Education has long privileged written texts as the primary source of knowledge, often treating images as supplementary aids rather than as ways of knowing. This paper challenges that view by examining visual narratives in Indian Knowledge Systems as important epistemic tools in education and pedagogy. It shows how temple imagery, illustrated manuscripts, performance traditions, and contemporary digital visuals convey ideas, values, and modes of thinking by encouraging observation, reflection, and interpretation rather than rote memorisation. Using a conceptual approach with illustrative examples, the study focuses on how these visual narratives shape understanding and ethical meaning-making, and connects them to present-day classrooms shaped by image-based and digital learning, offering a broader and more meaningful perspective on visual learning in contemporary education.

Lead oxide nanoparticle was investigated in terms of the elemental composition, morphological and optical properties using X-ray fluorescent (XRF), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and UV visible spectroscopy. It was also shown that the percentage of lead oxide in the sample as revealed by the XRF measurement is 73.98 wt %. There are other compounds present in the lead oxide sample with small percentages. The impurity compound with the highest concentration was found to be silicon oxide. The TEM analysis revealed that the particles are spherical in shape and are evenly distributed with average particle size was of about 18. 4 nm. The absorbance was found to decrease with increase in wavelength while the transmittance increases with an increase in wavelength. The absorption coefficient also decreases with increases in wavelength. The optical band gap obtained by extrapolating the graph of the square of the product of absorption coefficient and photon energy verse photon energy was observed to be 3.1 eV. This material could used as an absorber layer in the fabrication of solar cells due to it good morphological and high optical properties.

The 1971 influx of refugees from Bangladesh into India marked a significant moment in South Asian history, as Pakistan?s military operation in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) led to the mass displacement of individuals, including the Chakma community. This was not the first occurrence of such mass migration, with a previous wave of refugees arriving in India from East Pakistan during 1964-65. This paper examines the challenges faced by the Chakma community in India and the legal initiatives undertaken by the Government of India and the Supreme Court to safeguard their identity. Additionally, the study explores the impact of Bilateral Land Boundary Agreements in shaping refugee settlements and policies. Based on qualitative data drawn from secondary sources such as research papers, articles, and annual reports published by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) regarding refugee settlements in Northeast India, this research presents an in-depth analysis of the community?s plight. The findings highlight the persistent difficulties faced by the Chakma Community for over six decades, with ongoing struggles in the present era.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that has a lasting influence on a person?s social interaction and communication abilities. It can be identified at any stage of life and is categorized as a behavioral condition due to its symptoms commonly appearing within the first two years of a child?s development. The onset of ASD occurs in early childhood and persists through teenage years and adulthood. With the growing integration of machine learning (ML) techniques in healthcare diagnostics, this study investigates the capabilities of various algorithms?such as Na?ve Bayes, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Neural Networks, and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)?for predicting and analyzing ASD across different age groups, including children, teenagers, and adults. The methods were applied to three open-source ASD datasets. The first dataset, related to childhood ASD screening, includes 292 records and 21 features. The second dataset, focused on adults, consists of 704 entries and 21 variables. The third dataset, addressing adolescents, contains 104 samples and the same number of features. After implementing the selected ML methods and managing incomplete data, the findings demonstrate that CNN-based models outperform others, achieving high accuracy scores of 99.53% for adults, 98.30% for children, and 96.88% for adolescents.

Once a revered waterway immortalized in sangam literature as the sacred cooum, Chennai?s Cooum River was once a thriving trade route. Historically, it sustained commerce and spirituality, however unchecked urbanization and industrialization overtime since the 1960s, transformed it into a toxic drain. Successive state governments have encashed the river?s misery as a cash cow, pumping public money since 2004. Instead of tackling the root causes like sewage drains, encroachments, and industrial dumping, funds have been utilized inefficiently into endless feasibility studies, overrun beautification drives, and kickbacks. The 2015 Chennai flash floods brutally exposed the systemic decay and leakages, yet budget allocations continue to balloon without much accountability and measurable impact. The Cooum?s degradation is not just an environmental disaster but an economic and political apathy. To break this cycle, the state government must move beyond performative clean-ups and implement strict pollution check guidelines, independent river management, decentralized sewage treatment solutions along with transparent fund allocation. The Cooum is more than a lost river; it is a test of whether governance can serve public good over politician?s profit. If political intent and staggering budgets couldn?t clean it, perhaps transparency, sustained policy compliance and accountability can. Ultimately, the success story will revolve around the classic boating adventure we?ve all heard of, about Cooum reclaiming its legacy as a vibrant and thriving waterway, where communities once again connect through culture and recreation.

The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate of the poorly soluble drug, azilsartan medoxomil into nano particles to increase the solubility and enhance the dissolution rate and then improve its bioavailability.Methods: Nanosuspension of azilsartan medoxomil was prepared using solvent-antisolvent precipitation method using PVP-K30 as a stabilizer. Eight formulations were prepared to show the effect of different parameters in which four formulations show the effect of stabilizer concentration, three formulations show the effect of stirring speed and two formulations prepare to show the effect of the addition of co-stabilizer such as sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and tween 80. All these formulation are evaluated for their particle size and entrapment efficiency. The selected one was evaluated for zeta potential, scanning electron microscope (SEM), saturation solubility, and in vitro drug release.Results: All the prepared formulations were in the nano size. The optimum concentration of the stabilizer was in the formulation when the drug: stabilizer ratio 1:1 and optimum stirring speed was 300 rpm. Dramatic effect on the particle size reduction was found by the addition of co-stabilizer (SLS) in formulation F3 that has P. S 157?0.0 nm. The selected formula F3 showed an enhanced dissolution profile compared to the pure drug at all-time intervals.Conclusion: The results show that the formulation that contain drug: PVP-K30: SLS in ratio 1:0.75:0.25 is the best one and can be utilized to formulate azilsartan medoxomil nanoparticles.

Mesalamine tablets were formulated by the direct compression method. The in vitro experimental work consists of two major parts, including screening of the formulation variables and optimizing the formulation with central composite, Box-Behnken design. The polymers used in the final formulation were in good correlation with each other. The effect of various factors on response release exponent, T25, T90, and % swelling index were evaluated using DESIGN EXPERT 8.0.6.1 (STATEASE) demo version software. Each response was assessed by ANOVA and the individual parameter was evaluated using F-test. The optimized batch was obtained by applying limitations on responses and this optimized batch was evaluated and observed for the value of response to predicted values. All the batches exhibited good physical integrity furthermore; the drug content between the batches didn't differ by more than 1 %. Drug release from the tablets was completed for 24 hr. The determined regression coefficients demonstrated a greater r2 with the Higuchi model in all the cases. Mesalamine tablets were compressed successfully using the polymers as a mucoadhesive polymer and HPMC K100M as a release retardant polymer. F7 batch showed better results from factorial batches, the mucoadhesive property of F7 was the best. From the mucoadhesive strength investigations of the optimized batches, it was found that mucoadhesive property of optimized formulations was seen to be more noteworthy in vitro studies than ex vivo investigations. All the formulations were characterized using different kinetic modelsi.e. Zero-order kinetics, First-order kinetics, Korsmeyer Peppa's model, and Higuchi kinetics and exhibited Non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The formulation F7 was selected as an optimized formulation with a 99.664 % release in 24 hours. Data for the stability study indicate that there was no change in residual drug content for the selected formulation of F7.

Chronic and recurrent sinusitis is a persistent health concern, especially when unresponsive to standard allopathic treatments. Homoeopathy has been claimed as a useful alternative, yet supporting evidence is needed, specifically in populations where conventional treatment failure is frequent. To assess the effects of homoeopathic medicines in the management of recurrent sinusitis in patients not responding to modern medicine, through a prospective study of 60 cases. Sixty patients with recurrent sinusitis, all with documented failure of standard medical therapies, were administered individualized homoeopathic medicines. Symptom severity, patient-reported quality of life, and recurrence rates were evaluated over a 6-month period using standardized scoring systems. Statistical analysis assessed significance in pre- and post-treatment symptomatology. Marked reduction in symptom severity was noted after homoeopathic treatment, with a significant improvement in quality of life. The majority of patients reported lower recurrence rates, and most experienced either full or substantial symptomatic relief. No major side effects were reported. Homoeopathic medicines may offer significant symptomatic and quality-of-life benefits in patients with recurrent sinusitis not responding to modern medicine, meriting further controlled investigations.

Wound healing, often hindered by infection and inflammation, typically requires complex, multi-product treatments. This study developed and evaluated a novel, multi-component topical ointment designed for comprehensive wound care. The formulation incorporates sulfanilamide, copper sulfate, zinc oxide, and boric acid for their combined antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, astringent, and tissue-regenerating properties. Four ointment variations (F1-F4) were prepared using a petrolatum-based vehicle and subjected to rigorous physicochemical and biological assessments. All formulations exhibited favorable organoleptic qualities, skin-compatible pH (5.4-6.5), and optimal spreadability and viscosity, indicating good user acceptance and application consistency. Importantly, skin irritation tests confirmed their dermal safety, showing no signs of irritation. In vitro studies demonstrated significant efficacy: the ointment exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (7mm zone of inhibition) and Candida albicans (6mm zone). Drug diffusion studies confirmed sustained release, with 85.10% cumulative release over 90 minutes. Furthermore, a cytotoxicity assay using L929 fibroblast cells revealed the ointment's pro-healing potential, achieving complete wound closure within 48 hours, comparable to a standard positive control. Among the tested formulations, Formulation 1 (F1) consistently demonstrated superior physicochemical characteristics, optimal drug diffusion, potent antimicrobial effects, and excellent cell viability. This research successfully delivered a stable, safe, and effective multi-functional topical ointment, offering a streamlined, comprehensive solution for wound management, especially valuable in resource-constrained environments.

This study investigates the leachate contamination and assess the pollution risk associated with the Nekede dumpsite located in Owerri southeastern Nigerian. This dumpsite poses significant environmental threats particularly on ground water and soil contamination due to unregulated solid waste disposal and subsequent leachate generation. A total of eight borehole water samples were collected within the months of December, January and February to represents dry season and the months of may, June and July to represent rainy season. Six ground water samples within the vicinity of the dumpsite and two control far away from the vicinity and one leachate sample during rainy season was collected too . The soil samples were collected 100m away from each other and at a depth of three different depths (surface, 15cm and 30cm) on the dumpsite using a Dutch soil auger. The soil samples were collected from seven different location points within the dumpsite with two points serving as controls. The water and soil samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties, pollution indices, Hydro-geochemical fancies of groundwater irrigation quality, contamination level of water and soils using pollution risks models(contamination factor, pollution load index, geo-accumulation index, enrichments factor etc) health risk assessment and descriptive statistical analysis were all carried out .The soils were observed to have a PH value of averaging 5.1to 8.3 indicating slightly acidic to moderately alkaline while the groundwater were observed to have a mean PH of 4.61 and 4.49 for both dry and rainy seasons respectively indicating acidic water which fall outside the WHO sanitation standard range of 6.5-8.5 along with the Nigerian standard. The nitrate concentration (12.47mg/l) for rainy season which exceeds WHO threshold of 10mg/l this creating danger for infants while for dry seasons it has a mean value of 6.99m/l which is within the WHO specified limit of 10mg/l .The measured values of conductivity and TDS of both dry and rainy season, fall under the WHO set limits of 2500u/cm and 1000mg/l thus indicating moderate ionic contamination. The soil quality index (SQI)and water quality index (WQI)were calculated to be 531.003 and 54.31respectively and thin indication severe levels of contamination. Hence indicates all the water samples were unsuitable for mostly drinking but can be used for irrigation and industrial purposes and the need for proper treatment is required before drinking. The soil geo-accumulation index reveals that the study area is moderately to extremely contaminated with level of contaminants in this order Cu> Zn>Ni>Pb>Fe>Cr>Mn. The polluting load index of soil (PLI) suggested that the entire area is highly polluted according to PLI result which totaled 11.98 similarly the pollution load index (PLI) of ground water both for dry and rainy season suggested that the ground water is highly polluted according to PLI results which totaled 2.26 and 3.61 for dry and rainy season respectively.The Contamination factor (CF) of the collected soil samples reveals that the entire area has high concentration of Co, Fe, Cu, Ni and Si suggesting possible anthropogenic source The contamination factor of both dry season shows that Nl,K,Ca,Pb,Mn and Cr have low contamination values of <1while for rainy season K, Ca ,Ni ,and Cr have low contamination factors.In the Health risk analysis in both the rainy and dry season, the result revealed that the dermal H values for both adult and children were all greater than one (<1).the estimated weekly intake show high health risks to children ,the risks of developing cancer increase when people are exposed to hexavalent chromium as measured in Cr .EWI 0.0286 adult and 0.0437 child per week, the same is applicable to rainy season with Cr EWI 0.0218 adult and 0.0326 child . For the geochemical composition of the water(water type), Ca-Mg-Cl and Ca-So4- are the dominant water type. Descriptive statistical technique including the mean,standard deviations, variance, Pearson correlation, ANOVA, Hierarchical cluster analysis, Dendogram, Heatmaps, Barchats, principal component analysis were all employed in this study to establish a quantitative mathematical relationship between the variables.

The project centers on the cross examination of both the flexural strength and deflection of a high profile light-weight reinforced composite plate material. Manual mixing operation was done on several materials and all polystyrene concrete ingredients were batched by weight, after which total of seventy-two cubes were produce. The size of each was 150mm x 150mm x 150mm and six mix ratios of water-cement ratio: cement: sand: polystyrene beads with different ranges for compressive strength test were prepared. 16 slabs of size 1200mm x 558mm x 125mm were cast for flexural strength of slab. Twelve out of the total slabs, were produced from profile sheet- polystyrene fibre reinforced composite with mix ratio 0.45:1:3:3 and 6 different fibre content in the mixture, 2 were produced from conventional composite having normal concrete ingredients (coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, cement and water) with 10mm rebar, profile sheet and mix ratio of 0.45:1:2:4. The remaining 2 slabs were made from plain polystyrene fibre reinforced slab with mix ratio of 0.45:1:3:3 and 0.31% Agro fibre content in the mixture, without profile sheet. The 28th day average compressive strength for the six mix ratios used were 4.81MPa, 5.3MPa, 6.2MPa, 6.4MPa 4.33MPa, and3.08MPa respectively. The average flexural strength of profile sheet-polystyrene fibre reinforced composite slab for different fibre content in the mixture were 2.1MPa, 2.45MPa, 3.3MPa, 3.9MPa, 3.4MPa, and 2.85MPa respectively. It was noticed that small percentage slab component has maximum deflection while the minimum deflection took place in the slab with 0.31% agro fibre content in the mixture. The flexural strength of profile sheet-polystyrene fibre reinforced composite slab was within limit for light structural slab.

Henna, or Lawsonia Inermis, is a flowering plant indigenous to South Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. It is a member of the Lythraceae family. The plant's most well-known product is its dried, powdered leaves, which are then used to make a natural dye. Henna is a plant with important ethnobotanical and medical uses. It has been used for a long time in its color quality and traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases. It is spreading in tropical and subtropical regions. The antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, and wound healing properties of plants are attributed to the abundance of bioactive substances, including laws, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. According to historical evidence, its use goes back more than 5,000 years, especially in ancient Egypt, where it was used for medical and cosmetic purposes, such as coloring garments, skin, hair, and nails. Through trade and cultural exchanges, henna moved from its initial areas of domestication to many regions of the world, including the Indian subcontinent, where it became a crucial component of traditional rites and treatment systems like Ayurveda and Unani. Because it thrives in hot climes and well-drained soils, Lawsonia Inermis is now grown in dry and semi-arid regions of Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and portions of the Middle East. It is a plant of international relevance due to its long-standing cultural, therapeutic, and commercial significance. In this article, the possibilities of Lawsonia Inermis are highlighted as a natural source of bioactive chemicals by providing a thorough overview of its plant characteristics, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic potential.

This paper proposes the development of an eKYC-enabled self-service eKiosk for secure biometric-based Aadhaar registration and authentication. The system captures a user?s biometric data and verifies it against information stored on a portable storage medium, such as an optical memory card. In addition to biometric matching, the kiosk facilitates photo capture, manual data entry, and real-time Aadhaar enrolment or updates. Upon successful registration, the kiosk securely writes the user's information to the storage medium and dispenses the card immediately. This approach reduces the need for manual intervention, accelerates identity verification, and promotes broader access to digital public services through automated and contactless processes.

The increasing demand for healthcare services has led to overcrowded hospital receptions and extended patient waiting times, especially during initial registration and appointment scheduling. This study explores the implementation of an Aadhaar-based eKiosk system in hospital reception areas to streamline patient onboarding and reduce queue formation. The proposed kiosk automates identity verification, service selection, and real-time appointment allocation, improving overall operational efficiency. Drawing from cross-domain insights into self-service technologies, this research evaluates the effectiveness of eKiosks in enhancing accessibility, reducing manual workload, and addressing service bottlenecks. Special attention is given to inclusivity challenges, ensuring the system is user-friendly for diverse patient groups. The findings suggest that integrating eKiosk systems into hospital workflows can significantly improve patient flow management while complementing human-led services to maintain personalized care.

The growing complexity of cancer signalling networks has revealed the limitations of single-target tyrosine kinase inhibitors, particularly against tumours driven by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). Crosstalk with downstream pathways such as PI3K/AKT, mTOR, and JAK/STAT frequently enables escape from therapy and promotes drug resistance. Recent medicinal chemistry efforts focus on hybrid or multi-target ligands capable of simultaneously modulating EGFR, VEGFR, and key signalling partners within a single molecular framework. This strategy aims to enhance therapeutic efficacy, mitigate combination-drug toxicity, and delay the onset of resistance by inhibiting compensatory mechanisms. Advances in structure-guided design, scaffold hybridization, and computational modelling have accelerated the discovery of potent dual and triple inhibitors with favourable pharmacokinetic profiles. This review highlights emerging design principles, chemical scaffolds, and preclinical progress in hybrid tyrosine kinase inhibitors as an evolving approach for durable cancer treatment.

Human factors engineering is currently of interest because technological advancements have brought attention to the necessity of taking into account people and how they interact with machines, materials, information, processes, and environments when developing new technologies and when designing technological systems. The goal is to make sure that technology and people coexist peacefully, with tasks and equipment that are in line with human traits. In order to create the most effective and efficient working and operating environment possible, industrial engineering combines and applies scientific principles to the analysis, design, installation, and enhancement of integrated systems of people, materials, equipment, and information. In order to address this issue, this analytical paper examines pertinent data regarding the specifics of human factors, their interdisciplinary nature, and their implications for industrial engineering and design. Additionally, it explains the fundamental connection between industrial engineering and human factors engineering as well as the value of studying human factors for industrial engineers. An industrial engineer with a background in human factors is ideal because he can evaluate various machinery and process design options, make trade-offs when choosing equipment, and come up with a better solution.

This study explores the comparative returns of three prominent investment options: gold, land, and mutual funds. Each investment type has unique characteristics and potential benefits, making them attractive to different types of investors. Gold has long been considered a safe haven during economic uncertainty, providing stability and acting as a hedge against inflation. Land investments offer potential for significant appreciation over time, driven by factors such as location, development opportunities, and demand dynamics. Meanwhile, mutual funds provide a diversified portfolio managed by professionals, offering exposure to a range of asset classes and risk profiles. By examining historical data, market trends, and economic indicators, this research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the performance, risks, and potential returns associated with each investment type. The study evaluates the historical volatility and return rates of these investments over different time periods and economic cycles. Additionally, it considers external factors influencing their performance, such as changes in interest rates, geopolitical events, and technological advancements. The findings of this research are intended to assist investors in making informed decisions based on their financial goals, risk tolerance, and prevailing market conditions. By understanding the strengths and weaknesses of gold, land, and mutual funds, investors can tailor their portfolios to align with their investment strategies and maximize potential returns. Ultimately, this study provides valuable insights into how these asset classes perform in varying economic environments, guiding investors toward optimal asset allocation.

Punjab, a key agricultural state in India, is facing serious challenges from climate change, including hotter temperatures, unpredictable monsoons, and severe floods. This review gathers information from research papers, government reports, and recent data, focusing on the devastating 2025 floods that hit over 1,400 villages, killed at least 30 people, and caused crop losses worth over INR 10,000 crore (about $1.2 billion). Key findings show a 1.0?C temperature rise since 1900, a 124% increase in monsoon rainfall ups and downs, and floods becoming three times more frequent since the 1980s. The paper explores how Artificial Intelligence (AI) can help predict and manage floods. It includes comparisons across Punjab?s regions, historical trends, and tables to show data clearly. Written from scratch, this review calls for better infrastructure, AI tools, and policies to prepare for 2-3?C warming by 2050.

Imidazoles are compact, polar, hydrogen-bonding heterocycles that play a vital role in modern drug discovery. They are present in antifungal drugs (clotrimazole, ketoconazole, miconazole), nitroimidazole antibacterials/antiprotozoals (metronidazole, benznidazole), and H?-receptor antagonists (cimetidine). Advances in synthetic chemistry particularly the Debus?Radziszewski and van Leusen routes, alongside green enabling technologies such as microwave-assisted and solvent-free methods have simplified access to highly substituted analogues. Pharmacologically, imidazole derivatives act on diverse targets including fungal CYP51, bacterial DNA, protozoal enzymes, and histamine receptors. This review highlights synthetic methodologies, pharmacological mechanisms, and therapeutic applications of imidazoles, while addressing structure?activity relationships, resistance and future perspectives.

This study investigates the impact of working capital management on the financial performance of selected cement companies in Tamil Nadu. The secondary data were collected from 10 companies for a five period from 2019 to 2024 the independent variables are current ratio, quick ratio and cash conversion cycle, while dependent variables included return on assets and net profit margin. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, regression analysis were applied to examine the relationship between working capital management and profitability. The finding showed The CR and QR have a strong positive and significant relationship with return on asset and net profit margin, indicate that liquidity efficiency contributes to profitability, The CCC shows a negative but significant association with both measures of performance, highlighting the importance of maintaining an optimal cash cycle. The results confirm that effective management of working capital enhances financial performances and sustainability. The study concludes that financial managers must strike balance between liquidity and operational efficiency to achieve profitability and ensure long term growth in the cement industry.

The use of control systems in renewable energy across the states of Nigeria is the focus of this research. It shows how supervisory, predictive, and adaptive control systems are crucial for maximising efficiency and dependability. Examining renewable energy ecosystems on a global and regional scale, the literature review highlights the distinct obstacles and possibilities present in each. Investigating technological advancements?such as improved monitoring, AI, and blockchain?and showcasing their revolutionary effects is the focus here. Some of the future possibilities discussed in the article include quantum computing, decentralised systems, and stricter cybersecurity regulations. Policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders can use the findings to better understand the complex relationship between control systems and renewable energy. This knowledge will help them navigate the ever-changing world of sustainable energy solutions.

The challenge in tracking dispersed pollutants stems from unavailability of real-time measurements to monitor pollution, primarily due to financial, temporal, and spatial limitations at all relevant locations. This study aims to model air pollutants dispersion in a highly stable atmospheric condition. In developing the model, a Gaussian distribution was utilized and refined by incorporating three additional equations to accommodate the presence of radiation inversion. The model illustrates how pollutant concentration changes in response to gravitational force. It also indicates that the vertical distribution changes depending on the depth of the mixing layer and the vertical temperature gradient (lapse rate). Nevertheless, no researchers have conducted a validation study for this model. Currently, given its simplicity, the model may be considered adequate.

As cities grow more complex and densely populated, the demand for advanced public security solutions has intensified. Smart city technologies have emerged as a transformative response, integrating tools like the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, and real-time communication systems to enhance urban safety. These technologies enable intelligent surveillance, predictive policing, and automated emergency response?making it possible to detect incidents faster, deploy resources more efficiently, and manage large-scale public events with precision. However, while these innovations offer significant improvements in crime prevention and situational awareness, they also introduce critical concerns. Issues such as data privacy, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, over-surveillance, and unequal access to technology raise questions about ethics, governance, and public trust. This paper explores the role of smart technologies in shaping modern urban security, categorizes types of interventions, and evaluates their societal consequences. The study aims to present a balanced understanding of how smart public safety systems can create safer cities-while highlighting the need for thoughtful regulation, transparency, and citizen engagement.

In today?s fast-evolving healthcare landscape, patient expectations are no longer limited to treatment alone?they seek convenience, safety, and personalization at every step of their medical journey. This research explores the concept of a smart hospital that doesn?t just treat diseases but transforms the entire care experience through intelligent automation. By integrating real-time technologies like AI, IoT, robotics, mobile health, and extended reality, hospitals can move beyond traditional workflows and create a seamless ecosystem where medical services feel proactive, connected, and human- centered. Unlike earlier digital hospitals, smart hospitals aim not just to digitize but to intuitively predict, assist, and enhance care in every interaction?from tracking assets to enabling teleconsultations to even detecting illness via wearable sensors. Drawing inspiration from global implementations highlighted in the study by Kwon et al. (2022), this paper proposes a practical blueprint for developing smart hospital environments that prioritize both efficiency and empathy. The vision is not just futuristic but necessary: a healthcare system where technology silently works in the background, enabling healthcare professionals to focus on what matters most?caring for people.

This study explored the influence of dynamic stability training on static and dynamic balance variables among college men badminton players. The importance of balance in badminton is well-established, as players frequently perform rapid movements, directional changes and complex footwork. The aim was to assess how dynamic stability training could enhance both static and dynamic balance, which is critical for performance and injury prevention. Thirty (N-30) male badminton players from various departments of Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, were selected as subjects. They were randomly assigned into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, each consisting of fifteen players. The experimental group participated in a structured six-week dynamic stability training program, while the control group did not engage in any additional training during the study period. The training sessions were conducted three times a week, each lasting 60 minutes and consisting of warm-up, core training exercises, dynamic stability drills, and cool-down activities. Static balance was measured using the stroke stand balance test and dynamic balance was assessed through the modified bass test. Data collected before and after the training program were analyzed using the dependent ?t? test. The results revealed significant improvements in both static balance (t=2.15, p? 0.05) and dynamic balance (t=3.21, p? 0.05) for the experimental group, whereas the control group showed no meaningful changes. In conclusion, the findings suggest that dynamic stability training effectively improves static and dynamic balance variables among college badminton players and should be considered a valuable component of athletic training programs.

This research essay examines the intersection of eco-criticism and the Anthropocentric Age in Arundhati Roy's The Ministry of Utmost Happiness (2017) and explores how the novel reshapes the tribal societies' interaction with nature and water under climate change. Examining the environmental and social problems and its portrays the alienation of marginalized tribal groups, such as water rights, land displacement, and ecologic degradation, the paper begins the critique of modernity, cultural displacement and the loss of their connection to nature in the Anthropocene by Roy and its devastating impact on native cultures. Water is introduced in the novel both as a necessity for survival and as a symbol of loss, representing the broader environmental crises characteristic of the Anthropocene. Through an Eco-critical view, this essay demonstrates how Roy uses her narrative to advocate to rethinking about human-nature relations and giving primacy to indigenous knowledge systems as a way out of the 21st century's environmental conundrums. Focusing on the cultural, ecological and political struggles of the tribal communities, The Ministry of Utmost Happiness presents a vision of resistance, survival and the potential for ecological renewal in the context of the climate crisis.

This paper aimed at comparing two Arabic translations of Shakespear's sonnets. It shed light on the challenges of translating verse (Skespear's sonnets in this regard) into Arabic by two translators. One by the translator Badr Tawfiq, and the other produced by the researcher (Bushra Ayoob, the second author of this paper). The research examined the poetic elements?such as rhyme, rhythm, figurative language, and cultural connotations and how such elements transferred into Arabic without compromising their artistic and aesthetic value. The method adopted in this research paper was the qualitative comparative research and the design used was the qualitative content analysis. The sample of this study was a purposive sampling of two sonnets with its two Arabic translations. The findings revealed that Badr Tawfiq?s translation tended to be committed to the structure and content of the source text, while the Bushr's translation was more domesticated in order to suit the Arabic poetic tradition. The study found that poetry translation is a creative process and it requires a delicate balance between accuracy and artistic innovation, particularly when conducting rich literary texts such as Shakespeare?s works. This research paper advanced the field of literary translation by emphasizing the importance of aesthetic awareness and cultural sensitivity in achieving effective poetic translations.

The political participation of Muslim women in India is shaped by the interaction of gender, religion, region, and socio-economic class. In Assam, this situation is further complicated by the unique geographical and cultural characteristics of the char areas, which are riverine islands formed by the Brahmaputra and its tributaries. These regions are marked by ecological vulnerability, high poverty rates, limited connectivity, and poor access to education and healthcare. The Muslim population in char areas, including Morigaon district, is among the most marginalized social groups in Assam. Within this community, Muslim women face a double burden of marginalization: as women and as members of a religious minority living in environmentally fragile and economically backward areas. This review article explores the challenges, barriers, and opportunities for Muslim women?s political participation in the char areas of Morigaon. Using secondary sources, government reports, academic literature, and NGO documentation, the study places the issue in the wider context of gendered political participation in India while concentrating on local dynamics in Assam. It identifies key challenges such as low literacy, purdah norms, economic dependency, mobility restrictions, and limited awareness of rights and entitlements. The review also highlights emerging trends, including the role of grassroots organizations, microfinance groups, social media, and increasing educational aspirations among younger women. The paper argues that while Muslim women in Morigaon?s char areas are underrepresented in formal politics, they are gaining visibility in informal and community-based leadership roles. This change, though uneven, shows a gradual assertion of agency within marginalized spaces. The review concludes with a discussion of research gaps and policy recommendations to enhance women?s participation as a necessary part of inclusive democracy in Assam.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease of the heart muscle, primarily characterized by hypertrophy of the left ventricle, but it can also affect both ventricles. It manifests without any other cardiac, systemic, or metabolic cause. The diagnosis relies on the identification of this hypertrophy in the absence of abnormal loading conditions or infiltrative diseases, often accompanied by fibrosis, mitral valve abnormalities, and other alterations. The obstructive form of HCM is the most common among genetically originated heart diseases, leading to thickening of the heart muscle that hinders blood expulsion. To establish a diagnosis, multimodal imaging and genetic testing are essential, and a multidisciplinary approach is recommended for the management of patients. It is also crucial to differentiate sarcomeric conditions from phenocopies, such as overload diseases and Fabry disease.

Coronary artery disease is a common condition among patients with chronic kidney disease, whether they are on dialysis or have received a transplant. It is the leading cause of death and the second leading cause of kidney graft loss in this population. This situation results from the interaction between kidney failure and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and abnormalities in calcium-phosphate metabolism, as well as complications related to the graft and immunosuppressive treatments. Currently, there is a lack of specific studies on the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease in kidney transplant recipients, which leads healthcare professionals to use methods suited to the general population, without considering the particularities of transplanted patients. This highlights the importance of conducting further research to better understand the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive issues of this disease in these patients.

Aortic coarctation is a congenital malformation diagnosed at birth through the systematic palpation of the femoral pulses. Several mild forms may go unnoticed and only manifest in adulthood. It involves a narrowing of the aorta beyond the left subclavian artery, and it is most often seen in individuals with hypertension.