-90% sensitivity) ± CBNAAT; excision biopsy for inconclusive cases. Treatment: 6-month ATT (2HRZE/4HR), 90% resolution rate.
Conclusion: Cervical node TB remains common in India. Early FNAC diagnosis and standard ATT achieve excellent outcomes, though residual nodes (20%) and drug resistance require vigilance.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae affecting skin and peripheral nerves. Early diagnosis and multidrug therapy are essential to prevent disability and transmission.

The Indian Constitution is sometimes praised as a singular example of secularism because it strikes a balance between the ideal of official neutrality in religious matters and the right to religious freedom. The effectiveness of the Indian constitutional framework in preserving this equilibrium is critically examined in this essay. The paper examines the intricate relationship between secularism and religious freedom by carefully examining constitutional provisions like Articles 25 to 30, judicial interpretations in significant cases like Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) and S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994), and the state's role in regulating religious practices. The Indian Constitution, which reflects the nation's rich cultural and religious diversity, is frequently praised for its distinctive stance on secularism and religious freedom. In contrast to the rigid separation of church and state advocated by Western secularism, Indian secularism is founded on the idea of "equal respect for all religions." This unique concept aims to strike a compromise between the state's need to uphold social harmony and religious neutrality and the individual's right to religious freedom. Practical issues including political exploitation of religion, inconsistent judicial decisions, and growing intercommunal conflicts have put strain on the "principled distance" model that the Constitution envisions, in which the state respects all religions equally without favoring any one of them. The study makes the case that, in spite of a well-written constitution, India's secular fabric is in danger due to the rise of majoritarian politics and religious extremism. It comes to the conclusion that maintaining India's delicate balance between secularism and religious freedom requires strong protection of minority rights, consistency in judicial interpretation, and political neutrality.

This study was conducted to find the relationship between parents as teacher-aides and learners' academic performance in District III, Division of Valencia City, SY 2023-2024. Specifically, this study tried to describe the profile of respondents. It determined the extent of the function of the parents as teacher-aides. It tried to find out the significant relationship between the extent of the function of the parents as teacher-aides and the learners’ academic performance in school. This study yielded the following results: The majority of the respondents are between 31 to 40 years old, mothers, and have completed high school; the most significant segment consists of individuals engaged in other occupations in District III, Division of Valencia City, SY 2023-2024. Most learners fall within the grade range of 85 to 89, denoting a very satisfactory level of performance. There was a significant relationship between the extent of the function of the parents as teacher-aides in and the learners’ academic performance in school. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are now in effect: Parents are urged to embrace their varied occupational responsibilities and experiences, acknowledging the valuable abilities they may pass on to their children. Parents are praised for their substantial participation as teacher aids in multiple facets of their children's education. Teachers may recognize and commemorate most students who have attained a very satisfactory level of performance. School heads may actively include and encourage parents to participate in supporting their children's education.

This study aimed to examine the Relationship between Teachers’ Emotional Intelligence and Learners’ Resilience. This study used a descriptive correlational research design to examine the relationship between teachers' emotional intelligence and learners' resilience in the classroom. Participants in the study were selected through purposive sampling. Data were gathered using validated survey questionnaires designed to measure teachers' emotional intelligence and learners' resilience in the classroom. The questionnaire was composed of five Likert-scale items and was administered personally to the respondents. The findings revealed that teachers demonstrated a consistently very high level of emotional intelligence, particularly in self-awareness, self-regulation, and social skills. The results also showed that learners exhibited a very high level of resilience in terms of adaptability and Persistence. The interpretation of "always" implies that students consistently demonstrated the ability to adjust to challenges and remain determined in achieving their goals. Their strong resilience may positively influence their overall academic performance and personal growth. The findings further revealed a significant relationship between teachers’ emotional intelligence and learners’ resilience. These suggest that Schools may continue to support teachers’ emotional intelligence through training, workshops, and reflective practices. Opportunities for peer collaboration and feedback can further enhance self-awareness, self-regulation, and social skills. Providing resources for stress management and emotional regulation can help sustain teachers’ high emotional competence. Encouraging a school culture that values empathy, communication, and emotional awareness will benefit both teachers and learners, fostering a resilient, positive learning environment. Teachers may model adaptive and persistent behaviors to reinforce these traits in students.

This study examined the relationship between the integration of Indigenous Knowledge and the effectiveness of Social Studies instruction among public elementary school teachers in the Lantapan West District, Division of Bukidnon. The investigation was grounded on the view that culturally responsive teaching enhances instructional relevance and learner engagement when local knowledge and community experiences are incorporated into classroom practice. A descriptive–correlational research design was employed to determine the extent to which Indigenous Knowledge was integrated in terms of content, methods, resources, community involvement, and relevance, and to assess the effectiveness of Social Studies instruction in terms of clarity, engagement, contextualization, assessment, and learning outcomes. Data were gathered from public elementary school teachers through a structured questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the levels of the variables, while Pearson Product–Moment Correlation was utilized to determine the relationship between them. The findings revealed that teachers generally demonstrated a high extent of Indigenous Knowledge integration and instructional effectiveness in Social Studies teaching. Furthermore, the analysis showed a significant relationship between the level of Indigenous Knowledge integration and the effectiveness of instruction. The results suggested that culturally grounded instructional practices contribute to meaningful learning experiences and improved teaching effectiveness in Social Studies classrooms serving indigenous learners.

This study investigated the relationship between teachers’ historical thinking skills, instructional strategy utilization, and learners’ engagement in Social Studies among public elementary schools in Lantapan West District, Schools Division of Bukidnon, during the School Year 2025–2026. Anchored on Cultural-Historical Activity Theory, the research examined how teachers’ competencies in sourcing, contextualization, and corroboration, together with their use of direct, inquiry-based, technology-supported, and cooperative instructional approaches, influence learners’ behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement. The study aimed to determine the level of each variable and the significant relationships among them within the context of elementary Social Studies instruction. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed using complete enumeration of Social Studies teachers in selected public elementary schools. Data were gathered through an adopted questionnaire consisting of three parts: historical thinking skills, instructional strategy utilization, and learner engagement. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation were used to analyze the data. Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated high to very high levels of historical thinking skills and instructional strategy utilization, while learners exhibited very high engagement, particularly in behavioral and emotional dimensions. Furthermore, results showed significant positive relationships between teachers’ historical thinking skills and learner engagement, as well as between instructional strategy utilization and engagement. These findings indicate that teachers’ cognitive competence and pedagogical practices play a vital role in fostering active participation, interest, and deeper learning among elementary learners.

This study examined the relationship between Social Studies teachers’ classroom management styles and their values integration practices in selected public elementary schools in the Lantapan West District, Schools Division of Bukidnon during the school year 2025–2026. Specifically, it determined the level of classroom management styles in terms of authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and indifferent approaches, as well as the level of values integration in Social Studies instruction in terms of cognitive, affective, behavioral, and contextual integration. The study employed a descriptive–correlational research design. Data were gathered from Social Studies teachers handling Grades 5 and 6 using an adopted questionnaire based on the Behavior and Instructional Management Scale and established values integration frameworks. The collected data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and Pearson product–moment correlation. The findings revealed that classroom management styles were generally practiced at a very high level, with authoritative management emerging as the most prominent approach. Values integration in Social Studies instruction was also practiced at a high level, particularly through contextual and affective strategies that connect lessons with real-life situations and emotional engagement. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a significant relationship between classroom management styles and values integration practices, indicating that the way teachers manage their classrooms influences how moral values are incorporated into instruction. These findings highlight the importance of effective classroom management and purposeful values integration in fostering meaningful learning environments in Social Studies education.

This study was conducted to find the relationship between the level of implementation of the reading remediation program and the learners’ reading level in District III of Valencia City Division, School Year 2023-2024. Specifically, it described the profile of respondents in terms of age, sex, position, highest educational attainment, and training attended; determined the level of implementation of the reading remediation program; described the oral reading level and reading skill of the learner after the reading remediation was performed; checked the significant relationship between the level of implementation of reading remediation and oral reading skills of the learners. This study uncovered the following findings: The majority of the respondents were aged 31 to 40 years old, females, Teacher 1, have completed a Baccalaureate Degree along with Master of Arts (MA) units, and have attended 1 to 2 training sessions, The reading remediation program were Very Highly Implemented. The majority of learners were categorized as having an instructional reading level. There was a significant relationship between the level of implementation of reading remediation in all aspects of the remediation program and the oral reading skills of the learners. The following recommendations are offered: Teachers may consider the demographic attributes of the learners, including age and gender, as well as their educational experience while creating and executing the reading remediation program. Teachers may prioritize and uphold the rigorous implementation of the reading remediation program. Parents may further enhance their children's reading development by offering advice and support during their interactions with texts. School heads may prioritize and assist in thoroughly implementing the reading remediation program.

Educational institutions are being pressured to rethink their fundamental philosophies and how they approach teaching and learning due to the growing environmental crisis in the twenty first century. Green education has developed as a new model to integrate sustainable practices, ethics and institutional reform into the language of education. By creating a context for integrating sustainability throughout curricular development, governance, campus operations and the community, green education is an evolving approach to environmental education that offers an opportunity for transformation of educational institutions into sustainability-oriented ecosystems. The article reconceptualises green education as a mechanism for institutional transformation and sustainable development of society. In addition, the paper examines the philosophical foundations, purpose, dimensions and challenges to the implementation of green education, specifically in higher education and teacher education. The article argues that achieving sustainable development requires the restructuring of educational institutions into sustainability-oriented ecosystems. In the context of India, the article also discusses the impact of green education in promoting environmental literacy, sustainability competency, ethical conduct and responsible citizenship. Using substantial evidence from the existing literature, the article supports the assertion that green education represents a pedagogical reform but rather an entire paradigm shift towards environmental justice and intergenerational equity.

voltage instability in Electrical Distribution Networks (EDNs) is a pressing concern, particularly in Old Umuahia Distribution System (OUDS). The OUDS is one of the 33KV lines of the Owerri Distribution System (ODS), located at Egbu Owerri in Imo State. The network is prone to Under Voltage (UV) issues, due to insufficient supply and inadequate reactive power compensation. The UV problem has led to equipment damage, reduced efficiency, and increased losses. The research deals with Network Voltage Profile (NVP) enhancement of OUDS (33/11/0.415KV network), using Geothermal Distribution Generation (GDG). The data of the network wete gathered through Enugu Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC), using Field Survey (FS). The modeling and simulation of the network were performed using MATLAB (2020a) software. The network data, one line diagram of the network, and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), were incorporated in the simulation. The simulation was done with and without GDG. The results of the simulation done without GDG showed that out of the 9 buses of the case study network, 6 buses were violated, 3 buses were non-violated, and the value of he active loss obtained yields 0.053 PU. Also the results of the simulation done with GDG indicated 9 non-violated buses, zero (0) violated bus, 6 healed buses, 0.140 PU optimal size of DG, and the magnitude of active loss obtained gives 0.031PU. The percentage of the active loss reduction yields 36.9%.. The research demonstrates the potential of GDG to address voltage instability in Electrical Distribution Systems (EDSs). The research contributes to the development of sustainable and reliable Power Systems (PSs), supporting economic growth and social development.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between teachers' demographic profiles, including age, gender, marital status, length of service, and educational qualifications, and the extent of their teaching competency practices among kindergarten teachers. These competencies include the use of instructional materials, learning resources, lesson planning, teaching delivery, teaching strategies, and teaching reading phonics. This study employed a descriptive research approach and was conducted in Kibawe, Bukidnon, with 120 teachers as the respondents. This study also utilized complete enumeration, also known as the Take-All Method. The majority of the respondents were in ages between 46 years old and above. The result revealed that most of the respondents were female and had a BEED Major in Teaching Early Grades. There was a very large extent of practices on teaching competencies among key stage 2 teachers in terms of instructional materials, learning resources, lesson planning, teaching delivery, teaching strategies, and teaching reading in phonics. Another result revealed that there is no significant relationship between age and gender and the extent of practices on teaching competencies among key stage 2 teachers, and the test of significant difference on the level of practices on teaching competencies and the teacher’s demographic profiles were not all significant in all the variables. These suggest that schools may continue to provide equitable support and professional development opportunities for all teachers, regardless of their demographic profile. Focus should be placed on enhancing teaching competencies through training, collaboration, and resource provision rather than targeting specific demographic groups. Additionally, ongoing assessment and feedback mechanisms can help sustain consistent and high-quality teaching practices across the entire teaching staff.

This study aimed to examine the relationship of family communication on the development of honesty among learners. This study utilized a descriptive correlational research design to determine the effect of family communication on the development of honesty among learners. The result revealed that the level of family communication among learners in terms of openness, emotional support and conflict resolution interpreted as high level, and the effect of family communication on the development of honesty among students in terms of classroom behavior interpreted as high level. Another result revealed that there is a significant relationship between the level of family communication in terms of openness, emotional support, conflict resolution and the development of honesty among students. These suggest that families may continue to promote open dialogue and active listening while creating safe spaces for students to share personal concerns without fear of judgment. Workshops or family counseling programs can help parents strengthen emotional support and conflict management strategies. Encouraging inclusive discussion during disagreements further enhance mutual understanding and trust within the family. Families may consistently model honesty and reinforce discussions about ethical behavior both at home and in relation to school expectations. Parents can encourage children to reflect on their decisions and the consequences of dishonesty. Schools and parents could collaborate to integrate family-based ethical discussions, strengthening students’ understanding and practice of honesty in all aspects of life. Families may actively nurture all three dimensions of communication openness, emotional support, and conflict resolution to foster ethical and responsible behavior in adolescents. Parents may participate in training programs on effective communication and moral guidance. Additionally, schools may provide workshops for parents and students together, reinforcing the link between family communication and ethical behavior, ensuring students consistently practice honesty in academic and social settings.

This study examined the level of values integration in the teaching of Social Studies and its relationship to student discipline among Junior High School students in Maramag, Bukidnon. Specifically, it sought to determine the extent of values integration in terms of values integration strategies and frequency of values-based activities, as well as the level of student discipline in terms of classroom behavioral compliance and incidence of disciplinary violations. A descriptive correlational research design was employed. The respondents were 126 randomly selected Junior High School teachers from Districts 2 and 3 of Maramag, Bukidnon, during the School Year 2025–2026. Data were gathered using adapted questionnaires from Nguyen (2019), consisting of two parts: values integration in Social Studies instruction and student discipline in Social Studies classes. Statistical tools used included mean and standard deviation to determine the levels of values integration and student discipline, and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient to test the relationship between the two variables. Results revealed that the level of values integration in Social Studies instruction, both in terms of strategies and frequency of values-based activities, was very high. Similarly, student discipline, particularly classroom behavioral compliance, was found to be very high, while the incidence of disciplinary violations was high. Further analysis showed a significant relationship between values integration in Social Studies and student discipline, indicating that effective values integration strategies and frequent values-based activities contribute positively to disciplined student behavior. The study concludes that values-oriented instruction plays a vital role in promoting positive classroom behavior. It recommends sustained implementation of values integration by teachers, administrative support through professional development, and further research to explore related variables and broader contexts.

This study aimed to examine the reflective teaching practices and instructional competence among teachers in the Kadingilan 2 District. It specifically investigates how teachers engage in reflective practices, such as self-assessment and Pedagogical improvement, and how these contribute to the enhancement of their teaching strategies, classroom management, lesson planning, and delivery. The study was limited to 121 public school teachers within the Kadingilan 2 District during the school year 2025–2026. This study used a descriptive-correlational research design. The findings revealed that the level of reflective teaching practices among teachers, particularly in terms of self-assessment and pedagogical improvement, was interpreted as "always." The results indicate that teachers consistently evaluate their teaching strategies and actively seek ways to enhance their instructional approaches. The results further showed that the level of instructional competence among teachers, specifically in lesson planning and delivery as well as classroom management, was likewise interpreted as "always." The result means that teachers consistently demonstrate effective lesson preparation and the ability to deliver content clearly and systematically. The study also found a significant relationship between the level of reflective teaching practices and teachers' instructional competence. The result implies that teachers who regularly engage in reflective practices tend to exhibit higher levels of instructional competence. These suggest that teachers may continue to enhance their instructional competence through ongoing professional development programs. Schools may provide resources and training to support effective lesson planning, innovative teaching strategies, and classroom management techniques. Collaborative activities, such as peer observation and feedback sessions, can further strengthen teaching practices. Professional development programs may emphasize not only self-assessment but also the application of reflections to improve instructional methods and classroom management.

This study examined the relationship between parental support and learning motivation among learners in San Fernando I District, Division of Bukidnon, for School Year 2024–2025. Specifically, it investigated parental support in terms of (a) provision of learning space, (b) parent assistance during lessons, and (c) provision of food supplies, and its relationship to students’ learning motivation in the areas of (a) intrinsic motivation, (b) extrinsic motivation, and (c) self-efficacy. Data were analyzed using statistical tools such as frequency counts, percentages, means, standard deviations, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Findings revealed that the level of parental support was high, particularly in providing conducive learning spaces, lesson assistance, and nutritional support. Likewise, the extent of students’ learning motivation, encompassing intrinsic, extrinsic, and self-efficacy aspects, was found to be large. Furthermore, statistical analysis indicated a significant relationship between parental support and learning motivation. The results suggest that while parental involvement remains essential in fostering a supportive learning environment, students’ motivation to learn may be more strongly influenced by other factors, such as personal interests, teacher support, or peer relationships. The study recommends strengthening home-school partnerships, implementing programs that enhance both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and exploring additional variables that contribute to learners’ motivation and academic success.

Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity (CIC) is a major limitation in cancer therapy, contributing to long-term morbidity and mortality. Various agents such as anthracyclines and trastuzumab cause cardiac dysfunction through oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis. Early diagnosis and preventive strategies are essential for improving outcomes.

Background: Preterm birth is a pressing issue in maternal and child health, affecting approximately one in eight babies in the United States and 21,168 infants per year in Illinois. It poses significant risks to infants, including lifelong disabilities such as cognitive and learning problems, cerebral palsy, respiratory problems, and sensory impairments. Aim: Investigating factors responsible for prematurity among women of childbearing age in Western urban districts, Sierra Leone. Methodology: The study used a cross-sectional design to assess factors associated with prematurity among women aged 15–49 years in Western Urban District, Freetown. A total of 85 respondents were selected using convenience sampling, and data were collected through structured questionnaires. Analysis was done using descriptive statistics in Microsoft Excel. The study faced financial and logistical limitations but followed ethical principles, including informed consent and confidentiality. Results: The majority of respondents were aged 18–24 years (58.8%), unmarried (58.8%), and predominantly Christian (58.8%). Nearly half of the participants were illiterate (47.1%), while a smaller proportion had a tertiary education (17.6%). Prematurity was highly prevalent, with 88.2% reporting a history of premature birth, most commonly during the first pregnancy (58.8%). About 35.3% experienced births before 37 weeks of gestation, highlighting prematurity as a significant concern. Key lifestyle factors associated with prematurity included poor nutrition (47.1%) and excessive stress (17.6%), while smoking, alcohol, and drug use were less common. Major psychosocial factors were financial stress (49.3%) and depression or anxiety (20%), access to healthcare was limited, with 47.8% reporting that healthcare facilities were not accessible at all. Knowledge about prematurity was generally poor, as 58.8% could not correctly define it. The most commonly identified cause of prematurity was poor maternal nutrition (45.9%), followed by infections and maternal stress.
Conclusion: Prematurity in western urban districts of Sierra Leone results from multiple interrelated factors, including medical, socio-economic, psychosocial, healthcare access, and environmental challenges. The high prevalence highlights the need for stronger maternal health services, improved prenatal care, better maternal education, mental health support, and reduced environmental and healthcare disparities. These findings provide a basis for targeted public health interventions and policy action.
Recommendations: Recommendations include improving access to prenatal care, strengthening maternal health education, integrating mental health support into antenatal services, enhancing early detection and management of pregnancy-related conditions, improving environmental health and sanitation, and promoting healthy lifestyles among women of childbearing age.

The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing significant transformation due to advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI), automation, and robotics. These technologies are revolutionizing drug discovery, manufacturing, supply chain management, and patient care. AI accelerates drug development by analysing large datasets, while automation enhances efficiency and accuracy in repetitive tasks. Robotics, integrated with AI, enables faster, scalable, and precise manufacturing processes and is also used for efficient medication dispensing. These innovations drive the development of personalized medicine, offering tailored treatments based on individual patient data. Collectively, these advancements address industry challenges, including rising demand, regulatory compliance, and global health needs, paving the way for a more efficient and patient-centred pharmaceutical sector. [1]
AI Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the pharmaceutical industry by leveraging advanced computational methods such as machine learning and deep learning. These techniques are accelerating drug discovery and delivery, optimizing treatment regimens, and improving patient outcomes. AI’s applications span target identification, excipient selection, synthetic route prediction, supply chain optimization, and continuous manufacturing processes, among others. While AI integration enhances efficiency, reduces costs, and improves drug safety and patient care, it also raises significant regulatory considerations. This review explores AI’s role in drug discovery, personalized medicine, and beyond, using current research and case studies to highlight its transformative impact on the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare. [2]

This narrative review explores the role of tactical awareness in defensive systems in handball, addressing the literature's emphasis on offense. It synthesizes studies from major databases on defensive formations, perceptual-cognitive processes, and training methods to understand defensive effectiveness holistically. Findings show that success depends not only on structures but on players' perception, anticipation, and response to dynamic situations. Open systems like the 3:2:1 enable proactive pressure and ball recovery but create spatial gaps, while closed systems ensure stability under numerical equality. Tactical awareness, via perception–action coupling, supports real-time decisions and adaptive positioning. Team cognition, through shared mental models, boosts coordination and collective defense. Non-linear pedagogy, including small-sided games, effectively develops these skills. Limitations include inconsistent definitions, absent standardized tools, and reliance on observational designs. Overall, tactical awareness drives defensive performance; integrated training and rigorous research are needed to advance theory and practice.

Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are the most common benign neoplasms in women, representing a monumental clinical and public health challenge. As a medical student, I am confronted with a stark paradox: these tumors are ubiquitous, affecting up to 70-80% of women, yet our understanding of their precise etiology and our ability to offer long-term, non-invasive, fertility-preserving treatments remain frustratingly limited. This article aims to dissect the intricate tapestry of fibroid pathogenesis, moving beyond a simple hormonal narrative to explore the cutting-edge science that defines them. We will examine the compelling evidence that positions these tumors as disorders of myometrial stem cells, reprogrammed by developmental insults and driven by mutually exclusive genomic drivers, most notably MED12 mutations. We will map the complex signaling networks—from the classic estrogen and progesterone pathways to the critical roles of the extracellular matrix, mechanotransduction, and defective DNA repair—that orchestrate tumor growth and symptomology. Finally, we will analyze the current therapeutic landscape, from surgical standards to emerging molecularly targeted therapies, emphasizing the urgent need for personalized medicine approaches that address the specific molecular subtype of a patient's disease.

This study focused on determining the influence of traditional beliefs on gender and development among grade 5 learners. The study was limited to selected grade 5 learners from a chosen public elementary school during School Year 2025-2026. The study employed a descriptive-correlational research design to determine the influence of traditional beliefs on gender and development among Grade 5 learners. Through the use of survey questionnaires, data were gathered, analyzed, and interpreted using statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s correlation. The result revealed the level of learners’ traditional beliefs towards gender roles in terms of gender-based task assignments, career role expectations and emotional expression norms, interpreted as high level. Moreover, the level of gender and development among grade 5 learners in terms of gender identity, social interaction & peer relationships, interpreted as very high level. The study concluded that there is a significant relationship between the influence level of learners’ traditional beliefs and the level of gender development among Grade 5 learners. This indicates that gender roles, career expectations, and emotional expression directly affect learners’ gender identity, social interactions, and peer relationships. Since there is a significant relationship between learners’ traditional beliefs and their gender development, interventions should focus on reducing restrictive gender stereotypes while promoting equality. Schools should integrate gender-responsive education into the curriculum, including activities that encourage learners to question and reflect on traditional roles and beliefs. Teachers should model equitable behavior and create opportunities for learners to engage in non-stereotypical roles in both academic and social settings.

This study investigated the effectiveness of the Marungko Approach in improving the reading performance of Grade 2 struggling learners at Airport Village Elementary School, Casisang, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, during the 2025–2026 school year. Using a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and retention-test measures, the study involved 21 selected learners identified as struggling readers through the Comprehensive Rapid Literacy Assessment (CRLA, 2020). The study compared the reading performance of learners in the Marungko group and a Non-Marungko group to determine the impact of the instructional approach. Findings revealed that learners in the Non-Marungko group initially performed at the full refresher and low emerging reader levels. They showed improvement in the post-test, progressing to moderate refresher and some to developing and high emerging readers; however, their reading performance declined in the retention test. In contrast, learners in the Marungko group demonstrated substantial improvement from pre-test to post-test, with most achieving transitioning reader status. These gains were largely maintained in the retention test, indicating sustained reading ability. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference in reading performance between pre-test and post-test scores for both groups, but only the Marungko group maintained their performance over time. The study concluded that while both approaches initially enhanced reading performance, the Marungko Approach was more effective in promoting long-term retention of reading skills. Recommendations include encouraging learners and parents to engage in regular reading practice at home, training teachers in the systematic implementation of the Marungko Approach, and exploring its long-term impact in future research. The findings underscore the importance of structured phonics-based instruction in developing confident and independent readers.

This study investigated the relationship between the level of effectiveness of the Marungko Approach and the reading performance of learners as measured by the Comprehensive Rapid Literacy Assessment (CRLA) in Impasug-ong I District, Division of Bukidnon, for School Year 2024–2025. Specifically, it examined the effectiveness of the Marungko Approach in terms of letter sound recognition, letter name recognition, and syllabication, and its correlation with learners’ performance in the CRLA components of Letter Knowledge, Phonological Awareness, Phonemic Awareness, and Decoding. The study employed a quantitative research design, utilizing frequency count, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Spearman’s rank correlation to analyze the gathered data. Findings revealed that the Marungko Approach was very highly effective in enhancing learners’ literacy skills in letter sound recognition, letter name recognition, and syllabication. Learners also demonstrated a proficient level of reading performance in the CRLA across all assessed components. However, the results indicated a significant relationship between the level of effectiveness of the Marungko Approach and the learners’ overall reading performance. The study concluded that while the Marungko Approach effectively develops foundational literacy skills, other factors, such as individual learner differences, instructional strategies, and learning environments, may also influence reading outcomes. It is therefore recommended that schools continue to implement the Marungko Approach as part of early literacy instruction, supplemented with other evidence-based reading strategies and ongoing teacher training. Future research should investigate additional variables that affect literacy performance to promote a more holistic and comprehensive approach to reading development among beginning readers.

The Indian higher education system is in the midst of a monumental transformation, pivoting from a decades-old structure towards a future-oriented model envisioned in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. This transition represents a paradigm shift that goes beyond mere curricular tweaking. This paper presents a detailed comparative analysis of the previously operational Choice-Based Credit System (CBCS) and the newly implemented NEP 2020 curriculum at Mizoram University (MZU). Through a meticulous examination of MZU's official documents—the "MZU UG CBCS Regulation" and the "Curriculum and Credit Framework for Undergraduate Programmes (CCFUGP) incorporating NEP 2020 Recommendations"—this study deciphers the philosophical, structural, pedagogical, and operational dimensions of this change. The analysis establishes that while the CBCS was a significant reform that introduced elements of choice and standardization, it remained confined within rigid disciplinary boundaries. In stark contrast, the NEP framework is a radical reconstruction of undergraduate education, characterized by its emphasis on holistic and multidisciplinary education, the revolutionary Multiple Entry and Exit Options (MEES), deep integration of vocational skills and value-based education, and the formalization of a four-year undergraduate programme with embedded research. This paper argues that the transition from CBCS to NEP at Mizoram University marks a decisive evolution from a subject-centric, instruction-based model to a student-centric, flexible, and integrated ecosystem designed to foster critical thinking, enhance employability, and cultivate holistic, socially responsible graduates. The study also critically examines the significant implementation challenges, including infrastructural demands, faculty readiness, and administrative complexities, that MZU must navigate to realize the full potential of this ambitious policy shift.

Background: Cholangitis, encompassing acute bacterial cholangitis (AC), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), represents a heterogeneous group of biliary tract diseases with significant global morbidity and mortality. The landscape of diagnosis and treatment has shifted considerably between 2015 and 2025, driven by updated international guidelines and novel pharmacological approvals. . Objectives: This review synthesises current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and modern management of the cholangitis spectrum, with emphasis on developments between 2015 and 2025. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases, incorporating population-based studies, randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews, and international guidelines (TG18, AASLD, EASL). Studies published between 2015 and 2025 were prioritised. Results: Acute cholangitis carries an untreated mortality of up to 88%; timely endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) within 24 hours reduces Grade III mortality to approximately 20%. PBC affects predominantly women (90%), with a global pooled prevalence of 14.60 per 100,000. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) remains first-line therapy; however, 30–40% of patients demonstrate inadequate response. Obeticholic acid (OCA), approved in 2016, and newer agents elafibranor and seladelpar (both approved 2024), expand the second-line armamentarium. PSC continues to lack disease-modifying therapy, though research into gut microbiome modulation and FXR/PPAR agonists is advancing. Conclusion: The period 2015–2025 has seen transformative progress in the management of cholangitis. The implementation of severity-guided biliary drainage, updated antimicrobial stewardship, and pipeline pharmacotherapy collectively represent a new era in hepatobiliary medicine.

Background: Mood, cognitive, and behavioural abnormalities are the hallmarks of depression, a multifactorial mental illness. Complex interactions between neurobiological, genetic, endocrine, and psychosocial factors, such as dysregulation of monoamine neurotransmitters, hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, neuroinflammation, and impaired neuroplasticity, are involved in its pathophysiology. The individualistic and holistic aspects of the disorder may not be adequately addressed by conventional treatments, which mainly focus on neurochemical imbalances.
Objectives: The goal is to investigate the pathophysiology of depression and assess its applicability to constitutional homoeopathic treatment. Methods: A narrative review of modern scientific sources and classical homoeopathic literature was conducted. In order to establish a connection between contemporary biomedical concepts and homeopathic principles like individualization, totality of symptoms, and miasmatic predisposition, standard textbooks, peer-reviewed articles, and materia medica were examined. Results: The homoeopathic theory of vital force disturbance affecting mental, emotional, and physical planes is consistent with the complex nature of depression. Individual symptom expressions are reflected in neurotransmitter imbalances and stress-related neuroendocrine changes, which inform the choice of treatment. When prescribed based on the totality of symptoms, constitutional remedies like Sepia officinalis, Ignatia amara, Aurum metallicum, and Natrum muriaticum show clinical relevance. Instead of focusing on discrete symptom clusters, homoeopathy stresses a customized approach that may address underlying susceptibility.
Conclusion: Understanding the pathophysiology of depression offers a useful framework for constitutional homoeopathic medicine. Although more thorough empirical research is needed to confirm homeopathy's clinical effectiveness, it may be used as a supplemental, patient centered strategy in the treatment of depressive disorders.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation. It affects individuals of all age groups and represents a significant global health burden. The disease involves complex interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors, leading to structural and functional changes in the airways. This review provides a comprehensive overview of asthma, focusing on its pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and current management strategies. Understanding these aspects is essential for effective disease control and improved patient outcomes.

The rapid evolution of financial technology (FinTech) has significantly transformed the traditional banking landscape by redefining how financial services are delivered and accessed. FinTech leverages advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and mobile applications to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve customer experience. In India, increasing smartphone usage, internet accessibility, and government initiatives have accelerated the shift toward digital banking. This study analyses the impact of fintech innovations on customer satisfaction, service efficiency, and adoption behaviour. It is based on primary data collected from 116 respondents using a structured questionnaire and analysed through percentage, mean score, correlation, and regression techniques. The findings reveal that digital payment platforms, especially UPI and mobile banking, are widely adopted due to their speed, convenience, and accessibility. A strong positive correlation exists between fintech usage and customer satisfaction. However, challenges such as cybersecurity risks and data privacy concerns persist. The study concludes that fintech acts as a strategic enabler, complementing traditional banking and emphasizing the need for collaboration to ensure sustainable growth and financial inclusion.

Bulimia nervosa is a serious psychiatric eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors. This review summarizes its causes, clinical features, diagnosis, complications, and management, emphasizing multidisciplinary care.

Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep, or experiencing non-restorative sleep, resulting in impaired daytime functioning. The global prevalence ranges from 6–18% depending on diagnostic criteria. As per ICD-11, Non-organic insomnia Iis a functional disorder without any possible structural pathology and is associated with cognitive functions, neuroendocrine mechanisms, and emotional dysregulation. Contemporary research highlights hyperarousal—physiological, cortical, and cognitive-emotional as a central pathophysiological mechanism. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) remains the first-line treatment. However, increasing interest exists in individualized homeopathic management for chronic insomnia. This narrative review explores the hyperarousal model of insomnia, its neurobiological impacts, psychosocial contributors, and the role of individualized homeopathic therapeutics.

Background: Contraceptive choice in India reflects access, counseling quality, socio-cultural factors, and method effectiveness, with limited uptake of long-acting reversible contraception despite superior efficacy.(9,10) Objective: To review contraceptive methods relevant to Indian practice regarding indications, ease of use, contraindications, and failure rates. Methods: Narrative review synthesizing Indian family planning program data, national studies on method failure/discontinuation, and international eligibility guidance.(5,7,8,1) Results: Long-acting reversible methods (implants, IUDs) offer lowest failure rates (~0.1%-0.8%) and minimal user burden after insertion.(4) Permanent sterilization remains widely used. Short- acting methods (pills, injectables, condoms) show higher typical-use failure (4%-13%) and discontinuation due to side effects or non-adherence.(3,8) Conclusion: Enhanced counseling emphasizing real-world effectiveness and side-effect management can optimize contraceptive outcomes in India.(11)

Background: Generalised anxiety disorder (G.A.D.) is characterised by excessive, pervasive and uncontrollable worry. G.A.D. is a chronic and recurrent disorder with a low rate of remission with a considerable impact on quality of life. There is a scarcity of literature published on homoeopathy on G.A.D. This case report illustrates an improvement without recurrence of a G.A.D. case treated exclusively with homoeopathic medicine. case summary: A case of 44 years female with the complaints of anxiety and palpitation for the past 7 years was managed with individualized homoeopathic medicine. Case history, general and mental symptoms, repertorization, and miasmatic evaluation were undertaken. Severity of anxiety was assessed using Hamilton anxiety rating scale. Treatment was initiated with pulsatilla nigricans 1M potency, along with supportive measures. Follow-up was documented over 4 months. Results: she was free of symptoms from the 4th months of treatment. she was functionally and socially improved, as reflected in the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and there was no relapse during homoeopathic treatment. Conclusion: homoeopathic treatment showed a positive result in the treatment of G.A.D. It brought about considerable improvement in the patient’s social, occupational and familial life without any adverse effects.

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with impairments in two areas mainly social communication and restricted and repetitive behaviours. It is typically visible during the second to third year of their life. They also show a lack of appropriate interest in social communication early in their life in severe cases. It is a multifaceted disorder with a complex aetiology. Among all the causes being found, genetic component along with environmental risk factors has been most suggested. Based on the recent studies more than 200 susceptibility genes have been identified. Objectives: This article focus on the influence of genetic component and environmental factors in developing ASD. Methods: In this review, literature search was conducted in standard psychiatric textbooks and Google Scholar to assess the impact of related genetics and associated environmental factors on the development of autism. There are various studies that have investigated the relation between genetic factors and ASD. Results: This article discusses the role of genetics as a causative factor and also environmental factors that triggers the development of autism spectrum disorder in individuals are being discussed in this article.

Background: Ayurveda and Vedic Astrology, two ancient Indian sciences, share a profound philosophical and practical synergy rooted in Vedic tradition. Ayurveda, the "Science of Life," emphasizes holistic healing through the balance of Doshas, while Jyotish Shastra, or Vedic Astrology, interprets celestial movements to reveal karmic patterns and health predispositions. Their integration—often termed Ayur Jyotisha offers a multidimensional approach to personalized wellness. Methods: This literature review synthesizes classical texts, contemporary research, and interdisciplinary commentaries to explore the intersection of Ayurvedic diagnostics and astrological insights. Results: Findings indicate that planetary configurations at birth can correlate with Dosha imbalances and disease susceptibility. Astrology enhances Ayurvedic practice by identifying auspicious timings for treatment and revealing deeper karmic influences. The review highlights case studies and theoretical models where Ayurvedic and astrological integration led to improved health outcomes and spiritual clarity. Discussion: The convergence of Ayurveda and Astrology reflects a holistic paradigm that aligns physical health with cosmic rhythms. As both disciplines experience a modern revival, their synthesis offers promising avenues for preventive, personalized, and spiritually attuned healthcare. Future research should focus on empirical validation and integrative clinical frameworks to bridge traditional wisdom with contemporary wellness models.

The growth of digital payment systems has increased both convenience and exposure to financial fraud. Traditional fraud detection methods are no longer sufficient to handle evolving cyber threats. This study explores the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Business Analytics in improving fraud detection in digital payments. Primary data were collected through questionnaires and analysed using statistical techniques. The results indicate that AI and analytics significantly enhance fraud detection accuracy, reduce financial losses, and improve operational efficiency. Additionally, these technologies positively influence consumer trust. However, challenges related to transparency and system reliability remain.

The world's financial and payment systems have been drastically altered by the quick development of digital technology, and India is no exception. Because of their accessibility, quickness, and ease of use, digital payment platforms have been increasingly popular in recent years. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) developed and oversees the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), one of the most significant advancements in India's digital payment ecosystem. Through smartphone applications, consumers can rapidly transfer money between bank accounts using UPI, a real-time payment system. Since its inception, UPI has significantly changed how people and companies in India carry out financial transactions. It has simplified the payment process by enabling users to make secure transactions using smartphones without the need for cash or traditional banking methods. This study's main goal is to investigate how UPI has affected India's digital payment system. The study intends to examine a number of UPI usage-related characteristics, including as user awareness, adoption trends, usage frequency, perceived advantages, user difficulties, and general satisfaction with UPI services. Additionally, the study aims to comprehend how various groups of people embrace and use UPI in relation to demographic parameters including age, gender, occupation, and place of residence. The study looks at these elements in an effort to give a thorough picture of how UPI has impacted the expansion of digital payments in India. The majority of respondents are aware of UPI and actively use it for digital transactions, according to the study's findings. This suggests that UPI has been widely acknowledged and accepted by the populace. The findings also indicate that a large number of respondents have been using UPI for a number of years, indicating that it has developed into a reputable and well-established payment mechanism. UPI is crucial for everyday financial tasks including paying utility bills, buying goods and services, sending money to friends and family, and making online payments, as seen by the large percentage of respondents who said they use it daily or weekly.

This paper delves into the exploration of trauma and its intricate manifestations in Viet Thanh Nguyen's short story, "Black-Eyed Women," featured in the collection The Refugees (2017). The analysis begins by contextualizing the Vietnam War's profound impact on refugees, establishing a foundation for understanding the protagonist's psychological scars. The examination extends to the challenges of cultural displacement, unraveling the intricacies of identity formation in the face of adversity. Central to the investigation is the symbolism encapsulated by the black-eyed woman, a spectral figure representing suppressed memories and unspoken anguish. Exploring coping mechanisms, the paper investigates how storytelling becomes a therapeutic outlet for the protagonist. It probes the protagonist's dual role as both survivor and storyteller, highlighting the agency inherent in reclaiming narrative control. Through a close reading of key scenes, the paper dissects the ways in which trauma is expressed and navigated in the protagonist's quest for self-discovery. This analysis contributes to the broader understanding of trauma in literature, emphasizing the nuanced portrayal in “Black-Eyed Women”. The paper contends that the story serves as a poignant exploration of the lasting effects of war, displacement, and the intricate interplay between personal and collective memory. Ultimately, it underscores the power of storytelling as a means of confronting and transcending the haunting legacy of trauma.

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a highly flowable concrete that can spread and consolidate under its own weight without the need for mechanical vibration. It is widely used in modern construction due to its excellent workability and ability to fill complex formwork with congested reinforcement. Predicting the mechanical properties of SCC, such as compressive strength and split tensile strength, is important for achieving reliable and optimized mix designs. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a statistical and mathematical technique used to analyze the relationship between input variables and output responses. In this study, RSM is used to predict and optimize the mechanical properties of SCC by analyzing the effects of different mix parameters.

The purpose of the current study is to identify the main factors that determine whether people in an emerging economy adopt digital banking by using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The current study specifically evaluated the effect of both Perceived Usefulness (PU), as well as Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), on digital banking adoption (DBA). The researcher collected primary data from a sample of 450 respondents using a structured survey and analyzed the data using SPSS, specifically, the researcher used reliability testing, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, correlation, and multiple linear regression to examine the data. The reliability of the data collection instrument was confirmed using a Cronbach’s alpha statistic of 0.950 which reflects an excellent level of internal consistency. Construct validity of the instrument was confirmed using both a KMO of .828 and a significant Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity (p < 0.001). Correlation analyses showed that both PU (r = 0.585, p < 0.001) and PEOU (r = 0.594, p < 0.001) were positively correlated with digital banking adoption. The regression analysis indicated that the overall model was statistically significant (F = 192.108, p < 0.001) and explained 46.2% of the variance in digital banking adoption (R² = 0.462). In addition, PEOU was identified as the stronger of the two predictors of DBA, although both PU and PEOU demonstrated a statistically significant positive impact on DBA. These findings provide support for the relevance of TAM and have important practical implications for banks as they attempt to increase DBA.

This paper analyses and compares two popular mutual fund investment strategies—Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) and Lump Sum Investment—using secondary data from trusted financial platforms, i.e., AMFI and NSE. The main aim is to measure the effectiveness, risk-return trade-off and performance analysis of each of the two strategies in different market conditions. The study is descriptive and comparative in nature and focuses on decade long industry patterns and SIP inflow with simulation data on returns. The results demonstrate the fact that Indian Mutual Fund industry has grown significantly over the past decade which is evident from the continual augmented in the AUM and growing SIP contribution from ₹9,000 crore in 2021 to ₹21,000 crore in 2025. This suggests that people are getting more financially literate and participating more in investing. Rupee Cost Average (RCA) results of the comparative analysis shows that premium payment provides higher absolute return during a continuously rising market on account of the whole capital being exposed and compounded. Given these advantages and an already large user base, SIP is the better option for retail and risk-averse investors, as numerous advantages of the SIP method, including rupee cost averaging, lower risk of timing the market and the advantage of the disciplined investing behaviour. The study establishes that there is not one best strategy that could be recommended for all; that the best option depends on the states of the world, the risk preferences of the investors, and their financial objectives. Although Lump Sum investing is more advantageous in a bullish market, Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) is also considered a pragmatic and safer route for long term wealth creation in volatile markets. Therefore, these two methodologies are complementary to each other in the process of creating good financial planning and investment-making decisions.

This study examines the role of Human Resource Management (HRM) in promoting effective corporate governance within modern organizations. With increasing emphasis on transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct, corporate governance has become essential for sustainable business practices. The research is based on secondary data, including literature, journals, and existing reports, to analyze how HR functions contribute to governance frameworks. The study highlights that HR plays a strategic role in implementing ethical policies, ensuring compliance with legal standards, and fostering an organizational culture of integrity and accountability. Key HR practices such as recruitment, training, performance management, and employee relations are identified as critical drivers of governance. The research also emphasizes the growing importance of HR in aligning organizational objectives with governance principles in the Indian context. Overall, the study concludes that HRM acts as a vital link between management and employees, strengthening corporate governance and contributing to long-term organizational success.

Assessment is a core component of competence-based education, with feedback systems and item analysis critical for improving instructional quality and ensuring valid, reliable evaluations. However, in vocational teacher training colleges such as Morogoro Vocational Teachers Training College (MVTTC), gaps exist in feedback provision, item analysis practices, and alignment between teaching and examination setting. This study employed a case study design with a mixed-method approach, collecting data from 23 vocational tutor through questionnaires. Data analysis revealed that 45.5% of respondents receive only student marks without question-level feedback, while 40.9% obtain general pass/fail information; 81.8% report not receiving detailed item-level learning outcome analyses. Also 86.4% of teachers indicated that exams set externally force them to “teach to the test,” demonstrating misalignment between teaching and assessment. These findings suggest that the current system is assessment-driven rather than learning-oriented, limiting opportunities for instructional improvement and reducing assessment validity and reliability. Strengthening structured feedback mechanisms, training teachers in item analysis, and involving instructors in exam development are essential strategies to enhance constructive alignment and the overall effectiveness of vocational teacher education.

The success of any organisation is highly dependent on how it attracts, recruits, motivates and retains its work force. Today’s 0organisation needs to be more flexible so that they are equipped to develop their workforce and enjoy their commitment. Quality of work life represents a concern for the human dimension of work. Quality of work life produces a more humanised work environment. It attempts to serve the higher skills of the workers and to provide an environment that encourages them to improve their skills. The idea is that workers are human resources that are to be developed rather than simply used. The main objective is to study the quality of work life of the employee of Manufacturing Organisation in Chennai The researcher studied the various factors influencing quality of work life of the employees like job satisfaction, work culture and work environment, training and development and work stress with respect to the employees. The research design used for this study is descriptive. The sampling unit includes the employees of a Manufacturing Organisation in Chennai. The Collected datas were analysed by using Chi- square test, Mann Whitney U test, Fisher exact probability test, Correlation techniques. The major findings are there is a relationship between age of the employees and work stress, while working in a team they are able to reduce their work stress, the employee who receives fair and adequate compensation perform their job better and get high job satisfaction. It is concluded that Quality of work life plays a vital role in increasing the productivity. Orgainsation should make sure to provide necessary facilities to provide better quality of work life to employees

This study investigates the roles of teacher and peer feedback in supporting students’ writing development within an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom in Hanoi, Vietnam. Drawing on a classroom-based comparative design, the research examines how different sources of feedback influence students’ writing across key aspects, including content, organization, language use, and mechanics. Two groups of upper-secondary students participated in a process-oriented writing program, in which one group received structured teacher feedback while the other engaged in guided peer review activities during the revision stage. Data were collected through pre- and post-writing tasks, student drafts, and revision outcomes. The findings indicate that both teacher and peer feedback contribute positively to students’ writing improvement, although their effects vary across writing dimensions. Teacher feedback appears to be more influential in enhancing grammatical accuracy and language use, while peer feedback shows stronger contributions to surface-level features and fosters greater student engagement with ideas and text organization. Importantly, no statistically significant difference was found in overall writing performance between the two groups, suggesting that both feedback types are pedagogically valuable when implemented effectively. The study highlights the complementary nature of teacher and peer feedback in the EFL writing process and underscores the importance of integrating both practices in classroom instruction. Implications are discussed for designing feedback strategies that are contextually appropriate for Vietnamese secondary school settings and for promoting more interactive, student-centered writing environments.

Obesity is a major global health concern associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and psychosomatic disorders. Conventional treatments — pharmacological or surgical — are often costly and cause side effects. The present study evaluated the combined effect of Chandrayana Vrata (a traditional lunar-cycle dietary regimen) and yogic practices on obesity in young adults. Conducted at the Department of Human Consciousness and Yogic Sciences, Mangalore University, 13 participants (aged 20–45 years) were randomly allocated to an experimental group (n = 7) and a control group (n = 6). The experimental group followed a 30-day intervention comprising a Chandrayana-based calorie-cycling diet and daily one-hour yoga sessions (asanas, pranayama, meditation, and relaxation). The control group continued usual lifestyle. Outcome measures included body weight (kg), Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m²), and the Health Prospectus Yoga Questionnaire (HPYQ; max = 100). Paired-samples t-tests demonstrated statistically significant reductions in body weight (−7.32%; t(6) = 8.82, p < .001, d = 3.33) and BMI (−9.15%; t(6) = 8.93, p < .001, d = 3.37), and a 42.31% improvement in HPYQ scores (t(6) = 10.58, p < .001, d = 4.00) in the experimental group. No significant changes were observed in the control group (all ps > .05). Between-group independent t-tests confirmed the superiority of the intervention on all outcomes (all t(11) > 7.2, p < .001). These findings establish the integrative approach as clinically meaningful for holistic obesity management.

Mental illness (or mental disorders) are clinically significant disturbances in cognition, emotional regulation, or behaviour, usually associated with distress or impairment in important areas of functioning such as work, relationships, or daily activities. Organizational factors play a major role in the development of mental illness, especially in workplace settings. Poor work environments, management practices, and job conditions can contribute to disorders like depression, anxiety disorders, and burnout. The impact of mental illness in the workplace are reduced productivity, absenteeism, presenteeism, poor decision-making, low employee morale, increased workplace conflicts, high employee turnover, health and safety risks, negative organizational culture, financial loss to organization. Stigma is attached to people with mental illness in the workplace. The impact of stigma on employees are increased stress and emotional pain, reduced job satisfaction, fear of disclosure, worsening of mental health condition. This study focuses on how training intervention can reduce stigma attached to mental illness and shape an inclusive climate in an organization. Secondary data were collected. The findings of the study are people with mental illness don’t disclose the mental health issue due to fear of judgment and stigma, lack of psychological safety and awareness in organizations. Findings indicate that training interventions reduced stigmatizing attitudes, improvement in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour, managers become more supportive toward employees with mental illness, promotes early intervention and empathy, improve communication and supportive practices in workplaces, enhances inclusive organizational climate.

This study focuses on understanding the grievance handling mechanisms and their impact on employee trust in the manufacturing sector in Gujarat. The purpose of the research is to analyze how effectively organizations handle employee grievances and how it influences trust towards management. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire from employees, while secondary data was gathered from journals, reports, and HR-related sources. The findings show that fair, transparent, and timely grievance handling improves employee trust and workplace environment. The study concludes that effective grievance handling systems play a crucial role in enhancing employee satisfaction, reducing conflicts, and strengthening organizational relationships.

The rapid advancement of digital technology has significantly transformed global financial and payment systems, with National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) playing a pivotal role in India’s digital payment landscape. In recent years, digital payment platforms have gained substantial popularity due to their accessibility, speed, and convenience. Among these innovations, the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) represents a major milestone. UPI is a real- time payment system that enables users to transfer funds instantly between bank accounts through smartphone applications. Since its introduction, UPI has fundamentally transformed financial transactions in India by simplifying the payment process and facilitating secure, cashless transactions without reliance on traditional banking methods. The primary objective of this study is to examine the impact of UPI on India’s digital payment ecosystem. Specifically, the study explores key aspects related to UPI usage, including user awareness, adoption patterns, frequency of use, perceived benefits, challenges encountered by users, and overall satisfaction with UPI services. Furthermore, the study analyzes how demographic variables such as age, gender, occupation, and residential location influence the adoption and utilization of UPI. By evaluating these factors, the research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of UPI’s role in driving the growth of digital payments in India. The findings of the study indicate that a majority of respondents are aware of UPI and actively utilize it for digital transactions, demonstrating its widespread acceptance. Additionally, many respondents have been using UPI for several years, suggesting that it has evolved into a reliable and well-established payment system. The results further reveal that UPI is extensively used for routine financial activities, including utility bill payments, purchasing goods and services, transferring money to individuals, and conducting online transactions. A significant proportion of respondents reported using UPI on a daily or weekly basis, highlighting its integral role in everyday financial practices.

Rural startups are emerging as an important driver of economic growth, employment generation, and poverty reduction in rural areas. The Government of India has introduced several schemes such as the Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP), Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY), Start-Up India, and the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) to support rural entrepreneurship. These initiatives provide financial assistance, skill development, and market support to rural entrepreneurs. This research paper analyzes the role and effectiveness of government schemes in promoting rural startup development and improving socio-economic conditions in rural communities. The study concludes that government initiatives significantly contribute to rural enterprise growth but challenges such as lack of awareness and bureaucratic delays still remain.

Homelessness represents one of the most destabilizing experiences an individual can endure, yet the specific psychosocial impact on African men in the diaspora who have become homeless following marital breakdown remains almost entirely unexamined in academic literature. This study investigates the emotional, psychological, and social effects of homelessness on African-born men living in Western countries who have experienced marital dissolution. Using a qualitative case study design grounded in an interpretive philosophical approach, the study draws on Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and the Stress-Appraisal-Coping Model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 African men living in temporary accommodation, night shelters, or street homelessness across three United Kingdom cities London, Birmingham, and Manchester. All participants had been previously married or cohabiting in a marital-like relationship for a minimum of two years. Thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke (2006) revealed six major themes: (1) catastrophic shame and the collapse of masculine identity, (2) profound social isolation and communal rejection, (3) severe psychological deterioration including depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation, (4) loss of fatherhood and estrangement from children, (5) maladaptive coping and substance use, and (6) emergent resilience and spiritual coping. Direct quotations from participants illuminate the lived reality of this hidden population. The findings inform culturally competent psychosocial interventions, homelessness policy, and mental health service design for African diaspora communities.

Homelessness among African men in the diaspora who have experienced marital breakdown represents a growing but severely under-researched social problem. While previous research has documented the psychosocial impact of homelessness on this population, no study has systematically examined the support systems available to them or the gaps in service provision. This mixed-methods study investigates existing support systems for homeless African men with marital breakdown histories in the United Kingdom, identifies service gaps, and explores barriers to access. The study employed a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. Phase one involved a quantitative survey of 120 homeless African men recruited from shelters, day centers, and community organizations across London, Birmingham, and Manchester. The survey measured awareness of support services, utilization rates, perceived helpfulness, and barriers to access. Phase two involved semi-structured qualitative interviews with 25 survey respondents, selected to represent diverse service-use patterns, and 10 service providers from statutory and voluntary sectors. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings reveal that only 34% of participants were aware of culturally appropriate services; 22% had accessed mental health support; and 18% had received housing advice specifically addressing marital breakdown. Major gaps included: absence of services addressing cultural shame (reported by 76%), lack of African male staff (71%), no support for father-child contact (68%), and no integration of marital counseling with homelessness services (73%). Qualitative themes included: (1) services are not designed for us, (2) shame as a barrier to help-seeking, (3) the missing role of community organizations, (4) positive exceptions and what works, and (5) recommendations for transformation. Direct quotations illustrate participants’ lived experiences of service failure and success. The study concludes that current support systems are fundamentally inadequate for this population and provides evidence-based recommendations for culturally competent, integrated service models.

Landfilling is the most prevalent method of waste management globally and is a crucial alternative, especially in low- and middle-income nations, owing to its comparative ease and affordability. Due to budget constraints, numerous landfills do not have sufficient environmental protection measures like effective liners and leachate collection systems, resulting in considerable environmental pollution. Despite having mitigation systems implemented, it is not always possible to ensure the total prevention of pollution. This research offers a case study of Pune’s Moshi Dumping Yard, with the goal of performing a systematic evaluation of municipal dumping grounds and sanitary landfills from social, technical, and environmental viewpoints. Information was gathered via site visits, field surveys, and stakeholder engagements to pinpoint the existing challenges in landfill management. The research highlighted crucial problems like the significant amount of waste, byproducts from waste-to-energy facilities, and inadequate internal access routes in the landfill site. In light of these discoveries, a structured framework has been created to tackle the pinpointed issues using efficient planning and management techniques. The suggested framework seeks to minimize environmental and social effects while acting as a blueprint for future sustainable landfill design and administration in India.

Linear Programming Problem (LPP) is one of the most important techniques used in operations research to optimize limited resources. It is widely applied in industries such as manufacturing, transportation, supply chain management, and financial planning. With the advancement of computational technology, several online optimization software tools have been developed to solve large-scale linear programming models efficiently. This paper analyzes various software systems used for solving LPP and compares their computational complexity in terms of time and space requirements. A sample LPP problem is solved and the performance of different solvers is analyzed based on the algorithms used by them.

Effective communication between schools, parents, and students plays a vital role in improving educational outcomes and strengthening relationships within the school community. This study focuses on analyzing the effectiveness of school communication systems with parents and students. The main objective of the study is to understand how well schools communicate important information such as academic performance, school activities, announcements, and student progress.The research examines different communication methods used by schools, including meetings, circulars, phone calls, emails, mobile applications, and online portals. It also evaluates the level of satisfaction among parents and students regarding the clarity, frequency, and usefulness of the information shared by the school. This study examines the effectiveness of school communication systems in strengthening the relationship between schools, parents, and students. It focuses on how various communication methods, such as digital platforms, meetings, and notices, influence student performance, parental involvement, and overall school management. The research highlights the importance of timely, clear, and consistent communication in building trust and improving educational outcomes. The findings suggest that effective communication systems play a crucial role in enhancing collaboration and ensuring better academic and behavioral development of students.

Business and management are two closely connected concepts that play a vital role in the growth and sustainability of organizations. While business focuses on the production and exchange of goods and services, management ensures the efficient use of resources to achieve organizational goals. This article explores the fundamentals of business and management, their importance, key functions, challenges, and their evolving nature in the modern world.

In the past few years, the rate at which electronic commerce has been growing in India has accelerated manifold, changing the way businesses are conducted and how consumers conduct their shopping activities. Among all the operational activities, logistics and supply chain operations have emerged as major drivers for the success of electronic commerce organizations. The major aim and objective of this research paper is to identify the role played by logistics efficiency in customer satisfaction, and for this purpose, Flipkart has been taken as a case study. This research paper has been prepared based on the descriptive method of research, as the major aim and objective of this research paper is to analyze the existing scenario. For making the data reliable and accurate, both primary and secondary data sources have been incorporated in this research paper. The basic statistical tools, such as percentage analysis and graphical presentation, have been employed in this research paper. The findings obtained from this research paper reveal that Flipkart has been able to develop a strong logistics system, but there are a few areas where improvement needs to be made, such as a large number of respondents facing problems like delayed delivery, damage, and poor communication during disrupted orders. Despite facing such problems, the overall level of satisfaction remains relatively high. The study has concluded that logistics play a vital role in influencing the customer experience, which can be a competitive advantage.

The Indian banking sector has undergone a remarkable transformation from traditional and unorganized financial systems to a technologically advanced digital ecosystem. This article examines the evolution of banking in India, focusing on major reforms, technological developments, and government initiatives that have shaped the current landscape. It also highlights the challenges faced by the sector and explores its future prospects in the digital era.

This study focuses on understanding the concept of credit and risk management in banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs). The purpose of the research is to analyze how financial institutions manage credit risk while providing loans and other financial services to customers. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire from respondents, while secondary data was gathered from journals, reports, and financial websites. The findings show that proper credit evaluation and monitoring are important for reducing the risk of loan default. The study concludes that effective credit and risk management practices help banks and NBFCs maintain financial stability and improve their lending decisions. This study seeks how credit and risk management helps to reduce NPA in banks and nbfcs.

Employability has become a crucial factor in today’s competitive job market, especially in the context of startups where individuals are expected to possess both technical and soft skills. Professional skill training plays a significant role in enhancing employability by developing essential competencies such as communication, teamwork, and decision-making. This study focuses on analyzing how professional skill training improves employability among individuals at Ilakku Technology. The study is based on primary data collected from 107 respondents using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical tools such as percentage analysis, correlation, chi-square test, and regression analysis. These tools were used to examine the relationship between training and employability skills and to evaluate the effectiveness of training programs. The results indicate that a majority of respondents (92.5%) believe that professional skill training is essential for employability, while the overall satisfaction level is moderate, with a significant proportion of respondents being neutral or dissatisfied. The correlation analysis (r = 0.064, p = 0.515) shows a weak and statistically insignificant relationship between communication and teamwork skills. The chi-square test (p < 0.001) reveals a significant association between educational qualification and decision-making skills. However, the regression analysis indicates that training-related variables do not have a statistically significant impact on decision-making skills. Overall, the study concludes that professional skill training contributes to employability improvement, but its effectiveness varies depending on factors such as educational background and training quality. Continuous improvement in training design and implementation is essential to achieve better outcomes.

In today’s world, environmental sustainability has become a major concern for both consumers and businesses. People are now more aware of issues such as pollution, climate change, excessive use of plastic, and the fast depletion of natural resources. Because of this growing awareness, many consumers are slowly changing their buying habits and showing more interest in eco-friendly and sustainable products that are safer for the environment. This study aims to understand the key factors that influence consumers when choosing sustainable products. It explores whether their preference is driven by environmental awareness, product quality, social pressure, or personal beliefs. At the same time, it also examines practical challenges like high prices and limited availability, which may prevent consumers from actually purchasing these products. The research is based on primary data collected from 250 respondents using a structured questionnaire. A descriptive research approach has been followed, and basic statistical tools such as percentage analysis, One-Way ANOVA, and Chi-Square tests have been used to analyse the data. The results show that most consumers have a positive attitude towards eco-friendly products, and awareness about environmental issues strongly influences their preferences. However, factors like higher cost and lack of easy availability still act as barriers to regular purchase. In conclusion, although sustainable products are becoming more popular, their widespread use depends on increasing awareness, making them more affordable, and improving their availability in the market. This study can help businesses, marketers, and policymakers develop better strategies to promote sustainable consumption effectively.

Investment decisions are largely influenced by the relationship between risk and return, which plays a crucial role in financial planning. Investors often face the challenge of choosing between equity instruments, which offer higher growth potential but involve greater volatility, and debt instruments, which provide relatively stable returns with lower risk. This study aims to compare the risk and return performance of selected equity and debt mutual funds in the Indian financial market. The research is based on secondary data collected from reliable sources such as AMFI, Moneycontrol, Value Research Online, and mutual fund fact sheets. A total of eight mutual fund schemes were selected for analysis, including four equity mutual funds and four debt mutual funds, over a five-year period. The performance of these funds was evaluated using financial indicators such as Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Standard Deviation, and Beta, which help measure return, total risk, and market sensitivity. The findings reveal that equity mutual funds provide significantly higher returns compared to debt mutual funds, but they also involve higher volatility and risk. In contrast, debt mutual funds generate comparatively lower returns but offer greater stability and lower market sensitivity. The study confirms the fundamental risk–return trade-off principle. Therefore, investors are advised to maintain a balanced portfolio combining both equity and debt instruments to achieve long-term financial stability and growth.

This study aims to assess the impact of the Tengeru Cultural Tourism Programme (TCTP) on the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage and indigenous knowledge among local communities in Tengeru, Tanzania. Guided by sustainable tourism theory, a qualitative case study approach was employed, with data collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation involving community members, tourism practitioners and local authorities. The data were analysed thematically to capture participants’ perspectives and experiences. Findings revealed that TCTP has significantly contributed to safeguarding traditional practices such as local dances, handicrafts, culinary traditions and storytelling, while promoting cultural awareness among both residents and visitors. Additionally, the programme has enhanced community participation, generated income opportunities and fostered creative innovation in tourism products. However, challenges such as limited resources, inadequate marketing and the potential for cultural commodification were identified as barriers to optimal impact. The study concludes that TCTP provides an effective model for integrating cultural preservation with community-driven tourism initiatives, offering valuable insights for policymakers, tourism developers and scholars interested in sustainable and culturally sensitive tourism practices.

Employee motivation plays a critical role in enhancing organizational performance, productivity, and employee satisfaction. This study titled “A Study on the Factors Influencing Motivation of the Employees in Ritz Serve” focuses on identifying and analysing key motivational factors such as incentives, recognition, and workplace respect that influence employee performance. The study is based on primary data collected from 108 employees of Ritz Serve using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analysed using statistical tools such as Percentage Analysis, Correlation, and Regression Analysis through SPSS. These tools were used to examine relationships between motivational factors and employee performance in a structured and measurable manner. The regression results (F = 9.574, Sig. = 0.000) indicate that incentives and recognition have a statistically significant impact on employee motivation. Correlation analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between recognition and motivation (r = 0.353, Sig. = 0.000). Furthermore, a stronger positive correlation was identified between workplace respect and employee motivation (r = 0.764, Sig. = 0.000), indicating that respect is a more powerful driver of motivation compared to recognition. The findings clearly suggest that while financial incentives and recognition contribute to employee motivation, psychological factors such as respect in the workplace have a significantly greater influence. The study concludes that organizations should prioritize both financial and non-financial motivational strategies, with a stronger emphasis on creating a respectful and supportive work environment to enhance employee performance and long-term organizational success.

Renal calculi (urolithiasis) is a common urological disorder characterized by severe pain and a high tendency for recurrence, with conventional management typically involving analgesics, lithotripsy, and surgical interventions that may carry risks of complications and recurrence. This case report presents a 53-year-old female patient who reported burning micturition with right-sided loin-to-groin pain suggestive of ureteric involvement, along with radiating pain, frequent and painful urging to urinate, and a persistent sensation of bladder fullness. The clinical picture indicated inflammatory and obstructive urinary pathology, supported by an underlying uric acid diathesis predisposing to calculus formation. Individualization of the case was guided by characteristic general symptoms, including a marked desire for cold drinks and cold extremities. Following individualized homoeopathic treatment, the patient experienced significant symptomatic relief, with normalization of urinary findings. Post-treatment investigations revealed improved renal parameters and absence of active pathology. This case highlights that individualized homoeopathic management may serve as a safe and effective non-invasive alternative in the treatment of renal calculi, with the potential to reduce the need for surgical intervention.