This study examined the effect of psychological contract fulfilment on employee affective commitment, with particular focus on the mediating role of organizational justice among employees of multinational corporations (MNCs) in Ghana. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from 385 employees across six MNCs operating in the financial services and telecommunications sectors. Psychological contract fulfilment was measured using the Psychological Contract Inventory, organizational justice was assessed using the Organizational Justice Scale (distributive, procedural, and interactional justice), and affective commitment was measured using the Affective Commitment Scale from the Three-Component Model. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, hierarchical regression, and mediation analyses were conducted using SPSS and PROCESS macro. Results revealed significant positive correlations between psychological contract fulfilment and organizational justice (r = 0.56, p < .001), organizational justice and affective commitment (r = 0.62, p < .001), and psychological contract fulfilment and affective commitment (r = 0.53, p < .001). Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that psychological contract fulfilment significantly predicted affective commitment (β = 0.51, p < .001), and organizational justice mediated this relationship (indirect effect = 0.23, 95% CI [0.16, 0.31]). The findings underscore that employees who perceive their psychological contracts as fulfilled develop stronger perceptions of organizational justice, which in turn enhance their affective commitment. Implications for human resource management, organizational policy, and employee relations in Ghanaian MNCs are discussed.

This study examined the mediating role of employee organizational commitment in the relationship between leadership perception and customer satisfaction in multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in Ghana. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from 350 employees and 1,050 customers across seven MNCs in the banking, telecommunications, and hospitality sectors. Leadership perception was measured using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Employee organizational commitment was measured using Meyer and Allen's three-component commitment scale. Customer satisfaction was measured using the SERVQUAL multidimensional scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships and mediating effects. Results revealed significant positive correlations between leadership perception and customer satisfaction (r = 0.47, p < .001), leadership perception and employee commitment (r = 0.51, p < .001), and employee commitment and customer satisfaction (r = 0.49, p < .001). Hierarchical regression demonstrated that leadership perception significantly predicted customer satisfaction (β = 0.36, p < .001), accounting for 28% of the variance. Employee organizational commitment significantly mediated the relationship between leadership perception and customer satisfaction (indirect effect = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.28). The findings highlight that committed employees, inspired by positive leadership, deliver superior service quality that enhances customer satisfaction. Implications for leadership development, employee engagement, and customer service strategies in Ghanaian MNCs are discussed.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune inflammatory disorder that primarily affects the joints and can lead to progressive cartilage destruction, bone erosion, deformity, and functional disability. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to control disease activity and prevent irreversible joint damage. Diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging techniques. Recent advances in diagnosis include rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, inflammatory biomarkers, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which may facilitate earlier detection of joint inflammation and structural changes.
The treatment of RA has evolved significantly with the development of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic DMARDs, and targeted synthetic DMARDs. Conventional drugs such as methotrexate, leflunomide, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine remain important treatment options, while biologic agents and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors provide additional options for patients with an inadequate response to conventional therapy. Advances in individualized treatment strategies and treatment-to-target approaches have improved the likelihood of achieving remission or reduced disease activity. This project reviews recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, emphasizing emerging diagnostic approaches, new therapeutic agents, their benefits, limitations, and future prospects for RA management.

हिंदी साहित्य और भारतीय सिनेमा का संबंध लगभग उतना ही प्राचीन और अनन्य है जितना स्वयं भारतीय फिल्म उद्योग का इतिहास। स्वतंत्रता-पूर्व के कालखंड से लेकर वर्तमान डिजिटल और ओटीटी (OTT) युग तक, हिंदी सिनेमा ने अपनी कथा-वस्तु, विषय-विविधता, चरित्र-निर्माण, संवाद-शैली और दार्शनिक चेतना के लिए प्रत्यक्ष या परोक्ष रूप से हिंदी साहित्य—कहानियों, उपन्यासों, नाटकों और कविताओं का निरंतर संबल लिया है। यह शोध पत्र हिंदी साहित्य और भारतीय सिनेमा के बीच के गहरे अंतर्संबंधों, साहित्यिक कृतियों के सेल्युलाइड रूपांतरण (Adaptation) की प्रक्रिया, कथा-शिल्प के क्रमिक विकास और समकालीन वैश्विक परिदृश्य में उनके बहुआयामी प्रभावों का एक गंभीर एवं विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन प्रस्तुत करता है।
प्रारंभिक दौर में भारतीय सिनेमा ने मुख्य रूप से पौराणिक कथाओं, लोक-गाथाओं और मुंशी प्रेमचंद जैसी यथार्थवादी रचनाओं से प्रेरणा लेकर अपनी कथा-पटकथा की नींव रखी। जैसे-जैसे समय बदला, फणीश्वरनाथ रेणु, मन्नू भंडारी, भीष्म साहनी और अमृतलाल नागर जैसे साहित्यकारों की कृतियों को परदे पर उतारा गया, जिसने सिनेमा को केवल मनोरंजन का साधन न रखकर सामाजिक विमर्श और वैचारिक गहराई का सशक्त माध्यम बना दिया। साहित्य जहाँ लिखित अभिव्यक्ति का सूक्ष्म, वैचारिक और संवेदनात्मक प्राण है, वहीं सिनेमा उसे दृश्य-श्रव्य रूप देकर भौगोलिक सीमाओं से परे जन-जन तक पहुँचाने वाला उत्प्रेरक साबित हुआ। इस शोध पत्र में यह रेखांकित किया गया है कि कैसे शैलेन्द्र, गुलज़ार, राही मासूम रज़ा और जावेद अख्तर जैसे साहित्यिक पृष्ठभूमि से जुड़े गीतकारों और पटकथा लेखकों ने हिंदी फिल्मों को उत्कृष्ट काव्य-सौंदर्य और मारक संवाद दिए। इसके साथ ही, समांतर सिनेमा (Parallel Cinema) के उभार और उसके सामाजिक-राजनीतिक प्रभावों का भी आकलन किया गया है। वर्तमान व्यावसायिक और डिजिटल परिवेश में, जहाँ मनोरंजन का स्वरूप बदला है और रीमेक संस्कृति हावी है, यह शोध इस बात पर बल देता है कि सार्थक और कालजयी सिनेमा की जड़ें आज भी हिंदी साहित्य की समृद्ध माटी से ही अपना पोषण प्राप्त करती हैं। अंततः यह पत्र इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुँचता है कि साहित्य और सिनेमा का यह पारस्परिक समन्वय भारतीय संस्कृति, समाज और कला जगत को निरंतर जीवंत और समृद्ध बनाए रखने के लिए अनिवार्य है।

समकालीन भूमंडलीकरण, तीव्र तकनीकी प्रगति और भौतिकवादी संस्कृति के इस युग में मनुष्य के समक्ष बाह्य प्रगति तो प्रचुर मात्रा में उपलब्ध है, परंतु इसके साथ ही आंतरिक शांति, मानसिक संतुलन और नैतिक मूल्यों का तीव्र गति से ह्रास हुआ है। आज का मानव तनाव, अवसाद, आंतरिक अकेलापन और पहचान के संकट जैसी गंभीर मानसिक समस्याओं से जूझ रहा है। पाश्चत्य मनोविज्ञान और आधुनिक प्रबंधन ने व्यक्तित्व विकास के कई मॉडल प्रस्तुत किए हैं, जो मुख्य रूप से बाह्य व्यवहार, प्रवृत्तियों, संवाद कौशल (Soft Skills) और व्यावसायिक सफलता तक ही सीमित हैं। इसके विपरीत, प्राचीन भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा (Indian Knowledge Tradition - IKS) मनुष्य के व्यक्तित्व को केवल एक सामाजिक इकाई या शरीर न मानकर उसे अनंत चेतना का प्रकटीकरण मानती है। यह शोध पत्र वेदों, उपनिषदों, श्रीमद्भागवतगीता, दर्शनशास्त्र और महर्षि पतंजलि के योगसूत्र में निहित व्यक्तित्व विकास के सिद्धांतों का एक समग्र, तार्किक और गहन विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है।
भारतीय मनीषा में व्यक्तित्व विकास की अवधारणा को 'आत्मोत्थान' या 'पूर्णता की अभिव्यक्ति' कहा गया है, जिसकी यात्रा 'बाह्य से आंतरिक' और 'व्यष्टि से समष्टि' की ओर होती है। इस शोध पत्र का मुख्य उद्देश्य यह रेखांकित करना है कि किस प्रकार तैत्तिरीय उपनिषद का 'पंचकोश सिद्धांत' मनुष्य के भौतिक (अन्नमय), प्राणिक (प्राणमय), मानसिक (मनोमय), बौद्धिक (विज्ञानमय) और आध्यात्मिक (आनंदमय) आयामों का एक साथ संतुलन साधता है। इसके अतिरिक्त, महर्षि पतंजलि द्वारा प्रतिपादित 'अष्टांग योग' (यम, नियम, आसन, प्राणायाम, प्रत्याहार, धारणा, ध्यान और समाधि) व्यक्ति के आंतरिक और बाह्य अनुशासन का सबसे वैज्ञानिक और प्रायोगिक ढांचा प्रदान करता है, जो मन और इंद्रियों को नियंत्रित कर व्यक्ति को स्थिर बनाता है।
शोध पत्र में भगवद्गीता के 'निष्काम कर्म योग' और 'त्रिगुण संतुलन' (सत्व, रज, तम) के सिद्धांतों का भी गहराई से परीक्षण किया गया है। निष्काम कर्म का सिद्धांत व्यक्ति को फल की आसक्ति और असफलता के भय से मुक्त कर वर्तमान में शत-प्रतिशत कर्म करने की प्रेरणा देता है, जो आधुनिक कॉर्पोरेट जगत में 'बर्नआउट' और तनाव प्रबंधन का अचूक उपाय है। अंततः, यह शोध इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुँचता है कि भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा का व्यक्तित्व विकास का मॉडल केवल व्यक्ति विशेष को सफल बनाने तक सीमित नहीं है, बल्कि यह 'वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्' की भावना के साथ व्यक्ति को समाज, प्रकृति और ब्रह्मांड से जोड़ते हुए एक संवेदनशील, नैतिक, संतुलित और परिपूर्ण वैश्विक नागरिक का निर्माण करता है। यदि आधुनिक शिक्षा प्रणाली और नीति-निर्माण में इन प्राचीन घटकों को समाहित किया जाए, तो यह आज के संकटग्रस्त विश्व के लिए एक मार्गदर्शक सिद्ध हो सकता है।

छत्तीसगढ़ अपनी समृद्ध ऐतिहासिक, सांस्कृतिक एवं पुरातात्त्विक विरासत के कारण भारत के महत्वपूर्ण पर्यटन क्षेत्रों में स्थान रखता है। राज्य में प्राचीन मंदिरों, पुरातात्त्विक अवशेषों, ऐतिहासिक दुर्गों, शैलचित्रों तथा धार्मिक-सांस्कृतिक स्थलों की विविधता देखने को मिलती है। सिरपुर, राजिम, मल्हार, ताला, रतनपुर, भोरमदेव, दंतेवाड़ा तथा बारसूर जैसे स्थल छत्तीसगढ़ के इतिहास और सांस्कृतिक विकास के महत्वपूर्ण प्रमाण प्रस्तुत करते हैं। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन का उद्देश्य छत्तीसगढ़ के प्रमुख ऐतिहासिक पर्यटन स्थलों की ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि, पुरातात्त्विक एवं सांस्कृतिक महत्त्व, पर्यटन क्षमता तथा स्थानीय सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकास में उनके योगदान का अध्ययन करना है। अध्ययन में ऐतिहासिक एवं द्वितीयक स्रोतों के साथ-साथ आवश्यकतानुसार क्षेत्रीय अवलोकन एवं स्थानीय स्तर से प्राप्त जानकारी का उपयोग किया जा सकता है। अध्ययन के माध्यम से यह समझने का प्रयास किया गया है कि ऐतिहासिक पर्यटन स्थलों का संरक्षण, प्रचार-प्रसार तथा आधारभूत पर्यटन सुविधाओं का विकास राज्य में पर्यटन को किस प्रकार बढ़ावा दे सकता है। साथ ही, विरासत संरक्षण और सतत पर्यटन विकास के बीच संतुलन स्थापित करने की आवश्यकता को भी रेखांकित किया गया है। यह अध्ययन छत्तीसगढ़ की ऐतिहासिक विरासत के संरक्षण, पर्यटन विकास तथा स्थानीय समुदायों की भागीदारी के लिए उपयोगी आधार प्रदान कर सकता है।

This research paper explores the evolving relationship between law and related disciplines, focusing on how interdisciplinary approaches have transformed legal research methodology. The study examines the shift from traditional doctrinal methods toward integrated frameworks that incorporate empirical, comparative, and socio-legal approaches. Through comprehensive literature analysis, the paper identifies key methodological paradigms shaping contemporary legal scholarship. Findings reveal that while doctrinal research remains foundational, its integration with empirical and interdisciplinary methods offers more robust solutions to complex legal challenges. The research concludes that methodological pluralism is essential for addressing modern legal issues in areas such as technology law, environmental regulation, and human rights. Recommendations include enhanced interdisciplinary training in legal education and systematic frameworks for combining doctrinal rigor with empirical insights.

Mathematical problem-solving is an essential component of mathematics education as it enables learners to apply mathematical concepts, reasoning, and strategies to unfamiliar situations. Constructivist teaching provides a learner-centred approach in which students actively construct knowledge through prior experiences, exploration, discussion, collaboration, and reflection. The present paper examines the role of constructivist teaching in developing mathematical problem-solving skills through a review of existing literature. It focuses on how constructivist principles and classroom practices can support learners in developing conceptual understanding, mathematical reasoning, strategic thinking, and confidence in solving mathematical problems. The reviewed literature suggests that constructivist approaches can provide meaningful opportunities for learners to explore multiple solution strategies, communicate mathematical ideas, and connect new concepts with prior knowledge. However, effective implementation requires appropriate teacher preparation, suitable learning activities, adequate classroom time, and supportive learning environments. As a literature-based study, this paper does not present original empirical data but synthesizes existing research to examine the educational significance of constructivist mathematics teaching and its potential contribution to the development of mathematical problem-solving skills.

Dietary fiber is a crucial element of a nutritious diet, contributing to digestive health, bowel regularity, weight control, and overall wellness. consumption of fiber-rich foods aids in preventing constipation, and may lower the risk of various lifestyle-related diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of consistent dietary fiber intake on general health and well-being in adults. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out involving 200 participants aged 18 to 40 years, utilizing a structured questionnaire. A convenience sampling method was used for participant selection. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics and, employing descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, including percentages, Chi-square tests, Independent Sample t-tests, and Pearson correlation analysis.

This study assessed educational policy reforms and their alignment with job market demands in higher learning institutions in Mbeya City Council, Tanzania. The study was motivated by persistent concerns regarding graduate unemployability and mismatch between academic training and labour market expectations despite ongoing reforms in the education sector. A qualitative case study design was adopted, involving lecturers, students, and institutional administrators selected purposively and randomly. Data were collected through interviews, focus group discussions, and documentary review, and analysed thematically. Findings revealed that higher learning institutions have implemented reforms such as competence-based curricula, ICT integration, entrepreneurship education, and industrial practical training aimed at enhancing employability. These reforms contributed to the development of key competencies including communication skills, teamwork, digital literacy, critical thinking, leadership, and entrepreneurship. However, implementation effectiveness was constrained by inadequate teaching resources, limited ICT infrastructure, overcrowded classrooms, insufficient industrial collaboration, and limited lecturer professional development. The study further established that although stakeholders generally perceive educational reforms positively, there remains a persistent gap between policy intentions and actual labour market outcomes. Graduates were found to possess theoretical knowledge but limited practical experience required by employers. The study is guided by Human Capital Theory and Skills Mismatch Theory, which emphasize the importance of aligning education systems with labour market demands. It concludes that educational reforms have contributed significantly to employability skills development but are not fully effective due to structural and institutional constraints. The study recommends strengthening institutional-industry collaboration, improving ICT infrastructure, expanding practical training opportunities, and enhancing continuous professional development for lecturers. These interventions are essential for improving graduate employability and ensuring sustainable alignment between higher education outputs and labour market needs in Tanzania.

This review examines the adversarial robustness of predictive-maintenance models operating within digital-twin-enabled industrial cyber-physical systems, with particular emphasis on how malicious manipulation can compromise maintenance intelligence and physical reliability. A structured review methodology was applied, combining systematic literature searching, predefined eligibility criteria, evidence classification, and thematic analysis across digital-twin architecture, predictive modelling, cyber-physical security, adversarial machine learning, robustness evaluation, and governance. The synthesis shows that digital twins create substantial operational value through continuous sensing, state estimation, fault diagnosis, prognosis, and maintenance optimization, yet their dependence on interconnected data pipelines also expands the attack surface. Particular attention is given to the distinction between legitimate equipment degradation, benign distribution shift, and deliberately engineered perturbations capable of deceiving virtual representations. Evasion attacks, sensor manipulation, training-data poisoning, model extraction, and integrity compromise can distort anomaly detection, remaining-useful-life estimation, and maintenance prioritization while preserving superficially plausible system behaviour. The review further finds that adversarial training, robust learning, secure data exchange, runtime monitoring, multimodal validation, continual adaptation, and access-control mechanisms can improve resilience, although current evidence remains limited by inconsistent benchmarks, weak reproducibility, insufficiently realistic attack models, and inadequate consideration of downstream operational consequences. The study concludes that robustness should be treated as a lifecycle property spanning data acquisition, model development, deployment, updating, and governance rather than as an isolated algorithmic characteristic. It recommends standardized industrial adversarial benchmarks, physically constrained attack testing, transparent reporting protocols, continual-learning defenses, explainable assurance mechanisms, stronger provenance controls, independent validation, and post-deployment monitoring. Integrating these measures with engineering reliability, cybersecurity standards, and regulatory accountability is essential for sustaining trustworthy maintenance decisions in evolving industrial environments.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into public administration and the judicial ecosystem is rapidly redefining the landscape of governance in India. This research paper evaluates the dual dimensions of AI in governance, highlighting its potential to optimize public service delivery, automate welfare distribution, and expedite judicial case management through tools like SUVAS and SUPACE. However, the deployment of algorithmic governance introduces profound socio-legal challenges. Chief among these are algorithmic bias and systemic discrimination that threaten the Right to Equality under Article 14, continuous state surveillance implicating the Right to Privacy under Article 21, and the opaque "Black Box" nature of machine learning models that breaches the principles of natural justice. Through a critical analysis of India's existing techno-legal landscape, this paper highlights the limitations of the Information Technology Act, 2000, and the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, in regulating autonomous AI-specific harms. By drawing comparative insights from global regulatory frameworks, particularly the risk-based approach of the European Union AI Act, this study argues for an immediate transition from fragmented policy advisories to a robust, statutory legislative framework. The paper concludes with a set of structural recommendations advocating for a centralized AI regulatory authority in India to enforce fairness, accountability, and transparency, ensuring that technological innovation remains firmly anchored within constitutional boundaries.

This study examined the influence of collaborative leadership on teachers' professional development in public secondary schools in Kigoma District, Tanzania. Guided by Distributed Leadership Theory and Transformational Leadership Theory, the study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional survey design. A sample of 187 usable responses was obtained from 201 distributed questionnaires, representing a 93% response rate. Data were collected from teachers, heads of schools, and academic masters or mistresses and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression with SPSS version 25. Findings revealed that shared decision-making positively influenced professional development (r = 0.612, p < 0.001), explaining 37.5% of variance. Teamwork and collaboration emerged as the strongest predictor (r = 0.674, p < 0.001), explaining 45.4% of variance. Communication also showed a significant positive relationship (r = 0.589, p < 0.001), explaining 34.7% of variance. Combined, the three variables explained 55.9% of variance in professional development (R² = 0.559, F = 76.582, p < 0.001). The study concludes that collaborative leadership significantly and holistically enhances teachers' professional development and recommends strengthening participatory decision-making, institutionalizing teamwork structures, and improving communication systems, particularly structured feedback on teaching practices, within public secondary schools.

Cadmium is a persistent and highly toxic heavy metal that poses significant threats to aquatic organisms due to its bioaccumulative nature and adverse physiological effects. This study assessed the toxicological consequences of cadmium exposure on the coastal fish species Clarias gariepinus, with particular emphasis on alterations in haematological parameters, specifically white blood cell (WBC) indices, as biomarkers of environmental stress. Seventy-five juvenile C. gariepinus were exposed to varying concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) under controlled laboratory conditions. A preliminary range-finding test was conducted to establish suitable concentrations for acute toxicity assessment. The selected concentrations for the acute toxicity test were 1, 5, and 10 mg/L, while sublethal exposure concentrations of 0.0072, 0.0144, and 0.0288 mg/L were administered for 28 days to evaluate chronic effects. Throughout the experimental period, physicochemical parameters, including temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen, were maintained within recommended limits to eliminate the influence of environmental stressors on the observed responses. Blood samples were collected on Day 2 and Day 28, and haematological analyses were performed using an automated haematology analyser to determine changes in total white blood cell count and differential leukocyte indices. The results demonstrated significant concentration-dependent alterations in haematological parameters following cadmium exposure. Notable increases in neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were observed at higher cadmium concentrations, particularly after 28 days of exposure, indicating activation of the immune system in response to cadmium-induced physiological stress. These alterations suggest that prolonged cadmium exposure elicits immunological responses associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. The findings demonstrate that white blood cell indices are sensitive biomarkers of cadmium toxicity and provide valuable tools for the early detection and monitoring of heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems. This study highlights the ecological risks associated with cadmium contamination and underscores the need for effective environmental monitoring, stricter regulation of heavy metal discharges, and sustainable pollution control measures to protect aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem health.

Background: Educational and rehabilitation systems for children and young persons with disabilities need to respond to changing developmental, functional and vocational needs across the life course. Institutional databases can provide a practical evidence base for identifying patterns that may otherwise remain invisible in routine administration.
Objective: The present study describes the distribution and reported age ranges of learners with special needs enrolled across educational and vocational groups at SIRTAR, Rohtak, and examines the implications of these patterns for age-responsive educational and transition planning.
Methods: A descriptive institutional-data design was used. Aggregate data supplied from the SIRTAR CWSN database were analysed. The dataset comprised 110 learners distributed across 11 educational/vocational groups. Frequencies and percentages were calculated; no individual identifiers or unreported characteristics were inferred.
Results: Vocational-B had the largest enrolment (14; 12.7%), followed by Vocational-II-B (13; 11.8%) and Pre-vocational-II-C (11; 10.0%). Three vocational groups containing learners aged 18 years or above accounted for 36 learners (32.7%) of the institutional total. Several school-age groups also contained wide age ranges.
Conclusion: The institutional profile highlights the need for systematic transition planning, functional and life-skills education, individualized vocational assessment, work exposure and multidisciplinary support. The findings are descriptive and institution-specific; they should not be generalized to all CWSN in Haryana.

The emergence of the social media influencer has fundamentally reconfigured contemporary paradigms of identity, labor, and commercial value. While often celebrated as a vanguard of creative autonomy and entrepreneurial success, influencer culture is deeply rooted in the "Californian Ideology". First articulated by Barbrook and Cameron (1996), this ideology represents a paradoxical synthesis of 1960s countercultural libertarianism and late 20th-century neoliberalism. It promotes a techno-utopian vision where digital networks function as egalitarian frontiers, enabling individuals to bypass traditional institutional gatekeepers through "digital craftsmanship".
However, as platform capitalism becomes the dominant economic logic, these ideological ideals have been integrated into the programmable architectures of social media. Platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube now function as centralized infrastructures that dictate the terms of visibility and participation through algorithmic governance. Within this "platform society," self-branding has evolved from a marketing tactic into a structural necessity for survival in an increasingly precarious labor market.
This paper provides a critical investigation into the relevance of the Californian Ideology to contemporary influencer self-branding. By analyzing archetypal cases such as Emma Chamberlain and Kim Kardashian, this research exposes the profound tensions between ideological promises of digital freedom and the material realities of "Digital Taylorism" and surveillance capitalism. Ultimately, the study argues that the Californian Ideology functions as an enabling myth one that encourages individual participation while obscuring the extractive and precarious dynamics of corporate platform control.

The intention of the article is to ratify the RSA Cryptography article in [1]and [2], so thatWe have been working with recursive mathematical formulas and equations.A recursive equation defines each term of a mathematical sequence using the value of one or more previous terms, necessarily accompanied by an initial condition. There is no simple formula or pattern that predicts exactly what the next prime number will be, but mathematics finds fascinating patterns and behaviors in them. Almost all are odd: With the exception of the number 2, all primes are odd numbers, since any other even number would be divisible by 2. Except for 2 and 3, every prime number greater than 3 ends in 1, 3, 7, or 9. All prime numbers greater than 3 leave a remainder of 1, 5, 7, or 11 when divided by 12. In other words, they have the form 12n ± 1 or 12n ± 5. As the numbers get larger, primes become rarer. The Prime Number Theorem shows that the chance of a large number n being prime is approximately proportional to 1/ln(n) (where ln is the natural logarithm). When you arrange integers in a spiral shape, prime numbers form surprising and visible diagonal lines, proving that there is a hidden order in their distribution. In 2016, mathematicians discovered that primes have a "rebellious" preference for not repeating the last digit in the next prime (for example, a prime ending in 1 is rarely followed by another ending in 1 immediately). Goldbach's Conjecture states that every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two prime numbers. If you choose any even number above 2 (such as 4, 6, 8, 10...), it results from the sum of two prime numbers (numbers divisible only by 1 and themselves). There is a variation called Goldbach's Weak Conjecture, which states that every odd number greater than 7 is the sum of three primes. This weak version was proven true in 2013. According to Gödel's incompleteness theorems, any consistent formal mathematical system capable of expressing basic arithmetic has insurmountable limits. Published by the Austrian logician Kurt Gödel in 1931, these two theorems revolutionized mathematics and philosophy by demonstrating that truth is broader than probability.

The rapid proliferation of digital technologies, mobile applications, online gaming platforms, and smart devices has fundamentally altered how children and adolescents interact with the digital ecosystem. While the internet offers unprecedented opportunities for education, social interaction, and cognitive development, it simultaneously exposes young users to unprecedented privacy risks, intrusive data surveillance, behavioral profiling, and dark patterns designed to exploit psychological vulnerabilities. Children, owing to their evolving mental capacities, are often incapable of granting informed, meaningful consent, making them exceptionally vulnerable in a data-driven economy where personal information is aggressively monetized.
This comprehensive research dissertation critically examines the legal, constitutional, and regulatory frameworks governing the digital privacy protection of young users in India. It analyses the constitutional guarantees under Article 21 (Right to Privacy), Article 14 (Equality and Protection against Arbitrary Exploitation), and Article 39(f) of the Directive Principles of State Policy. Furthermore, this study evaluates the efficacy of India's statutory framework, primarily focusing on the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP Act), 2023, the Information Technology Act, 2000, and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.
By contrasting Indian legislation with international gold standards—specifically the United States' Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) and the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)—this paper identifies critical regulatory lacunae, including age-verification hurdles, consent fatigue, parental tracking paradoxes, and dark pattern manipulations in mobile gaming environments. The paper concludes with actionable legislative, technological, and judicial recommendations to establish a robust, child-centric, and human-rights-focused digital governance model in India.

The collapse of a five-storey student accommodation building in Delhi's Satya Niketan area on 6 September 2026 has raised serious questions concerning structural safety, unauthorised construction, regulatory supervision and accountability. The incident resulted in seven deaths and injuries to several others. The building was being used as a private hostel and the collapse occurred while repair or construction-related work was reportedly underway.

The incident is not merely a tragic accident but also raises important legal questions. When a building collapses because of negligence, unsafe construction or failure to comply with municipal requirements, the question arises as to who should be held responsible. This article examines the legal responsibility of building owners, contractors and public authorities, along with the remedies available to victims and their families. It also discusses the need for stronger regulation and safety audits of buildings used as hostels and paying guest accommodations.

The criminal justice system is designed to protect society from crime while safeguarding the rights and liberty of individuals accused of offences. However, when an innocent person is wrongfully prosecuted, arrested, detained or convicted, the criminal justice system itself can become a source of serious injustice. Wrongful prosecution can result in loss of liberty, financial hardship, damage to reputation, psychological trauma, disruption of employment and social exclusion. Despite these serious consequences, India does not presently have a comprehensive statutory framework specifically governing compensation and rehabilitation for victims of wrongful prosecution.
The Indian legal system provides fragmented remedies through constitutional courts, tort law, provisions relating to compensation under criminal procedure, and judicially developed
public-law remedies. Article 21 of the Constitution has been particularly important in enabling constitutional courts to award monetary compensation for serious violations of life and personal liberty. Decisions such as Rudul Sah v. State of Bihar, Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa, Bhim Singh v. State of J&K and D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal demonstrate the development of compensation as a constitutional remedy. At the same time, the tort of malicious prosecution provides a private-law remedy subject to proof of prosecution, absence of reasonable and probable cause, malice and favourable termination.
The Law Commission of India, in its 277th Report titled “Wrongful Prosecution (Miscarriage of Justice): Legal Remedies”, identified the inadequacies of the existing framework and recommended a dedicated statutory mechanism for compensation, including monetary and non-monetary relief. Although the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 has introduced or retained certain provisions concerning compensation for groundless accusations and arrests, it has not enacted the comprehensive regime recommended by the Law Commission. This paper critically examines the existing remedies, identifies their limitations and proposes a structured statutory framework for compensation and rehabilitation of victims of wrongful prosecution.

Tomato leaf diseases are responsible for substantial crop yield losses globally, with sub-Saharan Africa particularly vulnerable due to limited access to professional plant pathology expertise. Deep learning approaches to automated disease detection have achieved high accuracy on benchmark datasets; however, severe class imbalance in available datasets particularly the PlantVillage dataset, where the ratio between the most and least represented classes reaches 14:1 constrains classifier performance on underrepresented disease categories. This paper proposes a framework integrating Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network (DCGAN)-based synthetic image augmentation with EfficientNetB4 transfer learning to address this challenge. A class-specific DCGAN was trained for each of nine minority disease classes, generating 40,300 synthetic images to expand the training dataset from 12,700 to 53,000 images and reduce the imbalance ratio from 14:1 to 1:1. EfficientNetB4, fine-tuned using a two-phase transfer learning strategy, achieved a test accuracy of 96.62%, a macro-average F1-score of 0.9566, and a macro-average ROC-AUC of 0.9991 on the 10-class PlantVillage tomato disease benchmark. Critically, Tomato Mosaic Virus the most severely underrepresented class with only 261 original training images achieved perfect recall (1.000) following DCGAN augmentation, compared to near-zero recall in non-augmented baseline conditions. Comparative evaluation confirms that EfficientNetB4 outperforms MobileNetV2 (69.25%) and achieves comparable performance to ResNet50 (96.77%) whilst offering superior parameter efficiency for resource-constrained deployment. These results demonstrate that DCGAN-based augmentation provides an effective and practical solution to class imbalance in agricultural image classification.

उत्तर प्रदेश भारत का प्रमुख दुग्ध उत्पादक राज्य है और ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था में डेयरी फार्मिंग की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका है। कृषि पर बढ़ते दबाव, छोटी एवं सीमांत जोतों की अधिकता, ग्रामीण बेरोजगारी तथा किसानों की आय में विविधीकरण की आवश्यकता के कारण डेयरी फार्मिंग को आजीविका के महत्वपूर्ण साधन के रूप में देखा जा रहा है। वर्ष 2024-25 में देश के कुल दूध उत्पादन में उत्तर प्रदेश की हिस्सेदारी 15.66 प्रतिशत रही और राज्य देश का सबसे बड़ा दूध उत्पादक बना रहा। इस संदर्भ में उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार द्वारा दुग्ध विकास एवं दुग्ध उत्पाद प्रोत्साहन नीति-2022, नन्द बाबा दुग्ध मिशन, नन्दिनी कृषक समृद्धि योजना, मुख्यमंत्री प्रगतिशील पशुपालक प्रोत्साहन योजना तथा विभिन्न प्रसंस्करण एवं अवसंरचना संबंधी प्रयास किए जा रहे हैं। प्रस्तुत समीक्षा में इन सरकारी प्रयासों की प्रासंगिकता, उपलब्धियों, सीमाओं तथा भविष्य की संभावनाओं का विश्लेषण किया गया है।

Algorithmic government changes the contexts in which administrative law can make public power accountable. This Article examines the challenge that traditional guarantees of notice, reasons, hearing, non-arbitrariness and judicial review may become unavailable, formal or substantive in their absence, when a public decision is made with the aid of hidden data, models or systems under control of vendors. A comparative doctrinal methodology is used to study Indian constitutional and administrative law, along with the EU's data protection and Artificial Intelligence Act and the procedural due process and federalism of the United States. The study shows convergence around five requirements, namely lawfulness, intelligibility, meaningful human review, auditable decision-making records and extensive safeguards to protect against potentially high-impact deployments. While these requirements are dealt with differently by each jurisdiction, there is a strong emphasis on legislation and regulatory requirements in the EU, a strong emphasis on constitutional balance, on court review and on the administrative and executive branches in the United States, and a strong emphasis on Articles 14 and 21, privacy and proportionality and data protection along with an emerging polity in India. While the emphasis is on the Constitution, this Article argues for against transplanting either of the EU or the United States models. Rather, it should be treated as an example of an application of existing public law obligations in the context of algorithms. This approach preserves technological flexibility and improves accountability and judicial review.

This study determined the utilization of digital tools in Mathematics instruction and learners’ performance in Cluster III, Schools Division of Antique, Philippines, during School Year 2026–2027. It described the respondents’ profile, compared utilization and performance across profile groups, and examined their relationship. A quantitative descriptive-correlational design was employed among 106 secondary Mathematics teachers selected through total population sampling. Data were gathered using a validated 15-item researcher-made utilization questionnaire with excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .904) and an official-grade data sheet. Frequency, percentage, mean, Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis H test, and correlation analysis were used at the .05 significance level. Results showed that digital tools were utilized to a great extent (M = 4.06), particularly for lesson preparation, multimedia explanation, mathematical representation, and virtual manipulation. Learners’ Mathematics performance was Very Satisfactory (M = 89.18). Digital-tool utilization differed significantly according to position (U = 989.235, p = .049) and educational attainment (H = 27.861, p < .001), but not according to grade level taught, length of service, or school location. Learners’ performance did not differ significantly across any profile variable. The relationship between digital-tool utilization and performance was weak, positive, and nonsignificant (r = .085, p = .201). The findings indicated that frequent technology use alone did not ensure higher Mathematics grades. Schools should strengthen pedagogically focused training, collaborative digital planning, differentiated technology-supported activities, infrastructure, and evaluation of specific digital practices using learner-centered performance evidence. Future studies should examine classroom implementation, access, motivation, and instructional quality through mixed-method or experimental designs.

Administrative authorities exercise wide powers in a modern welfare state. Their decisions may affect employment, licences, education, public benefits, disciplinary matters and other important interests. The duty to give reasons is therefore an important safeguard in Indian Administrative Law. This paper examines reasoned administrative decision-making and its relationship with Natural Justice, Article 14, the Rule of Law and Judicial Review. It also considers leading decisions including S.N. Mukherjee v. Union of India, Siemens Engineering & Manufacturing Co. of India Ltd. v. Union of India, Mohinder Singh Gill v. Chief Election Commissioner and Kranti Associates Pvt. Ltd. v. Masood Ahmed Khan. The study finds that meaningful reasons improve transparency, accountability and effective review, while the exact extent of the duty depends on the nature of the decision and statutory framework.

This study appraises the implementation of the Physical Education (PE) curriculum in secondary schools in Kyela District Council, Tanzania, where despite its recognition as a vital component of holistic education, its practical execution remains inconsistent, particularly in developing contexts. The study adopted a qualitative research approach using a case study design to explore stakeholders’ experiences and perceptions regarding PE implementation. Data were collected from 31 participants, including teachers, heads of schools, education officers, and students, through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and document review, and were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the implementation of the PE curriculum is significantly constrained by inadequate resources, including limited sports facilities, insufficient equipment, and lack of teaching and learning materials, as well as restricted instructional time. Furthermore, teacher preparedness emerged as a major challenge, with many teachers lacking specialized training and access to professional development opportunities, which negatively affects lesson delivery and learner engagement. Institutional factors also played a critical role, as weak administrative support, poor timetabling, and low prioritization of PE compared to examinable subjects further hindered effective implementation. The study concludes that successful implementation of the PE curriculum requires improved resource allocation, enhanced teacher capacity through continuous training, and stronger institutional commitment. It recommends increased investment in infrastructure, provision of adequate teaching materials, and strict policy enforcement to ensure PE is accorded equal importance in schools, thereby improving educational outcomes.

Digital technology has changed the way people communicate, conduct business, store information and create records. As a result, electronic material such as emails, WhatsApp chats, call detail records, CCTV footage, photographs, videos, social-media posts, GPS data and computer files has become increasingly important in legal proceedings. The admissibility of such material, however, depends not merely on its existence but also on its relevance, authenticity, integrity and the manner in which it is produced before a court. In India, the legal framework governing electronic evidence has undergone an important transition from the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 to the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023. The new law specifically recognises electronic or digital records and provides a statutory framework for their proof and admissibility, particularly through Sections 61, 62 and 63. This article examines the legal position concerning digital evidence in Indian courts, the role of electronic-record certificates, and the practical difficulties associated with collection, preservation, authentication and presentation of digital material. It also discusses important Supreme Court decisions including Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer, Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal and Tomaso Bruno v. State of Uttar Pradesh, while considering the transition to the new evidentiary regime. The article argues that effective digital-evidence law requires not only clear statutory rules but also technically competent investigation, reliable chain-of-custody practices, judicial awareness and standardised methods of preservation. A balanced approach is necessary so that courts can use technology as a reliable source of proof while protecting parties against fabrication, manipulation and unfair prejudice.

वर्तमान अकादमिक जगत में मनोविज्ञान का इतिहास मुख्य रूप से पाश्चात्य विचारधारा से संचालित रहा है, जो मुख्य रूप से प्रयोगसिद्ध पद्धतियों और बाह्य व्यवहार पर केंद्रित है। इसके विपरीत, भारत में मन, चेतना और मानव व्यवहार का सूक्ष्म अध्ययन हज़ारों वर्षों से वेदों, उपनिषदों, भगवद्गीता, षड्दर्शन (विशेषकर सांख्य और योग) तथा बौद्ध व जैन दर्शन के अंतर्गत किया जाता रहा है। वर्तमान समय में तीव्र तकनीकी प्रगति और भौतिक विकास के बावजूद आधुनिक समाज में मानसिक तनाव, अवसाद और अस्तित्ववादी संकट विकराल रूप धारण कर चुके हैं। इस परिप्रेक्ष्य में, यह शोध प्रस्तुत किया गया है जो भारतीय मनोविज्ञान के सिद्धांतों को वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण के साथ पुनर्जीवित करने और आधुनिक समस्याओं के समाधान के रूप में प्रस्तुत करता है। यह शोध मुख्य रूप से दार्शनिक-विश्लेषणात्मक और गुणात्मक शोध विधि पर आधारित है। अध्ययन के प्रमुख निष्कर्षों के अनुसार, भारतीय मनोविज्ञान में 'अंतःकरण' (मन, बुद्धि, चित्त और अहंकार) की संकल्पना पाश्चात्य 'Mind' की तुलना में कहीं अधिक व्यापक है और यह मनुष्य को केवल जैविक प्राणी न मानकर दिव्य चेतना का अंश मानती है। इसकी प्रकृति अनुभवजन्य, आध्यात्मिक और समग्र है, जहाँ 'पंचकोश मॉडल' शरीर, प्राण, मन, बुद्धि और आत्मा के समन्वय द्वारा मानव विकास का पूर्ण चित्र प्रस्तुत करता है। यह केवल दार्शनिक विचार नहीं है, बल्कि शिक्षा में मूल्य-विकास, कॉर्पोरेट जगत में 'निष्काम कर्म' द्वारा तनाव प्रबंधन, और नैदानिक चिकित्सा में ध्यान व योग के माध्यम से स्थायी मानसिक शांति प्रदान करने में अत्यंत उपयोगी है। यह शोध सिद्ध करता है कि भारतीय मनोविज्ञान प्राचीन ज्ञान परंपरा और आधुनिक विज्ञान के बीच एक सशक्त सेतु का कार्य कर सकता है।

The doctrine of separate legal personality, consecrated in the seminal decision of Salomon v. A. Salomon & Co. Ltd., constitutes the bedrock of modern corporate commerce. However, the corporate form is increasingly weaponized by errant promoters, directors, and beneficial owners to perpetrate complex economic offences—ranging from cross-border money laundering, tax evasion, and siphoning of public funds to systematic bank frauds. In response, courts and legislatures globally have forged the doctrine of 'lifting' or 'piercing' the corporate veil to unmask the human actors orchestrating unlawful designs behind corporate facades. This research paper examines the conceptual, statutory, and judicial dimensions of lifting the corporate veil specifically within the domain of economic offences. It analyses the evolution of the doctrine across key common law jurisdictions (India, United Kingdom, and the United States), interrogates statutory piercing mechanisms (such as under the Companies Act 2013, Prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002, Income Tax Act 1961, and Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016), and highlights contemporary enforcement challenges including multi-layered shell entities, offshore benami structures, and algorithmic assets. The paper concludes with structural recommendations for achieving an optimal equilibrium between corporate enterprise protection and uncompromising accountability for white-collar criminality.

The institution of the Independent Director (ID) stands at the epicenter of modern corporate governance architectures. Conceived as an impartial custodian of stakeholder interests and an autonomous counterweight to dominant promoter hegemony, the role of independent directors in India has undergone a radical metamorphosis over the past three decades. From early advisory committee formulations (Kumar Mangalam Birla, Naresh Chandra, and Narayana Murthy Committees) to statutory codification under Section 149 and Schedule IV of the Companies Act, 2013 and SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015, the regulatory expectations placed upon IDs are colossal.
However, corporate debacles such as Satyam, IL&FS, Fortis Healthcare, and PTC India Financial Services have cast a shadow over their practical efficacy, exposing systemic vulnerabilities including promoter-dominated appointments, severe asymmetric information access, and disproportionate criminal liabilities. This article provides an incisive examination of the statutory framework, regulatory evolution, fiduciary duties, liability protections, landmark judicial precedents, and institutional reforms necessary to transform Independent Directors from passive board ornaments into formidable stewards of corporate integrity.

Gender neutrality in criminal law means that legal protection, criminal liability, investigation, prosecution, and punishment should not depend unfairly on the sex or gender identity of the victim or offender. In India, the debate has become particularly crucial following the enactment of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS), which replaced the Indian Penal Code, 1860, with effect from 1 July 2024. Although the BNS introduces gender-neutral language in certain offences, its principal rape provision, Section 63, continues to define rape as an offence committed by "a man" against "a woman." This formulation excludes adult male, transgender, and non-binary survivors from the ordinary legal definition of rape and does not expressly recognise women or transgender persons as possible perpetrators of rape.
This paper examines the gaps in gender neutrality within Indian criminal law and evaluates the constitutional validity of gender-specific sexual-offence provisions. It analyses Articles 14, 15, and 21 of the Constitution, along with the decisions in National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India, Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, and related constitutional jurisprudence. The paper also compares the gender-neutral approach under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO), with the gender-specific approach under the BNS. It argues that protective legislation for women may be constitutionally justified where it addresses structural disadvantage, but a complete exclusion of other victims creates serious concerns regarding equality, dignity, bodily autonomy, and access to justice. The paper recommends a carefully drafted gender-neutral sexual-offences framework that preserves special protections for women and children while ensuring effective remedies for every survivor.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a key driver of digital transformation in the finance and accounting sector. The rapid advancement of machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing has enabled AI to be integrated into various stages of the accounting process, including transaction recording, financial reporting, data analysis, financial forecasting, fraud detection, and compliance risk management. Drawing on a synthesis and analysis of published literature and industry survey reports, this paper systematizes the theoretical foundations of AI, evaluates the current state of AI adoption in accounting practices, and examines its dual impact—encompassing both opportunities and challenges—for the accounting workforce and the profession as a whole. The findings indicate that AI has been widely adopted across several accounting functions, while simultaneously presenting significant challenges related to employment, professional ethics, and the costs of technological transformation. On this basis, the paper proposes several sets of solutions to help accounting professionals and enterprises proactively adapt to and effectively leverage the potential of AI.

The rapid development of digital technology has fundamentally transformed modern society and has created new dimensions for the legal system. The internet, artificial intelligence, social media, digital payments, electronic contracts, online dispute resolution, cloud computing and big-data technologies have changed the manner in which individuals, businesses and governments interact. Law, which traditionally operated through physical documents, institutions and procedures, is increasingly required to function within a digital environment.
In India, this transformation has resulted in the development of an expanding legal framework dealing with electronic records, cybercrime, digital transactions, data protection, privacy and online governance. The Information Technology Act, 2000 provided an important statutory foundation by giving legal recognition to electronic records and electronic signatures and establishing a framework for electronic governance and cyber offences. At the constitutional level, the Supreme Court's recognition of privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21 has become particularly important in the digital age.
This article examines the changing relationship between law and technology, the major challenges faced by modern legal systems, the role of courts and lawyers in the digital era, emerging issues relating to artificial intelligence and data protection, and the need to balance technological innovation with constitutional rights, justice and human dignity.

This paper provides a comprehensive study of theoretical and practical issues of violation of human rights by war crimes, protection of legitimate interests of individuals in national and international law as a result of such violation. The purpose of this study is a comprehensive analysis of theoretical and applied issues related to the protection of violated rights and legitimate interests of individuals in public international law as a result of the commission of war crimes, and the formulation of scientifically sound proposals for improving the current legislation of Ukraine and the practice of its application in this area. The paper analyses the current scientific opinions and legislation on the regulation of illegal acts and liability for damage caused to victims as a result of violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms by war crimes. Furthermore, the existing forms, methods, and means of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of such persons in Ukraine and in the international arena were determined. The paper also provides a comprehensive study of the existing concept, legal nature and main features of war crimes and their legal regulation in Ukrainian legislation. Legislative amendments to the regulations governing this issue are proposed and the study justifies the position regarding the existence of an exclusively judicial procedure for resolving issues of human rights violations by war crimes, the result of which should be the adoption of a court decision. As a result of the study, the current scientific statements and achievements are clearly identified, as well as those that have emerged due to the constant development of public relations and substantial changes in international relations of various states, which causes armed conflicts and war crimes. One of the achievements of the scientific study is the proof of the importance of the problem of violated human rights in modern society and the extreme need for its research. After all, modern legislation requires substantial changes and improvement of the existing provisions with the subsequent possibility of their practical application

This study presents a probabilistic methodology for automated fault detection, classification, and location in the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU) Faculty of Engineering power distribution network. The proposed framework integrates Monte Carlo simulation, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to improve the robustness and generalization of intelligent fault diagnosis under varying network and fault conditions. A total of 1,000 independent Monte Carlo simulations were performed in MATLAB/Simulink, with systematic randomization of key fault and network parameters to represent a broad range of operating conditions. Each simulation cycle considered twelve distinct system states, comprising single-phase-to-ground, double-phase-to-ground, phase-to-phase, three-phase, and balanced fault conditions, resulting in a labelled dataset of 12,000 observations. The DWT, using the Daubechies-4 (db4) mother wavelet, was applied to 28 measured current signals to extract their maximum absolute detail coefficients, producing a 28-dimensional feature vector for ANN-based fault classification. The classification model employed a single hidden layer containing 100 neurons and achieved macro-averaged F1-scores exceeding 0.99 across the evaluated network sections. In addition, a Bayesian Regularization-based ANN regression model was developed for fault-location estimation and demonstrated low prediction error and strong generalization performance. The results demonstrate that the integration of Monte Carlo simulation, DWT, and ANN provides an effective and robust framework for intelligent fault diagnosis in institutional distribution networks. The proposed methodology offers a potential basis for developing adaptive and cost-effective fault-monitoring systems for university and other medium-scale distribution networks.

Background: Route-to-market (RTM) systems in emerging economies remain intermediary-dense, cash-intensive and weakly instrumented, even as manufacturers deploy artificial intelligence (AI) for demand sensing, territory design, credit allocation and distributor management. Prevailing channel-governance theory was formulated before transaction-level distribution data became routinely available and therefore offers limited guidance on how algorithmic coordination reshapes distributor accountability, or on the data-governance conditions under which AI-enabled distribution creates rather than destroys channel value. Method: This conceptual article adopts a theory-synthesis design, integrating resource-based, dynamic-capability, transaction-cost, technology-organisation-environment and institutional perspectives with cross-disciplinary evidence on digital supply chain governance, industrial data infrastructure, workforce capability and information-security behaviour. No primary data were collected. Results: The article advances the AI-Enabled Distribution, Distributor Performance and Data Governance (ADPG) framework, which specifies three interdependent pillars, four interface mechanisms linking them, four contextual moderators, and thirteen testable propositions, together with a measurement agenda mapping each construct to candidate indicators. Conclusion: AI-enabled distribution improves distributor performance only where data-governance maturity is sufficient to make algorithmic outputs auditable, contestable and locally legitimate; absent that condition, digital RTM investment is predicted to widen rather than close performance dispersion across the distributor base. The framework is conceptual and awaits empirical testing.

Background: Amavata, a classical Ayurvedic disease caused by Ama associated with Vata Dosha, closely resembles Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in its clinical presentation. Objective inflammatory biomarkers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C reactive protein (CRP) are routinely used in modern medicine to assess disease activity in RA; however, their correlation with Ayurvedic symptom-based severity assessment is limited.
Objectives: To estimate the range of ESR and CRP values according to the severity of symptoms in female subjects of Amavata and to evaluate their correlation with clinical severity.
Materials and Methods: A cross sectional observational study was conducted on 96 female patients diagnosed with Amavata. Patients were categorized into mild, moderate, and severe groups based on standardized Ayurvedic symptom severity scores. Subjective clinical features were assessed using classical parameters, while ESR and CRP were evaluated as objective inflammatory markers. Statistical analysis included one way ANOVA, Chi square test, and Spearman correlation.
Results: Mean ESR values increased significantly from mild (38.78 ± 7.33 mm/hr) to severe cases (54.62 ± 12.14 mm/hr) (p < 0.0001). Similarly, mean CRP levels rose from 14.07 ± 4.02 mg/L in mild cases to 27.12 ± 10.66 mg/L in severe cases (p < 0.0001). Both ESR and CRP demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation with symptom severity scores.
Conclusion: ESR and CRP values show a strong association with the severity of clinical manifestations in Amavata. Integration of these biomarkers with Ayurvedic clinical assessment provides an objective and comprehensive approach for disease evaluation and management.

This paper offers an ecofeminist study and examines the interplay between gender, ecological consciousness, and empowerment in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple. It explores the connection between the oppression of women, particularly Black women and the degradation of the natural environment. By employing an ecofeminist and gender ecological framework, the study investigates how patriarchal domination not only subjugates women but also disrupts the natural environment, revealing a profound interconnectedness between social and ecological oppression. The analysis explores men’s exploitative activity and its ravaging effects on women and animals, highlighting how systemic hierarchies generate ethical, psychological, and environmental consequences. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates how bonds of sisterhood among women serve as mechanisms for survival, empowerment, and resistance, facilitating both material and emotional restoration. Walker’s depiction of nature as a responsive, sometimes “revengeful” force underscores the moral and ecological consequences of domination, emphasising that liberation requires relational, ethical, and environmental awareness. By situating Walker’s narrative within ecofeminist and womanist theoretical frameworks, this study illuminates the multidimensional nature of oppression and the transformative potential of solidarity, resilience, and ethical engagement with both human and non-human life. Walker employs ecofeminist themes in the novel to criticise patriarchal and postcolonialsystems that oppress both women and the environment.The paper highlights how the novel aligns the struggles of the main character , Celie with thr degradation of the environment and their eventual resistance and rise. Nature in the novel is not a passive but transformative force that parallels and nurtures women liberation. The paper concludes that, the novel's depiction of rural life, gendering, and spiritual ecology offers an alternative scenerio that challenges Western ideologies and foregrounds interconnectedness. The paper however, advocates for the dismantling of oppressive hierarchies and the restoration of harmony between humans and the environment.

Online education in India has emerged as a transformative force post 2020, reshaping access Pedagogy, and policy while simultaneously highlighting the persistent challenge of digital inequality. Govt initiative like. DIKSHA,SWAYAM,PM e-Vidya and private Ed-tech like BYJU’s, Unacademy, Physics Walla Serve 300+Million. learners NEP Promotes digital integration through blended Learning. However, Challenges Persist digital divide, 65% rural households lack internet, poor digital literacy and screen fatigue. This system has benefits like learning form home and low cost, but problems like poor internet in villages and too much screen time also exist As 2026, India represents the world’ second largest Ed Tech Market, Valued at USD 10.4 Billion, With 900+ Million Internet users and 75% household smartphone penetration.

This study examined the influence of bilingualism on English language learning among secondary students in Mbeya City Council, Tanzania. The study was guided by Cummins’ Linguistic Interdependence Theory and employed a qualitative approach using a case study design. Thirty-five participants, comprising head teachers, academic masters and mistresses, English language teachers and students, participated. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, classroom observations and documentary review and were analysed thematically. Findings showed that bilingualism had both supportive and constraining effects on English language learning. Kiswahili and indigenous languages such as Nyakyusa supported students’ comprehension of difficult concepts, vocabulary development, classroom participation and confidence. Teachers strategically used code-switching, translation and scaffolding to connect students’ existing linguistic knowledge with new English concepts. Interactive strategies, including group discussions, debates, presentations, role plays and peer learning, also created opportunities for English practice. However, excessive reliance on Kiswahili and indigenous languages reduced students’ exposure to English, particularly outside the classroom. Other challenges included fear of making mistakes, limited opportunities for authentic English communication, inadequate professional development, shortages of teaching and learning resources, large classes, limited instructional time and examination-oriented teaching. The study concludes that bilingualism should not be treated solely as a barrier to English learning; rather, learners’ existing languages should be strategically used as pedagogical resources while ensuring sustained opportunities to practise English. The study recommends strengthening bilingual and communicative language pedagogy, providing continuous professional development and adequate language-learning resources, and establishing English clubs, debates, drama, presentations and reading activities to enhance English use.

This study examined the role of expatriate leaders' cultural intelligence (CQ) in aligning with local values to enhance subsidiary performance in multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in Ghana. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design with three-month time-lagged data, data were collected from 234 assigned expatriates (AEs) across eight MNCs in the banking, telecommunications, and manufacturing sectors. Cultural intelligence was measured using the Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS), local embeddedness was assessed using an adapted embeddedness scale, local value alignment was measured through culturally adaptive leadership behaviors, and subsidiary performance was assessed using perceptual and objective performance measures. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical regression with mediation analyses were conducted. Results revealed significant positive correlations between expatriate CQ and subsidiary performance (r = 0.52, p < .001), CQ and local embeddedness (r = 0.56, p < .001), and local embeddedness and subsidiary performance (r = 0.49, p < .001). Hierarchical regression demonstrated that expatriate CQ significantly predicted local value alignment (β = 0.48, p < .001), accounting for 31% of the variance. Local embeddedness significantly mediated the relationship between CQ and subsidiary performance (indirect effect = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.29). Additionally, higher levels of relational attachment prompted expatriates to leverage their local embeddedness to learn novel things that enhanced subsidiary performance. The findings highlight that culturally intelligent expatriates who embed themselves in local contexts and align with local values achieve superior subsidiary performance. Implications for expatriate selection, cultural intelligence development, and subsidiary management in Ghanaian MNCs are discussed.

This study examined the relationships among traditional communal values, leadership perception, and employee commitment in Ghanaian multinational Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) companies. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from 380 employees across five multinational FMCG organizations operating in Ghana. Traditional communal values were measured using an adapted collectivism scale, leadership perception was assessed through the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), and employee commitment was measured using Meyer and Allen&#39;s three-component commitment scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson&#39;s correlation, and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships and mediating effects. Results revealed significant positive correlations between traditional communal values and employee commitment (r = 0.43, p

Universities that promise to form young scholar-leaders usually run three formation programmes at once: discipleship through a chaplaincy, scholarship through departments, and civic responsibility through a service or community-engagement office. This review argues that the three are kept apart for reasons better than inertia. Integration forces each stream to answer a question it can otherwise avoid. Discipleship must say whose discipleship, in institutions serving religiously plural and increasingly unaffiliated student bodies. Civic formation must say which polity a graduate owes, when the graduate may well emigrate. Scholarly formation must say whose standards of excellence count, when those standards arrived through colonial university systems and are still policed from elsewhere. The contribution offered here is to state those conflicts plainly rather than dissolve them into a synthesis that no institution can actually operate.
Three further claims follow. First, the developmental stage named in the title does analytical work that the literature on faith-based leadership education has largely left unused: emerging adulthood is a period of unusual identity plasticity, which makes formation both more effective and more coercive, and the distinction between formation and indoctrination cannot be drawn without reference to it. Second, American and Global South models differ less in values than in the scarcity around which each is organised, attention and institutional legitimacy in the one case, employment and teaching capacity in the other; programmes that travel between them without reckoning with that difference fail in predictable ways. Third, the servant-leadership literature on which faith-informed leadership education leans carries far more normative weight than its evidence can bear, and saying so strengthens rather than weakens the case for character formation.

Cardiovascular diseases represent a significant public health concern, and the influence of lifestyle and psychosocial factors on cardiovascular health has attracted increasing research attention. This paper examines the association of junk food consumption, smoking, stress, and sleep deprivation with cardiovascular risk among youth aged 18–35 years. Drawing upon existing scientific literature, the study explores the potential mechanisms through which these factors may contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including metabolic disturbances, vascular dysfunction, psychological stress responses, and sleep-related physiological alterations. The paper critically discusses the relationship between unhealthy dietary habits, tobacco use, psychological stress, and inadequate sleep, while considering their possible combined effects on cardiovascular health. Particular emphasis is placed on preventive health education, lifestyle modification, and early awareness of cardiovascular risk among young people. As a literature-based study, this paper synthesizes findings from existing research rather than presenting original survey data or statistical estimates. It also identifies areas requiring further investigation, particularly age-specific research on cardiovascular risk factors among young populations. The study aims to contribute to a broader understanding of modifiable lifestyle and psychosocial factors associated with cardiovascular health and to highlight the importance of preventive strategies for reducing potential cardiovascular risks among youth.

Acute diseases are characterized by a sudden onset, rapid progression, and short duration, and commonly result from infectious agents or environmental factors such as cold air, rain, climatic changes, dust, and allergens. Homoeopathy manages acute diseases through an individualized approach by selecting the similimum based on the acute totality of symptoms rather than the disease diagnosis alone. This Prospective observational study was undertaken to understand the effectiveness of homoeopathic medicines in the management of acute cases, with special emphasis on the role of "ailment from" in remedy selection and the repetition pattern of individualized medicines. The study was conducted at Sarada Krishna Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital and included 30 patients with acute illnesses of rapid onset selected by simple random sampling. Detailed homoeopathic case taking was performed, and the acute totality of symptoms was constructed. Individualized homoeopathic medicines were prescribed after repertorisation using Zomoeo Pro software. The potency, dose, and repetition were selected according to the susceptibility of the patient and the nature of the illness. All patients were followed up for one week, and demographic characteristics, exciting causes, diagnosis, medicine, potency, dose, repetition pattern, and mode of administration were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Drenching in rain (36.67%) and cold air exposure (33.33%) were the most common exciting causes, followed by change of climate (20%). Acute rhinitis (43.33%) was the most frequent diagnosis, followed by acute bronchitis (36.67%) and pyrexia (20%). Arsenicum album was the most commonly prescribed remedy (23.33%), followed by Rhus toxicodendron (20%), Bryonia alba (13.33%), and Sepia officinalis (10%). The 200C potency was prescribed most frequently (53.33%), while a single dose (73.33%) and stat dose repetition (60%) were the predominant prescribing patterns. Dry administration was preferred in 76.67% of cases. The majority of patients belonged to the 11–20 years age group (36.67%), were students (53.33%), males (53.33%), and residents of rural areas (90%). The findings demonstrate the practical application of individualized homoeopathic prescribing in acute clinical practice and highlight the importance of exciting causes in remedy selection. The study also provides an overview of prescribing patterns regarding medicine, potency, dose, repetition, and mode of administration in the homoeopathic management of acute diseases.

In contemporary healthcare, robust medico-legal documentation is as vital as therapeutic competence. Homoeopathic practitioners, bound by the same legal frameworks as conventional physicians, frequently handle tasks involving informed consent, injury reporting, and medical certification. However, data on their regulatory compliance remains sparse. This study evaluated and compared the knowledge, attitudes, and record-keeping practices regarding medico-legal obligations among rural and urban homoeopathic doctors.
Methodology
A cross-sectional, survey-based study was conducted among registered homoeopathic practitioners across rural and urban sectors. A validated, structured questionnaire was used to assess three primary domains: knowledge of medical jurisprudence, attitudes toward legal liabilities, and actual record-keeping compliance (specifically regarding informed consent, injury reporting, and the issuance of medical certificates). Statistical analyses, including Chi-square tests and independent t-tests, were utilized to evaluate disparities between the rural and urban cohorts.
Results
The study revealed a significant disparity between urban and rural practitioners. While urban clinicians demonstrated higher theoretical knowledge scores regarding consumer protection laws and consent mandates, comprehensive record-keeping compliance was suboptimal across both groups. A notable percentage of rural practitioners reported challenges in standardized injury reporting due to limited local infrastructure and lack of formal training. Conversely, positive attitudes toward undergoing regular medico-legal continuing medical education (CME) were universally high.

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), or male pattern baldness, is a genetically predetermined, androgen-dependent dermatological condition characterized by the progressive miniaturization of scalp hair follicles. While conventional treatments like topical minoxidil and oral finasteride are effective, their long-term usage is frequently limited by adverse effects, leading patients to explore natural alternatives. Homoeopathic therapeutics utilize individualized micro solutions such as Thuja occidentalis and Selenium, which are historically recognized for their affinities toward epithelial abnormalities and metabolic hair thinning.
Objective: To investigate the clinical outcomes, hair density shifts, and structural follicle dynamics via trichoscopy in men with early-to-moderate AGA treated with homoeopathic Thuja occidentalis and Selenium.
Methods: A prospective, open-label, clinical trial evaluated [60] male participants aged 18 to 45 with Hamilton-Norwood Stage II to V androgenetic alopecia. Participants were dynamically allocated to individualized homoeopathic regimens of either Thuja occidentalis or Selenium in centesimal potencies (30C to 200C) over a [insert duration, e.g., 6-month] protocol. The primary outcome measured was the absolute change in hair density (hairs/cm²) evaluated via high-resolution computerized trichoscopy. Secondary outcomes tracked changes in hair shaft diameter (μm), the percentage of miniaturized vellus hairs, and patient satisfaction using the Hair Growth Satisfaction Scale (HGSS).
Results: Out of [e.g., 60] enrolled individuals, [e.g., 54] completed the full follow-up. Computerized trichoscopy demonstrated a statistically significant increase in mean terminal hair density from a baseline of [e.g., 142.4 ± 12.6] hairs/cm² to [e.g., 168.8 ± 10.4] hairs/cm² at 6 months (p

Gout is a metabolic inflammatory arthritis driven by persistent hyperuricemia, leading to monosodium urate crystal deposition in joints. It significantly reduces patient Quality of Life (QoL) due to recurrent excruciating pain, physical limitations, and emotional distress. While conventional urate-lowering therapies (e.g., allopurinol) are first-line interventions, some patients seek alternative options due to side effects or non-compliance. Homoeopathy offers a holistic, individualized approach, with Benzoic acid (Acidum Benzoicum) and Lycopodium clavatum heavily indicated for their affinity toward uric acid diathesis.
Objective
To evaluate the clinical outcomes and impact on patient quality of life using individualised homoeopathic medicines—specifically focusing on Benzoic acid and Lycopodium clavatum—in the management of gout and hyperuricemia.
Methods
A prospective, open-label, observational study was conducted with 60 adult participants diagnosed with gout and hyperuricemia (serum uric acid >7.0 mg/dL for men, >6.0 mg/dL for women). Over a 6-month observation period, patients were prescribed Benzoic acid or Lycopodium clavatum based on classical homoeopathic individualisation principles. The primary clinical outcome measured was the reduction in Serum Uric Acid (SUA) levels. Secondary outcomes included changes in clinical flare frequencies and patient QoL, quantified using the [insert questionnaire used, e.g., Gout Assessment Questionnaire (GAQ2) or SF-36].

The rapid development of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has created new possibilities for personalized learning in higher education. Generative AI tools can provide individualized explanations, examples, questions, feedback, revision materials, and learning support according to students’ needs. The present study investigated the impact of Generative AI-Assisted Personalized Learning on the academic achievement of B.Ed. students. An experimental research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 60 B.Ed. students was selected and divided into an experimental group and a control group, with 30 students in each group. The experimental group received an eight-week personalized learning intervention supported by Generative AI, while the control group received conventional classroom instruction. A researcher-developed Academic Achievement Test was administered as a pre-test and post-test. Mean, standard deviation, paired-sample t-test, independent-sample t-test, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used for data analysis. The illustrative findings indicate greater improvement in the academic achievement of students exposed to the GenAI-assisted personalized learning intervention than students receiving conventional instruction. The findings suggest that Generative AI can function as a supplementary pedagogical tool for individualized learning when its use is guided by teachers, appropriate assessment, ethical considerations, and human oversight. The study contributes to the emerging evidence base concerning AI-supported pedagogy in teacher education.

Global warming and environmental destruction are currently the most significant concern. Many people's perspectives have shifted because of the realisation that the industrial production of greenhouse gases have serious negative consequences for the climate. Currently, there is a movement towards a zero-emissions society, away from the wasteful, over- consumption, mass-production norms of the last several decades. They can achieve this while also lowering our environmental effect by recycling and repurposing industrial waste. Researchers argued that depletion of natural resources is a majorproblem in the world. Many previous studies argued that use of recycled waste in industrial activities can save natural resourcesfromdepletion. Further, concreteis usecommonly in constructionindustry, coarse (CA) andfineaggregate(FA)is a major and natural sources which are depleted. To save this various industrial waste can be used and mixed in concrete to improve its strength.Therefore, present paper aims to experimental study on strength properties of concrete by partial replacing coarse aggregate, with broken bricks, glass fibre, rubber tyre waste and fine aggregate by slag and lime kiln dust.

The rapid expansion of social media, digital communication and artificial intelligence has transformed the nature and scale of gender-based violence in India. Violence against women is no longer confined to physical spaces; it increasingly occurs through social-media platforms, messaging applications, email, online communities and other digital environments. Online gender-based violence includes cyberstalking, online sexual harassment, non-consensual dissemination of intimate images, impersonation, doxxing, threats, image-based sexual abuse, digitally facilitated extortion and technologically manipulated or synthetically generated intimate content.
India does not presently regulate online gender-based violence through a single comprehensive statute. Instead, victims rely upon a combination of provisions under the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS), the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, as amended, and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. The BNS expressly recognises offences such as stalking, voyeurism, sexual harassment and acts intruding upon a woman's privacy, while the IT Act addresses privacy violations and sexually explicit electronic material.
The paper argues that India's principal problem is not the complete absence of legal protection but the fragmentation and uneven enforcement of existing remedies. Victims may encounter difficulties in identifying perpetrators, preserving digital evidence, obtaining prompt removal of harmful content, navigating multiple reporting mechanisms and securing effective investigation and prosecution. The problem has become more complex with generative artificial intelligence. The 2026 amendments to the IT Rules now expressly regulate certain forms of synthetically generated information and require intermediaries to adopt safeguards against unlawful synthetic content, including non-consensual intimate imagery.
This paper examines the existing legal framework, identifies the principal enforcement gaps and proposes a victim-centred model based upon rapid content removal, stronger intermediary accountability, specialised investigation, privacy-preserving evidence procedures and effective access to remedies.

This study examined the effect of leadership commitment on organisational culture cohesion at World Vision Tanzania in Iringa Region. The study was guided by Transformational Leadership Theory and employed a mixed-methods approach using a convergent parallel research design. A cross-sectional design was adopted, involving a target population of 160 employees and stakeholders. A total sample of 128 participants was selected, comprising 113 respondents who participated in the quantitative component and 15 senior employees who participated in qualitative interviews. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and simple linear regression, while qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically. The findings revealed that leadership commitment was positively and significantly associated with organisational culture cohesion (r = .582, p < .01). Furthermore, regression analysis indicated that leadership commitment had a positive and statistically significant effect on organisational culture cohesion (B = .266, β = .400, t = 3.863, p < .001). The findings indicates that leaders who consistently communicate organisational values, demonstrate appropriate behaviours, promote fairness, involve employees, provide support and maintain accountability contribute to stronger organisational culture cohesion. The study concludes that strengthening leadership commitment is important for fostering shared values, trust, collaboration, teamwork and adaptability within the organisation. The study recommends that World Vision Tanzania strengthen leadership development programmes focusing on transformational leadership competencies, effective communication, employee involvement, role modelling and accountability to enhance organisational culture cohesion.

Revolutionizing data analysis, data mining employs predefined procedures and algorithms to extract valuable patterns from datasets. Over the years, diverse approaches such as Frequent Pattern Mining, Association Rule Analysis, Classification, and Clustering have emerged as cornerstones in data mining. Clustering, for instance, focuses on grouping dataset elements such that those within a group exhibit greater similarity than those in other groups. This research is dedicated to enhancing partition-based clustering algorithms, with a specific focus on Deep SVM. The objective is to imbue these algorithms with advanced features to efficiently analyze diverse datasets comprising numerical, categorical, and mixed data. Real-world datasets, particularly those with high dimensionality, pose challenges to the efficiency of Deep SVM clustering, rendering it computationally intensive and economically prohibitive. Consequently, cluster quality diminishes as dataset sizes increase. The core aim of this research centers on the development of robust clustering algorithms. Clustering applications span a wide array of domains from identifying underperforming products within a company inventory to grouping students based on academic performance for targeted interventions. Deep SVM emerges as a user-friendly clustering algorithm adept at handling sizable, high-dimensional datasets, fostering quick and efficient analysis. However, certain limitations persist within this approach. The efficacy of the K-Modes technique encounters hurdles with expansive datasets characterized by elevated dimensionality. As dimensions proliferate, the computational demands of the K-Modes approach surge, resulting in compromised cluster quality. To mitigate these issues, enhancements are proposed through the elimination of non-significant features from the clustering process. This tactful reduction in cluster dimensionality not only bolsters accuracy but also curtails computational overhead. Moreover, the proposed algorithm incorporates a dynamic parameter, influenced by user preferences. Notably, the input parameter remains effective when its significance value surpasses 60% of the maximum significance value.

The diabetes mellitus is a prominent unending rapture to the human civilization that affects the health of individuals and causes unending health hazards. The automatic diagnostic models offers a greater source and detection and prediction of diabetes mellitus that helps clinician to identify the level of diabetes in humans. However, most of the methods fail in detecting the levels diabetes mellitus due to its complexity in estimating the levels. In this paper, the study considers various parameter of human body to find the level of diabetes mellitus. To achieve this, a deep learning paradigm is used that helps in feature extraction, selection and classification of instances in predicting the levels of diabetes mellitus. The simulation is conducted to test the efficacy of the model, and the results show that the deep learning paradigm provides increased accuracy, specificity, sensitivity and reduced mean absolute percentage error than other models.

The data clustering over medical text documents plays a major role in extracting relevant information from the documents. However, most of the methods fails in finding the accurate solution on finding the relevant cancer type due to the presence of redundant data items. It is hence necessary to develop a clustering framework that strictly eliminates the redundant data items. In this paper, we present a clustering framework that tends to accurately cluster the cancer text documents to predict what type of cancer is present in a patient. A large database is tested and clustering using the machine learning model. The clustering framework consists of pre-processing the text documents, feature extraction, feature selection and clustering. The clustering using multi-support vector machine enables optimal clustering of text documents. The cancer datasets is used to validate the models over various medline cancer documents dataset. The experimental validation shows improved clustering of documents using the proposed models than other methods.

This study examined the impact of health records management practices on the perceived quality of healthcare delivery by clinical staff in five selected General Hospitals — Irele, Ore, Igbokoda, Igbekebo, and Ile-Oluji/Oke-Igbo — within the Ondo South Senatorial District of Ondo State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted, and a structured, validated questionnaire was administered to 217 clinical and allied health professionals selected through a multistage sampling technique. The instrument, which achieved acceptable internal consistency following pilot testing, captured data on socio-demographic characteristics, health records management practices, perceived quality of healthcare delivery, challenges affecting records management, and strategies for improvement. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and Chi-square test) at a 0.05 level of significance. Results showed that health records management practices were rated highly by respondents (overall mean = 4.01 ± 1.07), with proper patient registration scoring highest (4.13 ± 1.03) and ease of records retrieval scoring lowest (3.85 ± 1.15). Perceived quality of healthcare delivery was also rated highly (overall mean = 4.15 ± 1.03), led by continuity of patient care (4.21 ± 1.02). Inadequate funding (4.18 ± 1.05) and shortage of Health Information Management professionals (4.15 ± 1.03) emerged as the leading challenges, while increased government funding (4.39 ± 0.89) was the most endorsed improvement strategy. Inferential analysis revealed a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship between health records management practices and perceived quality of healthcare delivery (r = 0.700, p = 0.001), and a statistically significant association between the two variables (χ² = 122.904, df = 4, p = 0.001); both null hypotheses were therefore rejected. The study concludes that effective health records management is a critical determinant of perceived healthcare quality in secondary healthcare facilities and recommends increased funding, adequate staffing, continuous training, improved retrieval systems, and progressive adoption of electronic health records to strengthen healthcare delivery in Ondo State.

The environmental consequences of quarrying these aggregates are also becoming more evident ,including habitat destruction ,energy consumption and the release of carbon emission. Therefore, by incorporating industrial waste into concrete, we not only help conserve natural resources but also repurpose materials that would otherwise contribute to environmental degradation .materials such as brick ballast 20 mm, glass fiber ,rubber tire waste, slag, and silica fume are emerging as promising alternatives. These materials ,when mixed in the right proportions, can enhance the strength and durability of concrete while promoting a circular economy. This experimental study investigates the potential of theses substitutes to replace conventional aggregates and improve the overall sustainability of concrete in construction

Women representation is an important topic in modern politics, it can be called a stage of overall progress of the status of women. Representation of women in electoral politics can be helpful in making various laws, hence measures can be taken at the constitutional level to promote it, which can ultimately lead to changes in the political field in practical terms. Women representation is important for democracy, and it means active participation of women in the decision-making process. Electoral participation of women establishes a link between the public and the political elite. Moreover, electoral participation of women promotes stability and order by strengthening the legitimacy of political authority. Democracy implies universal participation of eligible citizens in the electoral process.
A functional democratic system cannot be established if the representation of women is less than the desired level. Women have always been in a less advantageous position in the socio-economic and political conditions of our society because the functioning of social institutions for centuries has pushed women into a narrow circle, so their power to negotiate has always been limited. In such a situation, true democratic spirit cannot emerge. Therefore, greater participation of women is necessary to ensure the democratic functioning of the existing system. Our Constitution has incorporated the concept of welfare which implies overall improvement in our lives. In this sense, it is necessary to mention that there are certain issues which are specific to women. These are major issues which need to be introduced and promoted. Continuous efforts are required for this purpose. These are issues which only women can highlight and work towards solving their problems. Increased participation of women in the electoral process also ensures women empowerment. In fact, their participation is essential for the successful functioning of the democratic system. Women representation in the state or central legislature is still low, which is not a good sign of democracy. We are well aware of the ground situation of the country regarding women representation in the functioning of the government. This also brings forth the issue of harsh real gender equality. Statistically, it has been proven that women traditionally focus less on political participation.
Though democratic values have been given very high regard in the Constitution of India, and the constitutional provisions emphasize on improving the democratic system of our country, there is still a long way to go for women representation in decision making. In law making, women participation is necessary. Women can play an important role and help in making laws related to women. This will ultimately result in women empowerment. Empowering women and making them come forward and occupy more and more public space strengthens democracy. In other words, women representation can bring more participation and visibility in the legislature. Which will help in creating a system to strengthen democracy in the long run.

Testing and assessment are central to the quality of school education because they provide evidence about students’ learning, competencies, progress, and educational needs. In Bihar’s public-school system, however, assessment practices continue to face several structural, pedagogical, institutional, and socio-cultural challenges. Traditional examinations often emphasise memorisation, reproduction of textbook content, and marks rather than conceptual understanding, critical thinking, creativity, problem-solving, and socio-emotional development. This research article critically examines the major issues and challenges associated with testing and assessment practices in public schools of Bihar. The discussion is based on secondary sources, including the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCF-SE) 2023, Ministry of Education reports, and evidence from ASER and the Bihar Elementary School Study. The article examines issues such as examination-oriented teaching, inadequate formative assessment, teacher workload, large and heterogeneous classrooms, limited assessment literacy, language and socio-economic diversity, resource constraints, reliability and validity concerns, excessive dependence on written examinations, and the limited use of assessment data for instructional improvement. The article argues that assessment reform in Bihar requires a shift from a marks-centred examination culture to a competency-based, continuous, inclusive, diagnostic, and learner-centred assessment system. Strengthening teachers’ assessment competencies, building school-level assessment capacity, using portfolios and projects, integrating technology appropriately, and establishing systematic feedback mechanisms can substantially improve learning outcomes in public schools.

The intention of this article is to enable a relevant research method for the traveling salesman problem using prime numbers. Initially, a preliminary analysis was conducted to be transformed into research based on two other relevant existing articles cited in the bibliography, in order to expand Number Theory and Computation Theory to...this complex problemgiven that Traveling salesman problem It is classified as NP-hard in its optimization version and NP-complete in its decision version, meaning that there is no known efficient algorithm to solve it in polynomial time for any number of cities.One way to ratify and show an outcome of the bibliographic reference article [1].

This study evaluated the empirical performance of the Exponential Growth Model in projecting the population of Katsina State, Nigeria. Reliable population projections are vital for effective development planning, resource allocation, and policy formulation across key sectors, including education, healthcare, housing, transportation, and infrastructure. Utilizing a quantitative research design based on annual time-series data spanning 2006 to 2025, the study examined historical population growth patterns, specified a log-linearized Exponential Growth Model estimated via Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, and assessed model accuracy against observed baseline values. Performance evaluation was conducted using the coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Findings revealed a consistent upward demographic trend, characterized by an estimated annual continuous exponential growth parameter of 0.0259, corresponding to an annual population growth rate of approximately 2.62%. The model demonstrated an exceptional goodness-of-fit (R2 ) with minimal prediction errors (MAE = 75.27, RMSE = 94.38, and MAPE = 0.00096%). Projected population values aligned closely with observed data, confirming the robust short-to-medium-term predictive capacity of the model under stable proportional growth assumptions. The study concludes that while the Exponential Growth Model offers a computationally efficient framework for demographic forecasting, long-term projections require caution due to potential shifts in underlying fertility, mortality, and migration dynamics. Periodic re-estimation using official census updates and comparative evaluation against multi-component or non-linear models (such as logistic, ARIMA, and cohort-component methods) are recommended for strategic long-range planning.

Background: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a highly prevalent disorder of gut-brain interaction frequently driven by psychological stress and somatic amplification. Adult males often experience a distinct, stress-induced psychosomatic form of FD that responds poorly to standard conventional acid suppression. While homoeopathy offers deep-acting somatic and psychological remedies, comparative data evaluating the specific clinical phenotypes matching different gastrointestinal medicines remain scarce.
Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy, symptom-specific outcomes, and psychological impact of four major homoeopathic medicines (Lycopodium clavatum, Nux vomica, Pulsatilla nigricans, and Carbo vegetabilis) in adult men with psychosomatic functional dyspepsia.
Methods: This prospective, open-label, four-arm parallel comparative clinical study evaluated 120 adult male participants (aged 18–60 years) diagnosed with FD via the Rome IV criteria and verified organic-free by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Patients exhibiting elevated stress or anxiety scores were allocated into four distinct treatment arms (n = 30 per group) and received either Lycopodium, Nux vomica, Pulsatilla, or Carbo veg (30C/200C potencies) matching their dominant somatopsychic presentation. The primary outcome was the comparative reduction in the Short-Form Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire (LDQ-SF) score over a 3-month period. Secondary outcomes evaluated comparative shifts in the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and the Nepean Dyspepsia Index (NDI) quality of life scores.
Results: All four homoeopathic medicines demonstrated statistically significant intra-group reductions in dyspeptic and psychological scores from baseline to Month 3 (p < 0.001). In the inter-group analysis, Nux vomica demonstrated the highest efficacy in resolving Epigastric Pain Syndrome (EPS) linked to high-stress, sedentary lifestyles, showing the sharpest drop in baseline pain and accompanying anxiety (HAM-A) scores (p < 0.01). Lycopodium and Carbo vegetabilis both outperformed Pulsatilla in managing Postprandial Distress Syndrome (PDS); however, Lycopodium achieved significantly better long-term resolution of early satiety and bloating (p < 0.05), while Carbo veg provided more rapid relief for upper abdominal flatulence. Pulsatilla showed the most pronounced efficacy in patients presenting with highly volatile emotional symptoms and mild, variable dyspepsia. No serious adverse events or toxic complications were reported across any arm.

Background: Boenninghausen’s Therapeutic Pocket Book (BTPB) is a general repertory based on doctrine of analogy and complete symptom. Its utility in allergic disorders remains under-evaluated. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a global health issue causing significant morbidity and reducing quality of life. Boenninghausen’s Therapeutic Pocket Book (BTPB) is a foundational homeopathic repertory renowned for its unique philosophy of complete symptoms (location, sensation, modality, and concomitance). However, contemporary clinical validation of its efficacy in specific pathological conditions like AR remains limited.
Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of individualized homoeopathic prescriptions based on BTPB in allergic rhinitis using Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS). Methods: Prospective, single-arm, observational study. 50 patients with chronic allergic rhinitis were enrolled. Remedy selection was done exclusively using BTPB [Allen’s edition] after case taking. TNSS [0-12] and RQLQ-S [Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire] assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Paired t-test used.

इस शोधपत्र में सूरत शहर के माध्यमिक विद्यालयों के विद्यार्थियों की अध्ययन शैली का अध्ययन किया गया है। शिक्षा मानव जीवन का एक महत्वपूर्ण अंग है, और इसकी प्रभावशीलता विद्यार्थी की अध्ययन शैली पर निर्भर करती है। अध्ययन शैली किसी विद्यार्थी के सीखने की प्रक्रिया, उसकी सूचनाओं को ग्रहण करने के तरीके और उसे समझने की युक्तियों की पहचान करती है। इस शोध में पी. कटातन हेनरी द्वारा विकसित अध्ययन शैली प्रश्नावली का उपयोग कर विद्यार्थियों की अध्ययन शैली का विश्लेषण किया गया। शोध से यह निष्कर्ष निकला कि ज्यादातर विद्यार्थी क्रिया द्वारा अध्ययन करना पसंद करते हैं, जबकि कुछ विद्यार्थी सुनकर या देखकर सीखने में अधिक रुचि दिखाते हैं।
चाबीरूप शब्द : अध्ययन शैली

The present study has been based on the challenges by the private universities in India and also the scope for them. The effective role of private universities in the attainment of higher education mission in India cannot be overemphasized. The burden of higher education on the Government has been reduced by the entry of private universities. The private universities have made a great contribution in the production of well- disciplined and also highly ethical students in undergraduate as well as post graduate levels. The present study has revealed that the private universities have an outstanding capability for providing the uninterrupted academic teachings through-out the calendar year. These universities have greatly reduced the financial burden of government institutions and state governments as well as are producing highly talented and disciplined youth for both public and private sectors. Thus the privatization of higher education has directly influenced the economy of state. In consideration of problems faced by private universities, the study has emphasized on financial issues which are the higher cost paid on training to develop effective faculty, problems in retaining qualified faculties, lack of resourced for the arrangement of laboratory materials, equipment and infrastructure. The problems of arrangement of well-equipped libraries also exist due to the lack of adequate funding.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become one of the most transformative technologies of the digital age. Its influence touches healthcare, finance, education, governance, communication, business and cybersecurity, amongst other areas. Yet, the same technological capabilities that enable progress can also be misused for criminal purposes. Generative AI in particular has created new opportunities for phishing, identity theft, impersonation, social engineering, deepfake fraud, creation of malicious content and more.
India is particularly vulnerable to such developments due to its rapidly growing digital ecosystem, online financial services, social media platforms, digital identity systems and technology-enabled public services. AI-assisted cybercrime presents distinctive challenges because attacks can be automated, personalized, rapidly scaled and increasingly difficult to distinguish from legitimate human communication.
This paper examines the relationship between artificial intelligence and cybercrime in India and evaluates whether the existing legal and institutional framework is capable of responding to AI-enabled criminal activities. The study analyzes the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 for provisions pertaining to identity theft, cheating by personation, deepfakes, synthetic media, privacy violations, electronic evidence and intermediary responsibility.
The paper further analyzes the significant 2026 amendments and governmental measures pertaining to synthetically generated information, including AI-generated audio, visual and audio-visual content. The research finds that although India's existing framework provides several legal mechanisms to address AI-enabled cybercrime, challenges remain regarding attribution, digital evidence, cross-border enforcement, technological detection, platform accountability and the rapidly changing nature of artificial intelligence.
The paper proposes a coordinated approach involving stronger digital forensics, specialized AI-cybercrime units, technological authentication mechanisms, public awareness, responsible platform governance, international cooperation and continuous development of technology-neutral legal standards.

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine-learning technologies has resulted in the emergence of deepfakes, which are digitally manipulated audio, video, images or other forms of media that can realistically imitate or replace the identity, appearance or voice of an individual. Although such technology may have legitimate applications in entertainment, education and creative industries, its malicious use has created serious legal and social concerns. Deepfakes may be used for identity theft, financial fraud, impersonation, defamation, misinformation, sexual exploitation, harassment and manipulation of electronic evidence.

In India, there is presently no single comprehensive legislation specifically dedicated to deepfakes. Instead, different aspects of deepfake-related conduct may be addressed through existing provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 and rules governing intermediaries. The legal framework therefore faces difficulties relating to identification of offenders, attribution, jurisdiction, preservation of digital evidence, intermediary responsibility and protection of victims.

This paper examines the nature of deepfakes, their relationship with cyber crimes, the existing Indian legal framework and the major challenges faced by law-enforcement agencies and courts. It also proposes legal and technological remedies including stronger intermediary accountability, rapid takedown mechanisms, digital watermarking, public awareness, specialised investigation mechanisms and clearer legislative provisions.

Cyber addiction refers to a behavioral disorder characterized by excessive and compulsive use of digital technologies such as the internet, smartphones, social media platforms, online gaming, and digital content. With rapid technological advancement and increased accessibility to the internet, cyber addiction has emerged as a significant psychological, social, and educational concern, especially among adolescents and young adults. This condition negatively affects mental health, leading to anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, reduced academic or work performance, and impaired social relationships. Cyber addiction also influences emotional regulation, self-control, and real-life interpersonal interactions. The present abstract highlights the concept, causes, symptoms, and consequences of cyber addiction, emphasizing the need for awareness, early identification, and preventive strategies. Effective interventions such as digital literacy, time management, counseling, and balanced technology use are essential to minimize its harmful effects and promote healthy digital behaviour in modern society.

Co-operative banking is a type of bank set up on a co-operative model. Like other banks, co-operative banks raise funds through shares, accept deposits, and provide loans. This system is part of the Indian banking structure and aims to reach rural areas in India. The co-operative banking sector has a vast network that offers credit services to rural agricultural credit seekers. It plays a significant role in socio-economic development and has contributed to the country’s GDP growth. Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)which accounts for 30 percent of microcredit in India and are vital for community development in all states. Consequently, a study has been conducted to examine the structure of agricultural credit in Karnataka, as well as to assess the current status and performance of co-operative banking related to agricultural credit in rural and urban areas of the state.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming part of professional and public life. The Indian legal sector is also increasingly using AI for legal research, document review, contract analysis, case management, translation, transcription, and access to legal information. AI-assisted tools may reduce repetitive work and help legal professionals process large volumes of information more efficiently. At the same time, their use raises concerns relating to accuracy, fabricated authorities, privacy, confidentiality, bias, transparency, accountability, and professional ethics. This paper examines the growing role of AI in the Indian legal system and discusses its opportunities and challenges. It argues that AI should be treated as an assistive tool rather than a substitute for judges, advocates, or other legal professionals. Responsible use requires meaningful human oversight, verification against primary legal sources, protection of confidential information, and respect for constitutional values.

Indian Knowledge Systems represent the diverse intellectual, cultural, ecological and experiential traditions developed in India through generations of observation, practice and community learning. Indigenous knowledge maintained by tribal communities constitutes an important dimension of this knowledge heritage. The present research paper examines the educational relevance, cultural preservation potential and sustainable-development significance of indigenous knowledge among tribal communities in Surat District, Gujarat. The study particularly focuses on traditional ecological knowledge, medicinal plant knowledge, food practices, agriculture, sacred groves, cultural traditions and intergenerational knowledge transmission. Surat District provides an important setting for such research because the tribal regions of Mandvi, Mangrol and Umarpada contain documented examples of sacred groves and traditional plant knowledge. A recent study of these areas documented 13 sacred groves and 382 plant species belonging to 83 families, including 50 ethno-medicinal plants. These findings indicate the substantial ecological and cultural value of local knowledge systems.
The paper adopts a descriptive and qualitative research perspective based primarily on documented literature and Surat-specific studies. It examines the relationship between indigenous knowledge, formal education, cultural identity and sustainable development. The paper proposes an educational framework through which appropriate local knowledge can be documented, critically understood and incorporated into teacher education and school-based experiential learning. The study argues that educational institutions can contribute to the preservation of indigenous knowledge by involving community knowledge holders, developing local learning resources, encouraging field-based projects and creating responsible digital documentation initiatives. However, such integration must respect community ownership, informed consent and ethical principles. The paper concludes that the responsible integration of indigenous knowledge into Indian Knowledge Systems can strengthen culturally responsive education while contributing to biodiversity conservation, cultural continuity and sustainable community development in Surat District.

Imagine a farmer receiving timely advice on irrigation through an AI-powered application, a patient in a remote village getting an early diagnosis with the help of AI, or a judge using AI tools to quickly locate relevant precedents from thousands of case files. These examples show how Artificial Intelligence (AI) is quietly becoming a part of everyday governance in India. While it has the potential to improve efficiency, accuracy, and access to public services, it also raises important legal and ethical concerns that cannot be ignored.
India has made significant progress in adopting AI across sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, education, public administration, and the judiciary. However, the increasing use of AI has also brought challenges including algorithmic bias, privacy violations, deepfakes, copyright disputes, lack of transparency, and uncertainty regarding liability for AI-generated decisions. At present, India relies on a combination of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, the Information Technology Act, 2000, and sector-specific policy guidelines to govern AI. Although these measures address certain aspects of AI regulation, they do not provide a comprehensive legal framwork to ensure accountability, explainability, safety, and effective remedies for individuals affected by AI systems.
This paper examines both the opportunities and the legal challenges associated with AI-driven governance in India. It also compares India's existing regulatory approach with the models adopted by the European Union and the United States to identify gaps in the present framework. The paper argues that policy guidelines and voluntary compliance alone are not sufficient to regulate high-risk AI applications. It therefore recommends the enactment of a dedicated Artificial Intelligence (Regulation and Governance) Act and the establishment of an independent Artificial Intelligence Governance Board of India (AIGBI) to encourage innovation while protecting the constitutional guarantees of equality, freedom, and privacy under Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution of India.

This study investigated the influence of large class size on the effective teaching and learning of Chemistry in secondary schools in Onitsha North Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. The study was guided by four purposes and four corresponding research questions, examining class size's influence on teaching, learning, classroom interaction, and teacher support during Chemistry lessons. A descriptive survey design was adopted. The population comprised 2,605 Senior Secondary Two (SS2) Chemistry students and 67 Chemistry teachers across sixteen public secondary schools in the study area. Using simple random sampling, ten schools were selected, yielding a sample of 180 students and 20 teachers (200 respondents in total). Data were collected using a structured, researcher-developed questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85) and analysed using mean and standard deviation, with a criterion mean of 2.50 for acceptance. Findings indicated that while large class size showed a mixed, largely non-significant relationship with teaching practice itself (cluster mean = 2.33), it was found to negatively affect student learning (cluster mean = 3.32), classroom interaction (cluster mean = 2.48), and the level of individualised teacher support students received (cluster mean = 2.92). The study concludes that large class size is a substantive barrier to effective Chemistry instruction, particularly in relation to student learning outcomes and the quality of teacher-student engagement, and recommends policy attention to classroom capacity, teacher recruitment, and differentiated instructional strategies as viable responses.

The human microbiome represents a complex, dynamic ecosystem that co-evolved with the host to maintain physiological homeostasis. In classical homeopathy, the "Constitution" and "Susceptibility" define an individual's unique response to noxious influences. This paper presents a comprehensive framework mapping the human microbiota to homeopathic philosophy, pathology, and clinical therapeutics. We explore the microbiome as the biological substrate of susceptibility and analyze its specific alterations in neoplastic disorders alongside relevant homeopathic indications. Furthermore, this study delineates a protocol for case taking, remedy selection, potency determination, and dose repetition based on microbial history. Finally, we integrate modern bacteriology, mycology, and virology with the Miasmatic theory, while evaluating the roles of mother tinctures, nosodes, and conventional vaccines in the context of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR).

Kenya has experienced stable economic growth over the past two decades, with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growing at an average annual rate of approximately 5% prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and improving strongly thereafter. Despite this growth, a large proportion of Kenyan households keep on to experience poverty, food insecurity, unemployment, inadequate housing, and inadequate access to quality healthcare and education. This evident contradiction, commonly referred to as the paradox of growth, raises significant questions concerning the extensiveness and sustainability of economic growth in Kenya. The paper examines the socio-economic drivers that contribute to deteriorating household living conditions in spite of positive macroeconomic performance and identifies the policy gaps that perpetually hinder general development.
This paper draws upon existing literature, development theories, and empirical evidence from Kenya and comparable developing economies to study the relationship between economic growth and household welfare. Key socio-economic drivers include income inequality, unemployment and underemployment, inflation, regional disparities, rapid urbanization, corruption, weak institutional governance, climate-related shocks, public debt, and uneven access to useful resources. Even though Kenya has implemented various poverty reduction and social protection programmes, there are several challenges: inadequate policy coordination, weak accountability, and resource constraints have limited their effectiveness. Consequently, the benefits of economic growth remain concentrated among a relatively small segment of the population, while many households continue to experience declining living standards. The study concludes that economic growth alone cannot assure improvements in household welfare without planned policies aimed at promoting reasonable income distribution, employment creation, institutional effectiveness, and inclusive social protection.

This study aims to improve the competence of employees at the Center for Education and Training on Social Welfare (BBPPKS) Makassar in using Microsoft Excel through training designed based on a training needs analysis. This study employed a descriptive approach, with data collected through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The participants consisted of 30 employees of BBPPKS Makassar. The research instruments were tested for validity and reliability using IBM SPSS Statistics, while the pre-test and post-test results were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
The results showed that Microsoft Excel training improved participants' competence in understanding the basic functions of Microsoft Excel, applying basic formulas, using IF and VLOOKUP functions, and completing administrative tasks with Microsoft Excel. This improvement was reflected in the higher post-test results compared to the pre-test results after the participants completed the training.
In conclusion, Microsoft Excel training was effective in improving the knowledge and skills of BBPPKS Makassar employees, thereby supporting the completion of administrative tasks more effectively and efficiently.

टिकाऊ विकास वह विकास हैं जो भविष्य की पीढियो की अपनी जरूरतों को पूरा करने की क्षमता से समझौता किये बिना वर्तमान पीढ़ी की जरूरतों को पूरा करे | सामान्य को प्राप्त करने या प्रदान करने कि प्रक्रिया, तर्क, और निर्णय की शक्तियों का विकास करना तथा परिपक्व जीवन के लिए खुद को या दुसरे को बौद्धिक रूप से तैयार करना ही शिक्षा हैं | टिकाऊ विकास के लिए शिक्षा, प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को एक टिकाऊ भविष्य का आकार देने के लिए आवश्यक ज्ञान, कौशल, अभिवृत्ति और मूल्यों को प्राप्त करने की अनुमति प्रदान करती हैं | शिक्षा के द्वारा ही व्यक्ति के अभिवृत्ति को परिवर्तित किया जा सकता हैं, जिसके कारण किसी भी उत्पादकता में सुधार लाया जा सकता हैं | शिक्षा के द्वारा संस्थागत सुधार, पाठ्यक्रम सुधार, और स्थानीय विशिष्ट संशाधन के विकास को प्राथमिकता दिया जाये तभी टिकाऊ विकास किया जा सकता हैं | टिकाऊ विकास के लिए विभिन्न संसाधनों का उपयोग कैसे किया जाये जैसे मुद्दों को शिक्षा के माध्यम से व्यक्ति को एक सही दिशा दिया जा सकता हैं | टिकाऊ विकास के लिए सहभागी शिक्षण और सीखने की विधियों की भी आवश्यकता होती हैं, जो विद्यार्थियों के व्यवहार को बदलने के लिए प्रेरित और सशक्त बनाती हैं | यदि टिकाऊ विकास के लक्ष्य को प्राप्त करना हैं तो हमारी वर्त्तमान जीवन शैली से सम्बंधित सभी स्तरों पर शिक्षा के सभी हितधारको के दृष्टिकोण की आवश्यकता होगी | प्रस्तुत लेख में अध्येता ने टिकाऊ विकास के अर्थ, आवश्यकता, टिकाऊ विकास के ल्लिये शिक्षण, अभिवृत्ति एवं इसकी विशेषता, अभिवृति के घटक, एवं इसके द्वारा किन उद्देश्यों की पूर्ति होती हैं और अभिवृत्ति के कार्य एवं प्रभावित करने वाले कारक, मापनी सरंचना तथा मापनी सरंचना तैयार करते समय किन –किन बातो का ध्यान रखना चाहिए के बारे में चर्चा किया हैं |

This study determined the effectiveness of professional development programs and the pedagogical practices of public secondary school teachers in Buenavista, Guimaras. It also examined differences in the two variables when respondents were classified according to age, educational attainment, position, grade level taught, and school location, as well as their significant relationship. A quantitative descriptive-correlational design was employed. The respondents were 151 teachers from Buenavista 1 and Buenavista 2. Data were gathered using a validated and reliability-tested questionnaire and analyzed through frequency, percentage, mean, Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis H test, and Pearson’s product–moment correlation at the .05 significance level. Results showed that professional development programs were rated Very High, with an overall mean of 4.32, indicating that they consistently provided relevant and effective opportunities for improving teachers’ knowledge, skills, and instructional competence. Teachers’ pedagogical practices were Mostly Practiced, with an overall mean of 2.52, showing frequent application of instructional delivery, classroom management, learner engagement, assessment, differentiation, and learner-centered approaches. No significant differences were found in professional development effectiveness or pedagogical practices across all profile variables. A negligible negative and nonsignificant relationship existed between professional development effectiveness and pedagogical practices (r = −.033, p = .685). The findings implied that favorable perceptions of professional development did not automatically correspond to more frequent classroom application. Schools should therefore strengthen follow-up coaching, mentoring, collaborative learning, reflective practice, technology integration, differentiated instruction, and monitoring of training transfer through classroom observations, instructional artifacts, and learner evidence to ensure sustained, contextualized, and measurable improvements in everyday teaching.

This study determined the school climate, school heads’ instructional leadership, and teachers’ performance in the Schools Division of Antique, Philippines, during School Year 2025–2026. The study involved 326 randomly selected public secondary school teachers. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed. The dependent variables examined were school climate, school heads’ instructional leadership, and teachers’ performance, while age, position, highest educational attainment, length of teaching experience, and school location as independent variables. Data on school climate and instructional leadership were gathered through validated questionnaires while teachers’ performance was obtained from the Classroom Observation Tool (COT) ratings for the first and second quarters of School Year 2025–2026. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Pearson’s correlation at .05 level of significance through SPSS. Findings revealed that school climate was “Very Highly Favorable,” the level of school heads’ instructional leadership was “Very High,” and teachers’ performance was “Outstanding.” No significant differences in school climate were found when respondents were classified as to age, but significant differences emerged when respondents were classified as to position, highest educational attainment, teaching experience, and school location. Similarly, the level of school heads’ instructional leadership showed no significant differences when the respondents were classified as to age and teaching experience but differed significantly when respondents were classified as to position, highest educational attainment, and school location. Teachers’ performance did not significantly differ by age and highest educational attainment but varied significantly by position, teaching experience, and school location. Moreover, significant relationships existed among school climate, school heads’ instructional leadership, and teachers’ performance.

This study examined school heads’ transformational leadership and supervisory engagement and their influence on school climate in the Schools Division of Antique, Philippines, during School Year 2025–2026. The study involved 365 randomly selected public elementary school teachers. The independent variables were age, highest educational attainment, school size, school location, and type of school, while the dependent variables were school heads’ transformational leadership, supervisory engagement, and school climate. Data were gathered using validated questionnaires. Frequency, percentage, mean, t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Linear Regression Analysis were used for data analysis at the .05 level of significance through SPSS. Results revealed that respondents assessed the level of school heads’ transformational leadership as Very High, the extent of supervisory engagement as Very Great, and school climate as Very Highly Favorable when taken as a whole and when classified as to identified variables. Significant differences in the level of school heads’ transformational leadership were found when respondents were classified according to highest educational attainment and school size but not age, school location, or type of school. The extent of school heads supervisory engagement differed only when respondents were classified as to their highest educational attainment. School climate significantly differed according to respondents’ highest educational attainment, school size, and type of school but not age or school location. Finally, school heads’ transformational leadership and supervisory engagement did not significantly influence school climate.

This study determined the governance, accountability mechanisms, and policy implementation in learning institutions in the Schools Division of Antique, Philippines, during the school year 2025–2026. The study involved 218 randomly selected school heads of public elementary schools. The study examined governance, accountability mechanisms, and policy implementation as dependent variables, with age, highest educational attainment, length of administrative experience, school location, and type of school as independent variables. Data were gathered through validated questionnaires based on previous studies on governance, accountability mechanisms, and policy implementation. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, and mean were used, while t-test, Analysis of Variance, and Pearson’s r were employed as inferential statistical tools at .05 level of significance. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results revealed that governance in learning institutions was described as “Advancing,” while extent of policy implementation was “Very Great.” Accountability mechanisms were manifested through the presence of consequences for policy non-compliance, systematic monitoring of school projects and programs, and regular review of school performance reports for decision-making. No significant differences were found in the status of governance, accountability mechanisms, and extent of policy implementation in learning institutions when respondents were grouped according to age, highest educational attainment, length of administrative experience, and school location. However, significant differences existed when classified according to type of school. Furthermore, significant relationships were found among governance, accountability mechanisms, and policy implementation.

This study examined the teachers’ professional commitment, teaching competence and readiness in curriculum reforms in the Schools Division of Antique, Philippines, during the 2026-2027 school year. The study involved 326 teachers from public secondary schools in the division and employed a descriptive-correlational research design. The study included sex, highest educational attainment, length of teaching experience, position, school size, and school location as independent variables and teachers’ professional commitment, teaching competence, and readiness in curriculum reforms as dependent variables. Data were collected through a validated questionnaire and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS. Statistical tools were frequency, percentage, mean, t-test, Analysis of Variance (F-test) and Pearson’s r) with .05 significance level. Findings revealed that, overall, the level of teachers’ professional commitment, teaching competence, and readiness in curriculum reforms was “Very High” when classified according to sex, highest educational attainment, length of teaching experience, position, and school location. Significant differences were noted in the level of teachers’ professional commitment when classified according to length of teaching experience and school location while no significant differences were noted in the level of teachers’ professional commitment when classified according to sex, position, and highest educational attainment. Similarly, significant differences were noted in the level of teachers’ teaching competence when classified according to length of teaching experience, highest educational attainment, and school location while no significant differences were noted when classified according to sex and position. On the other hand, no significant differences were noted in the level of teachers’ readiness in curriculum reforms when classified according to sex, length of teaching experience, position, highest educational attainment and school location. Finally, significant relationships were found between teachers’ professional commitment and teaching competence and teachers' professional commitment and readiness in curriculum reforms while no significant relationship between teachers’ teaching competence and readiness in curriculum reforms.

This paper examines the history, adoption, and symbolic significance of the protest music slogan “Solidarity Forever, For the union makes us strong” by the University Academic Staff Union (UASU) and Kenya Universities Staff Union (KUSU) in Kenya today, with the recent one being September,2025, involving 42 public universities and their constituent Colleges. The industrial action lasted for nearly seven weeks disrupting teaching and learning in higher education institutions. Drawing on historical accounts, media reports, and union archives, the paper analyzes how this iconic labour anthem has been appropriated in Kenyan higher education industrial disputes. It highlights the dual role of protest music in unifying striking staff and projecting their demands related to salaries, allowances, and the implementation of Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBAs). to the public and authorities. The paper also reflects on the limited use of protest music in ensuring structural change. Findings suggest that the slogan strengthens collective identity and morale, amplifies public visibility, and situates Kenyan staff struggles within a transnational labour heritage. However, over-reliance on symbolic performance risks diminishing material effectiveness.

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence, especially Generative AI, has brought about major changes in the way literary, artistic and other creative works are created. This has raised important legal questions under Copyright Law regarding authorship, ownership and originality. This research examines whether the current Indian Copyright Law is sufficient to provide clear answers to these questions regarding works created by or with the help of AI. This study uses Doctrinal Legal Research Methodology and analyses relevant legal provisions, judicial decisions and secondary legal literature. The research focuses on the legal framework related to computer-generated works, first ownership and originality. The research reveals that Indian Copyright Law provides a legal basis for computer-generated works, but there are still some uncertainties in the context of highly autonomous generative AI systems. This paper recommends giving importance to meaningful human creative contribution and creating clearer legal and policy guidelines on copyright protection.

The rapid development and use of AI raises important questions about the protection of personal data and individual privacy in India. AI systems often rely on large amounts of personal data for training, analysis and decision-making. This can lead to problems such as excessive data collection, lack of informed consent, data breaches, profiling, surveillance and lack of transparency. The main objective of this research article is to study the main challenges of data privacy arising from the use of AI in India, as well as to analyze the current legal framework for the protection of personal data and privacy. This study mainly uses doctrinal, legal research methodology, in which laws, judicial decisions, government materials, as well as other relevant secondary sources have been studied. The focus is particularly on the constitutional rights to privacy, as well as the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023. This study shows that despite the significant legal framework for data protection in India, some new challenges are emerging with the continued development of AI. Hence, effective consent, data security, transparency, and accountability are needed to maintain a balance between privacy and technological innovation.

Artificial Intelligence, AI, plays an important role and is rapidly working in the creation of literature, art, speech, music and other creative works, which in the present day, with the development of AI, with little or no significant human intervention, are capable of creating various types of creations, thus raising many questions about the traditional, which is copyright law, based on authorship and human creation.
Under the Indian Copyright Act, 1957, the concept of authorship is closely linked to things created by AI. Section 2(D) specifically addresses computer-generated works, which identify the person responsible for the creation of the work and suggest its authorship, but in the present era, in the context of rapidly evolving AI systems, the Indian Copyright Act, 1957, is still unable to make a clear provision, because the AI that creates it may be based on various levels of human intervention, algorithms, training data, etc.
In the context of AI-generated works, the very essence of determining authorship under Indian Copyright Law has also become a major challenge, as it becomes difficult to attribute authorship to a work where human input is minimal. On the other hand, it is also unfair to grant copyright to a person who creates the work with his own skills and on the basis of this, other persons may, at such times, take advantage.
This research article will examine how the current copyright legal framework in India is able to determine authorship, and analyze the implications for AI-generated creations, focusing primarily on the relationship between human creativity and AI-generated creations, the legal understanding of computer-generated creations, and the new challenges and issues arising related to authorship and ownership based on them.
Based on this article, it will be seen that the current legal framework provides a primary basis for AI-generated creations, but does not provide a basis for fully addressing all the issues that arise in the context of rapidly evolving AI, thus requiring a clear and robust legal framework that protects human creativity, while also promoting the responsible development and use of AI.

The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO) is India's principal special legislation for protecting children from sexual assault, sexual harassment, and sexual exploitation. Its defining statutory feature is the use of an age-based threshold: a "child" is a person below eighteen years. This bright-line rule creates a strong protective framework, but it also produces a difficult legal and policy question in cases involving older adolescents, particularly those between sixteen and eighteen years, where the factual background may include a close-in-age relationship, an adolescent romance, or an allegation arising from family or social opposition.
This paper examines the statutory framework of POCSO, the 2019 amendment, the POCSO Rules, 2020, and recent judicial developments. It gives special attention to the Supreme Court's 2024 judgment in In Re: Right to Privacy of Adolescents, which rejected the idea that a court can treat consensual sexual activity with a minor as legally outside POCSO merely because the relationship is described as romantic. The paper also considers the Supreme Court's January 2026 decision in State of Uttar Pradesh v. Anurudh, in which the Court directed that its judgment be circulated for consideration of legislative steps including a possible "Romeo-Juliet clause" for genuine adolescent relationships.
The paper argues for a carefully designed graduated approach rather than an unrestricted lowering of the age of protection. The author's proposed model is that children below sixteen should continue to receive uncompromising statutory protection, while the sixteen-to-eighteen age group could be subject to a narrowly defined close-in-age exception or judicial assessment in genuine, non-exploitative cases. Coercion, force, grooming, trafficking, abuse of authority, significant age disparity, and exploitation should remain fully punishable. The aim is to preserve the protective purpose of POCSO while reducing the risk of treating every adolescent relationship as equivalent to predatory sexual abuse.

This study examined the influence of logistics management on the performance of Sterling Oil Exploration and Energy Production Company Ltd. (SEEPCO), Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study was motivated by the need to improve organizational performance through effective management of logistics activities, particularly transportation and inventory control. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. The population comprised 46 management staff of SEEPCO, and a census sampling technique was employed, resulting in a sample size of 46 respondents. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire designed using a five-point Likert scale. Forty questionnaires were correctly completed and retrieved, representing an 87.0% response rate. The reliability of the research instrument was established using Cronbach’s alpha, with coefficients of 0.771 for transportation, 0.824 for inventory control, and 0.814 for organizational performance, while the overall reliability coefficient was 0.841, indicating satisfactory internal consistency. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and simple linear regression at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that transport management has a significant positive influence on the performance of SEEPCO, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.907 and coefficient of determination of R² = 0.823. The regression model was statistically significant, F(1, 39) = 1126.259, p < .001, while transport management had a significant positive coefficient (β = 0.907, p < .001). Similarly, inventory control had a significant positive influence on organizational performance, with R = 0.893 and R² = 0.797. The regression model was statistically significant, F(1, 39) = 953.111, p < .001, and inventory control demonstrated a significant positive effect on performance (β = 0.893, p < .001). Based on these findings, the study concludes that effective logistics management, particularly transport management and inventory control, significantly enhances organizational performance at SEEPCO. The study recommends that SEEPCO optimize fleet utilization through regular vehicle assessments, route planning, fleet management systems, and preventive maintenance, while also implementing automated inventory tracking technologies such as barcode or RFID systems to improve inventory accuracy, reduce stockouts, and enhance operational efficiency.

This study examined the influence of business intelligence on the competitive advantage of food and beverage firms in South-West Nigeria. The study specifically investigated the influence of knowledge sharing and data management systems on the competitive advantage of selected food and beverage firms. The study adopted a survey research design. The population comprised 14,230 managers, senior staff, and junior staff of selected food and beverage firms, namely Nestlé Nigeria Plc, Cadbury Nigeria Plc, Guinness Nigeria Plc, Nigeria Breweries Plc, and Flour Mills of Nigeria Plc. Using the Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination approach, a sample size of 370 respondents was obtained. Proportionate allocation was used to distribute the sample across the selected firms, while simple random sampling was adopted for the selection of respondents. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale, and 362 completed questionnaires were retrieved and used for analysis. Descriptive statistics were employed to answer the research questions, while simple linear regression was used to test the hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that knowledge sharing has a significant positive influence on competitive advantage of food and beverage firms in South-West Nigeria (R = .871, R² = .759, F = 1138.559, p < .05). The findings further showed that data management system has a significant positive influence on competitive advantage (R = .872, R² = .760, F = 1144.388, p < .05). The study concluded that effective knowledge sharing and data management systems are important business intelligence capabilities for strengthening the competitive advantage of food and beverage firms in South-West Nigeria. The study recommended that firms should promote a culture of knowledge sharing through effective internal collaboration platforms and communication mechanisms, while also investing in advanced data management systems to facilitate efficient data collection, storage, retrieval, and utilisation for data-driven strategic decision-making.

Food price volatility in conflict-affected regions of Nigeria poses a critical threat to food security, yet existing forecasting models struggle to capture the complex, non-linear dynamics and sudden shocks characteristic of these environments. This study proposes a novel hybrid forecasting framework—VMD-IWOA-LSTM—integrating Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) with an Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm (IWOA) to optimize a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network. The model is applied to staple food price data (maize and rice) from Nigeria's conflict-affected regions, incorporating external drivers including conflict events, inflation rates, and fuel prices. Experimental results on monthly price data demonstrate that the proposed VMD-IWOA-LSTM model achieves superior predictive performance: for maize, RMSE of 0.5926 and MAPE of 1.95%; for rice, RMSE of 0.5518 and MAPE of 7.55%. The model reduces RMSE by 21.83% to 56.93% compared to the next best decomposition-based LSTM models and significantly outperforms standard LSTM and WOA-LSTM benchmarks. These results validate the framework's robustness in capturing conflict-driven volatility spikes. The paper's primary contribution is the development of a Volatility-Driven Insecurity Index (VDII)—an operational early warning tool for humanitarian agencies and policymakers to anticipate and mitigate food insecurity in Nigeria.

Low learning quality and weak initial Academic Ability Test (Tes Kemampuan Akademik/TKA) results at SMP Negeri 1 Kendal (State Junior Secondary School 1, Kendal), Indonesia, were traced to slow, manual academic supervision with little concrete modeling for teachers. The 2024 Education Report Card recorded a Learning Quality score of 60.00 (Moderate), and an initial TKA Mathematics simulation of only 32.10. This paper describes the implementation and documented impact of the DITA-AI Strategy (Data-Driven, Insight-Generating with AI, Targeted Coaching, Action & Assessment), applied as part of the KAPAS GULA Module 125 teacher-capacity program in Kendal Regency. The study is a single-school, descriptive best-practice case study led by the school principal, comparing baseline (2024) and post-intervention (2025-2026) documentation, without a comparison group or inferential statistical testing. The strategy combined data-based diagnosis, structured prompt-engineering on generative-AI platforms to draft teaching modules and higher-order-thinking-skill (HOTS) item banks, and three-stage clinical supervision under a teacher-as-final-validator principle. Documented changes include a reduction in pre-supervision analysis time from 3-4 days to a principal-estimated 15-30 minutes per teacher; a rise in teachers delivering HOTS-based instruction from 35.00% to 87.50%; an increase in the Learning Quality indicator from 60.00 to 70.83; and higher mean TKA scores in Indonesian Language (65.60) and Mathematics (41.84), both above the national average. These findings are consistent with the strategy's effectiveness, but because the design is a single-site descriptive account without a control group, causal claims cannot be statistically confirmed and require further quasi-experimental or multi-school verification.

Due to their varied phytochemical makeup and possible cosmetic advantages, herbal compounds have drawn more attention in lip-care formulations. The development of various lip-care products can benefit from the moisturizing, antioxidant, calming, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and natural colouring qualities of various herbs and plant-derived compounds. The significance of herbal substances in lip care, their key characteristics, and their uses in different formulations are all outlined in this paper. It also covers the benefits and drawbacks of using herbal compounds, such as stability issues, standardization issues, and variations in phytochemical makeup. Additionally highlighted are recent advancements and potential future improvements in the application of sophisticated delivery technologies and enhanced scientific assessment of herbal compounds. All things considered, herbal substances are promising components for the creation of multipurpose, organically produced lip care solutions.

This study was conducted to find teachers' challenges in teaching reading. It followed the descriptive-correlational research design and was conducted in the elementary schools of Dangcagan District, Division of Bukidnon, SY 2023-2024. The respondents were all public school teachers. Complete Enumeration was used as a sampling procedure. A researcher-made survey questionnaire was used to gather data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency count, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test of significant difference, and Pearson r Product Moment Correlation Coefficient.
The research yielded the following findings: There was a Large Extent of challenge sexperienced by teachers in teaching reading. The interventions implemented to address the challenges experienced by teachers in teaching reading after the COVID-19 lockdown were rated as Effective. Most of the learners' level of oral reading skills in Dangcagan District, Division of Bukidnon, SY 2023-2024 were Instructional Readers.
Four factors, including student assistance, technology utilization, diverse reading resources, and parental partnerships, exhibit a highly significant positive correlation with students' reading proficiency at a high level of statistical significance. These findings indicate that these interventions have a beneficial effect on pupils' reading proficiency.
In light of the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered: Teachers need specific treatments and instructional techniques to assist these learners in enhancing their oral reading abilities. Teachers may prioritize assisting children, conducting lessons in small groups or individually, utilizing technology, providing reading materials, and enhancing collaborations with parents or guardians.
Teachers should concentrate on implementing specific tactics to assist these students. School heads may commit resources towards student support programs, facilitate the efficient utilization of technology in reading instruction, provide access to a wide range of reading materials, and foster active participation of parents in promoting their children's reading development.

This study examined the impact of computerized media on students’ English language learning in public secondary schools in Mbeya City, Tanzania. The study adopted a quantitative approach and descriptive research design to examine the perceived impact of computerized media on students’ English language learning. The study employed purposive sampling to select Form Three students and four public secondary schools that utilized computerized media. A sample of 242 out of 612 Form Three students was selected from four public secondary schools using the Yamane formula, whereby simple random sampling was used to select the number of students from each selected school. Grounded in Mayer’s Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning, data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, particularly frequencies and percentages. Findings revealed that computerized media had a significant positive impact on students’ English language learning by enhancing their language skills and lesson engagement. However, significant challenges constrained effective utilization of computerized media, including poor internet connectivity, unreliable electricity, limited digital skills, authority restrictions and limited access to devices. The study concludes that computerized media significantly improves English language learning; however, their educational potential depends on reliable digital infrastructure, adequate devices and students’ digital competencies.

The present research focuses on the formulation and evaluation of nanocrystals of Losartan Potassium to enhance its solubility and bioavailability, utilizing the antisolvent precipitation technique. Losartan Potassium, an antihypertensive agent, belongs to Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Class II drugs, characterized by low aqueous solubility and high permeability. To overcome its solubility limitations, nanocrystals were prepared using a bottom-up antisolvent precipitation method, employing stabilizers to prevent agglomeration and promote uniform particle size. The prepared nanocrystals were characterized by particle size analysis, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to assess their physical and chemical properties. In vitro solubility and dissolution studies demonstrated a significant improvement in the solubility and dissolution rate of the nanocrystals compared to the pure drug. The results indicate that the antisolvent precipitation technique is an effective and scalable approach for enhancing the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs like Losartan Potassium.

This study examined Monetary Incentive and the performance of selected small and medium scale enterprise, Abuja Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the effect of Wages and Bonus on performance of selected small and medium scale enterprise in Abuja Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted for the study. The research focused on employees of selected small and medium scale enterprise, Abuja Nigeria, with a total population of 653 employees. The sample size of 251 respondents was determined using Taro Yamane’s formula. The study relied on primary data, with a structured questionnaire serving as the instrument for data collection. Regression was employed to test the formulated hypotheses, using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 25). The study found that Wages and Bonus, all statistically had significant positive effects on the performance of selected small and medium scale enterprise, Abuja, Nigeria. The study concluded that, competitive and well-structured compensation serves as a key motivator, employee commitment, productivity, and overall performance of selected small and medium scale enterprise, Abuja. Based on these findings, it was recommended that the management of selected small and medium scale enterprise Abuja, Nigeria should ensure that wages and bonus are aligned with organisational standards to improved overall performance.

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in educational applications for tutoring, question generation, formative feedback, summarization, programming assistance, and learning support. However, model performance is strongly influenced by how tasks are specified through prompts. This paper presents a comparative framework for evaluating prompt engineering techniques in educational scenarios. Five prompting strategies—zero-shot, few-shot, structured role-and-constraint prompting, reasoning-oriented prompting, and retrieval-augmented/context-grounded prompting—are compared using a common evaluation protocol. The framework evaluates response correctness, relevance, pedagogical alignment, groundedness, hallucination tendency, consistency, and prompt efficiency. Rather than claiming universal superiority of one technique, the study analyzes task-dependent trade-offs and proposes a reproducible evaluation matrix for educational LLM systems. Recent literature indicates that simple prompting remains useful for low-complexity tasks, demonstrations and structured prompts can improve task alignment, reasoning-oriented prompting can support complex problem solving, and retrieval-grounded approaches can improve grounding when authoritative course material is available. The paper concludes with recommendations for selecting prompting strategies according to educational task characteristics and identifies directions for automated prompt optimization and human-centered evaluation.

The investigation was based on using rice husk ash as filler(reinforcement) with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight of the LDPE binder with average melting point of 1100C (sachet water nylon). RHA was obtained by burning the Rice husk at 6000C for 2 hours and later grinded after cooling and sieved using 300micron sieve to obtained a very finer material. A mix ratio of 1:4 was adopted in producing the pavement block. The laboratory tests conducted for both the materials and pavement blocks include specific gravity, particle size distribution (sieve analysis), chemical composition of RHA, temperature resistivity test, water absorption and chemical resistivity test. The specific gravity of the fine aggregate and RHA was 2.64 and 2.17 respectively, with the fine aggregate classified under zone II. The sieve analysis confirmed the fine aggregate as well graded and suitable for manufacturing. Key findings include a significant improvement in compressive strength with optimal RHA dossage at 15%, leading to an enhancement of up to 33% compared to conventional blocks. Also, the Temperature resistance analysis indicated that blocks with 15% RHA retained higher compressive strength than controls after 1 and 2 hours at 50°C, though extended exposure led to strength reductions or even collapse. The highest notable water absorption was 4.18% at control, decreases as the content of RHA was increases. The study further revealed that RHA enhances chemical Resistance, with blocks showing increased in compressive strength when exposed to hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, improving by (18N/mm2 and 19N/mm2) 20% and 31.6% respectively compared to controls. These findings underscore the potential of RHA as a sustainable additive in pavement block manufacturing, enhancing durability under various environmental conditions.

Market failures occur when goods and services alocated through market mechanisms results in inefficient outcomes that fail to maximize social welfare.These failures may arise from various sources,which includes externalities publicgoods,information asymmetry,monopoly power,and factor immobility.Market failure have disadvantages for economic development because they distort how resources are allocated,reduces production,deject investment,and enhance inequality.While competitive markets are generally expected to allocate resources efficiently,numerous studies point out that market imperfections often prevent economies from achieving best possible outcomes(Stiglitz,2000; Mankiw,2021).This article examines the impact of market failures on economic development by reviewing theoretical and empirical literature from different scholars. The article is based on welfare, economics, Public Goods Theory, Externality Theory information Asymmetry Theory,and Institutional Theory to explain how market imperfections affect growthand development. The article reveals that negative externalities, monopolistic practices,insufficient provision of public goods, and information asymmetry contribute extensively to inefficiencies in how goods are produced and sfects the level of the production and consumption. These, distortions avertinnovation level which leads to low level of ,productivity,andaggravate poverty and inequality, particularly in global south economies(Acemoglu& Robinson2012,Rodrik2018).This article concludes that there must be effective government intervention necessary to correct market failures and promote sustainable growth.Policiesintend at regulating monopolies, improving information transparency,strengthening institutions, and investing in public goods which should be an essential goal for achieving long-term economic development and social welfare.The article contributes to existing literature by integrating theoretical perspectives and pragmaticproof to provide a complete understanding of the relationship between market failures and economic development.

Fungal infections affecting the skin, hair, and nails are among the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide and continue to increase due to immunosuppression, antimicrobial resistance, and environmental factors. Conventional antifungal therapies often suffer from toxicity, resistance, and limited efficacy. Therefore, the development of novel antimicrobial systems is essential. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as potent antimicrobial agents because of their broad-spectrum activity, multi-target mechanisms, and low incidence of microbial resistance. The present study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles using Aconitum ferox root extract through a green synthesis approach and formulate them into a topical gel for antifungal application. Root extracts were prepared using hydroalcoholic extraction after defatting with petroleum ether. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, proteins, carbohydrates, glycosides, and diterpenes. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents were estimated using aluminium chloride and Folin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively. AgNPs were biosynthesized using varying concentrations of silver nitrate and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, particle size analysis, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency studies. The nanoparticle-loaded gel was prepared using Carbopol 940 and evaluated for physicochemical properties including pH, spreadability, viscosity, extrudability, drug content, and in vitro drug release. Antifungal activity was assessed by the well diffusion method using potato dextrose agar medium. The formulated AgNP gel demonstrated promising antifungal activity, suggesting that Aconitum ferox-mediated silver nanoparticles may serve as an effective topical antifungal delivery system.

Background: Immunomodulation maintains immune homeostasis by regulating innate and adaptive responses; dysregulation of immunomodulation contributes to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Homoeopathic medicines may influence cytokines, immune cells, inflammation and gene expression.
Objective: To review the evidence on immunomodulatory effects of homoeopathic medicines from experimental, preclinical and clinical studies.
Methods: We conducted a PRISMA 2020-based review of peer-reviewed in vitro, animal and clinical studies that assessed outcomes including cytokines, immune cells, inflammatory markers, antibodies and gene expression.
Results: Evidence suggests possible regulation of cytokines, restoration of Th1/Th2 balance, activation of immune cells and reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress. Animal and in vitro studies showed increased immunity and alterations in inflammatory mediators. Clinical data demonstrated symptomatic and biomarker improvement.
Conclusion: Experimental findings suggest immunomodulatory potential, but robust clinical trials are needed.

Maize production plays a critical role in ensuring food security, economic growth, and agricultural sustainability in developing countries, where maize is a major staple crop. Yet maize yield prediction remains difficult because of the complex interactions among soil characteristics, rainfall, temperature, and other climatic and management variables. This study develops and compares five supervised machine learning models, Linear Regression, Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest Regression, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), for predicting maize yield from soil nutrient composition and weather data collected from farms in Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria, between 2020 and 2025. Model inputs included soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, pH and organic carbon, alongside rainfall, temperature and relative humidity; data were cleaned, Min-Max normalised, and split 80:20 into training and test sets. Model performance was evaluated using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and the coefficient of determination (R²). Linear Regression achieved an R² of 0.72; SVR, 0.83; Random Forest, 0.88; ANN, 0.93; and XGBoost, the best-performing model, an R² of 0.95 with the lowest error values (MAE = 0.19, RMSE = 0.29). Feature-importance analysis identified rainfall (28%) and nitrogen (25%) as the strongest predictors, followed by temperature, phosphorus, potassium and humidity. These results confirm that ensemble and deep-learning approaches outperform conventional statistical methods for maize yield forecasting and that soil fertility and rainfall jointly determine productivity. The study recommends integrating the model into a farmer-facing decision-support tool and expanding data collection to strengthen future predictions.

English communication competence is an essential component of graduate employability, particularly in engineering education, where technical knowledge must be communicated effectively in academic and professional contexts. Rural engineering students may face challenges due to limited exposure to English-speaking environments, fewer opportunities for practice, and lack of confidence. This study examines the communication competence of rural engineering students and explores its relationship with employability. It focuses on speaking, listening, reading, writing, pronunciation, vocabulary, presentations, group discussions, interviews, and professional writing. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach using a structured questionnaire, classroom observations, and interviews with English faculty. It also investigates barriers such as communication anxiety, vocabulary limitations, mother-tongue influence, and inadequate opportunities for authentic interaction. The study proposes an employability-oriented framework integrating needs analysis, language practice, workplace tasks, feedback, and reflective assessment to strengthen students’ communication competence and improve their readiness for professional employment.

This study investigated how combining educational technology (EdTech) with traditional laboratory equipment affects STEM competency among secondary school students in Nigeria. Conducted over 12 weeks, it involved 227 senior secondary students (112 control; 115 experimental) from six government schools in Maiduguri, Borno State, using a quasi-experimental design with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The experimental group used virtual laboratory simulations, digital microscopes, augmented reality modules, smart sensors, and data-logging devices alongside conventional science equipment. Structural relationships among EdTech integration, laboratory usage, student engagement, science learning outcomes, and STEM competency were examined across six hypotheses. Results showed excellent model fit (CFI = 0.963; RMSEA = 0.048). EdTech integration strongly predicted student engagement (β = 0.71) and science learning outcomes (β = 0.43), while laboratory equipment usage predicted learning outcomes (β = 0.64) and engagement (β = 0.38). Both mediators significantly predicted STEM competency. Experimental group post-test scores Biology (78.6%), Chemistry (76.2%), and Physics (80.1%), notably exceeded control group scores.

Secondary education is a developmental stage of education that shapes the perception and knowledge of children all over the world including Nigeria, and the management of safety and health in schools is essential for creating safe and healthy learning environments for learners and staff. The aim of this research was to assess the health and safety practices in selected secondary schools in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study used a cross-sectional survey design. Purposive sampling was used in the selection of schools based on their field of study (science and technology), location (urban), size (large), and type (public and private). The respondents used were science and technology teachers and students, and they were selected through simple random sampling. Copies of safety awareness questionnaires were used to collect data which were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques which included frequencies and percentages presented in tables. Overall, the study indicated a reasonable positive level of awareness among students and teachers regarding health and safety hazards in school. Revealed significant gaps in safety practices within schools, found an overwhelming consensus among students and teachers regarding the importance of health and safety in schools, and identified the numerous benefits of implementing effective safety practices in schools. The data interpretation showed that there is a significant positive correlation between the level of awareness among the teachers and students about the health and safety hazards and the implementation of effective safety practices within schools. It was recommended that there is a need to prioritize safety as a core value, providing comprehensive training to all staff and students. Encouraging a safety culture, involving students in decision-making, and conducting regular safety audits are essential to identifying and addressing potential hazards. Developing and implementing comprehensive emergency response plans, particularly for students with special needs, is also crucial. Policymakers to allocate enough funding to support safety programs, create clear guidelines and regulations, and encourage collaboration between stakeholders.

This paper presents the development of a robust H∞ Power System Stabilizer (PSS) using a Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) approach to enhance the dynamic stability of the Nigerian 330 kV transmission network. A detailed 54-bus, 13-generator multi-machine model was developed using real network data and linearised around its operating point obtained through Newton–Raphson load flow analysis. The H∞ control problem was formulated using a mixed-sensitivity framework and solved as an LMI optimisation problem to obtain a centralised dynamic output-feedback controller. The controller was evaluated under small-signal disturbances using time-domain and frequency-domain analyses. Simulation results demonstrated significant improvements in system damping, voltage regulation, and oscillation suppression. The minimum damping ratio was substantially increased, rotor speed deviations were reduced from ±0.05 p.u. to below ±0.02 p.u., and settling times were improved to approximately 3 to 5 seconds. Furthermore, voltage violations observed in the uncompensated network were effectively mitigated, with most bus voltages maintained within acceptable operating limits. The results confirm that the LMI-based H∞ PSS provides superior robustness and stability enhancement compared with conventional stabiliser approaches, making it a viable solution for improving the reliability and operational security of the Nigerian interconnected power system.

Ethnomedicinal plants are medicinal plants used by the indigenous communities, tribes or local inhabitants for therapeutic purposes. They’re part of traditional medicine passed down through generations, relaying on traditional knowledge and cultural practices rather than scientific methods.Jaundice is a prevalent symptom of liver dysfunction. It is one of the medical conditions related to liver dysfunction, hemolytic disorders, and biliary obstruction, where the skin and eyes turn yellow due to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood.Ethnomedicinal plants have been being used for centuries to manage jaundice, offering a promising alternative or adjunct therapy even as conventional treatments are available. Traditional formulations typically combine multiple plant species or specific plant parts, enhancing efficacy and reducing bilirubin levels. From the bitter root of “Picrorhizakurroa” to the anti-oxidant rich leaves of “Phyllanthus amarus”, these plants have been being used for centuries to soothe the liver.Notable species with reported therapeutic efficacy are Tinospora Cordifolia, Phyllanthus niruri, Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, Ricinus communis, Boerhaviadiffusa, and Justicaadhatoda. Traditional preparations involved decoctions, leaf juices, powders, and combinations with ghee, honey, or milk, administered orally or topically for periods ranging from 5 to 14 days. A comprehensive analysis of existing literature reveals a diverse array of plants with hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, masking them significant in traditional system like Ayurveda, which may contribute their therapeutic efficacy. Ethnomedicinal plants can facilitate the development of cost-effective, accessible, and culturally acceptable therapeutic agents for treating jaundice. This review highlights the enduring relevance and therapeutic promise of ethnomedicinal plants in managing jaundice and liver disorders. It explores plants traditionally used to treat jaundice, covering the plant organs used, methods of preparation, ethnomedicinal uses, and their bioactive compounds.

Successful adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) depends on more than technical installation; it depends on the beliefs, attitudes, and organizational conditions of the clinical workforce expected to use the system. This study assessed the perception and attitude of health workers toward EHR adoption at State Specialist Hospital, Lisaluwa, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria, examining perception, attitude, facilitating conditions, perceived barriers, and behavioral intention together, and their inter-relationships, among the hospital's clinical workforce.
An institution-based descriptive cross-sectional design with an analytical component was employed. Of 420 questionnaires distributed to clinical health workers across seven cadres, using Cochran's formula for sample-size determination, 357 were returned complete and analysed, a response rate of 85.0%. The structured, validated instrument (Cronbach's alpha 0.869–0.950 across scales) measured perception (15 items), attitude (10 items), facilitating conditions (8 items), perceived barriers (10 items), and behavioral intention (5 items). Data were analysed descriptively and inferentially in SPSS, including Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression with heteroscedasticity-consistent (HC3) standard errors, a Yates-corrected chi-square test, and Welch's one-way ANOVA.
Positive perception was recorded among 236 respondents (66.1%), 231 (64.7%) had a favourable attitude, and 221 (61.9%) had high behavioral intention. Mean scores were 3.77 (SD = 0.74) for perception, 3.72 (SD = 0.78) for attitude, 3.43 (SD = 0.79) for facilitating conditions, 3.36 (SD = 0.81) for perceived barriers, and 3.68 (SD = 0.81) for behavioral intention. Behavioral intention correlated positively with perception (r = .513), attitude (r = .583), and facilitating conditions (r = .329), and negatively with perceived barriers (r = −.425; all p < .001). The regression model explained 54.0% of the variance in intention (F(7,349) = 58.62, p < .001; adjusted R² = .531). Attitude (β = .369), computer proficiency (β = .295), perceived barriers (β = −.201), and facilitating conditions (β = .150) remained independently significant predictors, whereas perception, formal computer training, and prior EHR use did not remain significant after adjustment. Formal computer training was associated with high intention at the bivariate level (OR = 2.12, 95% CI [1.37, 3.28]).
The results indicate broad, conditional support for EHR adoption at the study hospital, but willingness is closely tied to digital competence and credible organizational support rather than to general approval alone. The hospital should prioritize competency-based training, workflow preparation, reliable connectivity, clear operating policies, and phased implementation with sustained technical support to translate this favourable disposition into effective, routine use.

This paper examines the manifestation and dynamics of case conflict in Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o’s Devil on the Cross (1980) and Festus Iyayi’s Violence (1979), with a focus on economic inequality, gender oppression, ideological manipulation, and the development of resistance and consciousness. Employing a qualitative, comparative literary analysis, the paper integrates textual evidence from both novels under thematic categories: economic and class conflict, gender conflict, ideological conflict, and resistance and consciousness, and leans on Marxist and postcolonial theoretical frameworks to interpret the social, political, and psychological dimensions of conflict. The analysis reveals that economic disparity and structural inequality serve as primary sources of tension, while patriarchal and ideological systems reinforce oppression and obscure the mechanisms of exploitation. Again, both writers’ narrative strategies - Ngũgĩ utilizes satire and allegory, and Iyayi employs social realism – vividly expose systemic injustice, and the lived experiences of the oppressed. The paper argues that Ngugi and Iyayi, through their major characters, Wariinga in Devil on the Cross and Idemudia and Adisa in Violence, demonstrate that conflict catalyzes awareness, ethical reflection, and forms of resistance, whether overt or subtle. This paper concludes that literature not only reflects societal inequities but also serves as a medium for critical reflection and socio-political engagement, and that class, gender and ideology are the wheel upon which case conflict spins in African literature .The paper recommends among others, that the case conflict in African Literature should be approached from a comparative and interdisciplinary perspective to uncover how historical, political, cultural, economic and religious underpinnings engender Class, gender and ideological conflicts.

Event-streaming platforms such as Apache Kafka guarantee ordering only within a single partition, yet production pipelines routinely fan events out across many partitions, where causal relationships between events are silently lost. Logical clocks restore causal reasoning, but their relative cost and correctness under realistic streaming conditions have not been quantified. This paper presents causality-bench, a benchmark harness that empirically compares Lamport clocks, vector clocks, and hybrid logical clocks (HLC), together with a Kafka-offset baseline, across five research questions: header overhead, CPU cost, skew-induced mis-ordering, stream-join correctness, and causal-graph replay fidelity. Every experiment runs on two transports, an in-process simulator and a real single-node Kafka (KRaft) broker, allowing transport effects to be isolated. Vector clocks are the only mechanism that maintains 0% mis-ordering at every skew level and achieves recall = precision = 1.000 in causal replay at every partition count, at a header cost that grows linearly with node count. The central empirical finding is that HLC's safe operating window relative to Lamport clocks is transport-dependent: HLC mis-orders fewer event pairs than Lamport only below approximately 375 ms of injected clock skew in-process, but only below approximately 60 ms over a real broker, a roughly six-fold narrowing caused by real delivery jitter. These results provide practitioners with measured decision thresholds for selecting a causality mechanism in partitioned streaming systems.

The increasing use of digital transformation has raised expectations for better organizational competitiveness and performance among companies listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE).However, many companies listed on the exchange continue to face issues such as falling profitability, low returns on assets and equity, inefficient operations, and limited growth. These problems were linked to increasing operating costs, fluctuating exchange rates, high interest rates, and stronger competition. In response, many firms invested substantially in digital transformation initiatives to enhance competitiveness. Nevertheless, the varying performance outcomes among firms undertaking similar digital transformation initiatives still remains a major concern for the firms. This study sought to investigate the effect of digital transformation on firm the operational performance of firms listed in the NSE. The study was anchored on Dynamic Capabilities Theory and used a positivist research approach with a correlational design.The focus was on NSE-listed firms, with top management executives serving as key sources of information.Data was gathered using structured electronic questionnaires sent to a systematically selected sample of executives from listed firms. The results showed that digital transformation had a positive and statistically significant effect on firm performance (β = 0.572, p < 0.001), explaining 32.7% of the variation in firm performance (R² = 0.327).Among its components, Digital Technology Adoption (β = 0.297, p < 0.001) and Digital Culture (β = 0.254, p = 0.002) significantly improved firm performance, while Digital Process Integration (β = 0.103, p = 0.209) had a positive but statistically insignificant effect, indicating that technology adoption and a supportive digital culture contribute more directly to better organizational performance than process integration alone. The study recommends that management of companies listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange should strengthen investments in comprehensive digital transformation initiatives by prioritizing the adoption of modern digital technologies while simultaneously fostering a digital organizational culture that encourages innovation, continuous learning, employee empowerment, and effective digital leadership.

Genetic algorithm-finite element streamflow-based optimization model application was developed and applied for the Upper Ebonyi Watershed. To assess the performance capability of the model, hydrograph of the simulated and the optimized for the downstream phase of the watershed were compared with measured hydrograph, and statistically analyzed using three efficiency criteria: coefficient of determination , Nash Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient , and index of agreement The comparison of the simulated hydrograph with the measured gave efficiency criteria values of and respectively for coefficient of determination , Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency and Index of agreement , while the optimized hydrograph with measured hydrograph gave efficiency values of and respectively, showing an improvement of and respectively with optimization techniques. The simulated and optimized hydrographs were similar, with efficiency values of and respectively for , and . From the efficiency criteria results obtained, the incorporation of an optimization capability improved the model prediction, and the model is relatively satisfactory considering the fact that no model can be said to be absolutely perfect as there often uncertainties (errors) still inherent in such a model.

Introduction: Problematic social media scrolling is an emerging public health concern among adolescents and young adults. Although it is not yet recognized as a formal diagnostic category by the DSM-5-TR or the ICD-11, this behavior is increasingly studied through the lens of behavioral addiction models. This study aimed to describe scrolling habits in adolescents and young adults and to examine their psychological correlates and their association with sleep and life satisfaction.
Methods: This descriptive and analytical, quantitative study included 110 participants aged 15 to 22 years, recruited online through social media platforms. Data were collected using the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), the Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMO), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and study-specific self-control and post-scrolling satisfaction scales. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine associations among variables, with significance set at P < 0.05.
Results: The mean BSMAS score was 19.7 (SD 4.8), close to the commonly used cut-off of 19 for problematic use. Ninety percent of participants reported at least mild insomnia, and a majority reported low to average life satisfaction. FoMO, BSMAS, and self-control scores all decreased with age. Significant correlations were found between BSMAS scores, FoMO, self-control, sleep difficulties, and life satisfaction (all P < 0.05). An at-risk profile emerged, characterized by younger age (15-17 years), high FoMO, low self-control, use of more than three platforms, and scrolling distributed throughout the day.
Conclusions: Problematic scrolling among adolescents and young adults is closely associated with fear of missing out, poor self-control, sleep disturbance, and reduced life satisfaction, consistent with mechanisms described in behavioral addiction frameworks, particularly the developmental mismatch between reward sensitivity and prefrontal control. These findings support targeted screening of younger adolescents and routine clinical assessment of scrolling habits when sleep complaints or life dissatisfaction are reported.

This study examines the effect of firms' perception of government tax officials' corruption on their tax compliance perception in Nigeria, using trust in the tax authority, perceived fairness of the tax system, and tax morale as sequential mediating mechanisms. Anchored on fiscal exchange theory and the slippery slope framework, a structural model comprising five reflective constructs — Perceived Corruption of Tax Officials (PCTO), Trust in Tax Authority (TTA), Perceived Fairness of the Tax System (PFTS), Tax Morale (TM), and Tax Compliance Perception (TCP) — was estimated using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) on data from 385 registered firms operating across Nigeria's six geopolitical zones. The measurement model demonstrated satisfactory convergent validity (average variance extracted ranging from 0.576 to 0.677) and internal consistency reliability (composite reliability ranging from 0.870 to 0.893), while the Fornell-Larcker criterion and heterotrait-monotrait ratio confirmed discriminant validity across constructs. The structural model results indicate that perceived corruption of tax officials significantly and negatively predicts both trust in the tax authority (β = -0.308, p < .001) and perceived fairness of the tax system (β = -0.264, p < .001), and exerts a direct negative effect on tax compliance perception (β = -0.175, p < .001). Trust and fairness both positively predict tax morale, which in turn is the strongest positive predictor of tax compliance perception (β = 0.366, p < .001). The model explains 34.9% of the variance in tax compliance perception. The findings extend the fiscal-exchange and slippery-slope literatures to a firm-level, corruption-salient developing-economy context and suggest that anti-corruption reform within revenue agencies is a precondition, rather than a substitute, for morale-based voluntary compliance strategies. Practical and policy implications for the Federal Inland Revenue Service, state internal revenue services, and firm-level tax administration reforms in North-East Nigeria are discussed.

Background: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multisystem genetic disorder characterized by hamartomatous lesions affecting multiple organs. Beyond its neurological manifestations, TSC is frequently associated with a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders, collectively referred to as TSC-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), behavioural disturbances, and psychiatric comorbidities. These manifestations represent a major source of disability but remain under-recognized and often undertreated.
Case presentation: We report the case of a 13-year-old boy, the youngest of three siblings, born to non-consanguineous parents with no family history of TSC or neurodevelopmental disorders. Early psychomotor development was initially reassuring, with emergence of expressive language and reciprocal social interaction before two years of age. He subsequently developed recurrent seizures that never achieved sustained control despite several successive antiseizure-medication combinations, evolving into drug-resistant epilepsy (currently generalized tonic-clonic seizures). Developmental regression followed, with loss of language, impaired social communication, stereotyped behaviours, and marked intolerance to change. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple cortical tubers and subependymal nodules, and dermatological examination identified hypomelanotic macules, confetti skin lesions, and facial angiofibromas, fulfilling the 2021 International TSC clinical diagnostic criteria for definite TSC; molecular genetic testing was not performed. At three years of age, ASD (DSM-5, supported by ADI-R and ADOS) and severe ID (uniformly very low adaptive functioning on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales) were diagnosed. Despite intensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation, clinical improvement remained minimal. During adolescence, the clinical picture became dominated by severe TAND: non-verbal ASD, persistent intellectual disability, repetitive head-banging requiring protective measures, and frequent heteroaggression. Management was particularly challenging because drug-resistant epilepsy limited pharmacological options, while serial follow-up MRI demonstrated progression of cerebral lesions, leading to evaluation for epilepsy surgery.
Conclusion: This case highlights the complex interplay between progressive TSC, early drug-resistant epilepsy, developmental regression, and severe neuropsychiatric comorbidities. It emphasizes that TAND may become the predominant source of long-term disability and underscores the need for early multidisciplinary assessment, systematic psychiatric evaluation, and individualized therapeutic strategies in children with TSC.

Okposi, Ogbaland (Ali-Ogba), Rivers State, Nigeria. The study situates the festival within the historical, social, ecological and cultural experiences of the Ogba people and examines the ways in which its masquerade performances, symbolic objects, costumes, music and communal practices function as carriers of collective memory and indigenous knowledge. Drawing on primary and secondary sources, and guided by a sociological approach to the relationship between cultural expression and society, the study identifies major challenges to the continuity of the festival, including cultural erosion, religious reinterpretation, urbanisation and migration, the decline of traditional artefacts and skills, and the homogenisation of masquerade costumes. It further argues that the sustainability of Nchaka depends on more than the annual continuation of performances: it requires the preservation and transmission of the meanings, skills, materials and communal values embedded in the festival. The study therefore proposes documentation and digital archiving, the revival of indigenous textile production, community-based cultural education, youth participation, and carefully managed festival modernisation as complementary strategies. It also highlights the cultural, environmental, educational and socio-economic dimensions of sustainability. The study concludes that safeguarding Nchaka is inseparable from safeguarding Ogba cultural identity, historical memory and intergenerational continuity. A balanced approach that preserves culturally significant elements while responding to contemporary realities is necessary for the festival's continued relevance.

This study examines Alice Walker’s The Color Purple through neurowomanism and epistemic resistance. It argues that the novel represents Black women’s oppression not only as a social and cultural condition but also as an embodied and cognitive experience shaped by trauma, silence, memory, and relational life. Womanism provides the study’s ethical and epistemological foundation, while trauma theory, critical neuroscience, and neuroplasticity provide concepts for interpreting the novel’s representations of psychological change. The study focuses on Celie’s movement from enforced silence to self-definition and considers how Shug Avery, Sofia, and Nettie contribute to processes of healing, resistance, and knowledge recovery. It further argues that Celie’s letters constitute a form of epistemic resistance because they preserve experiences that patriarchal structures attempt to suppress. Shug’s affirmation, alternative spirituality, and intimate relationship with Celie disrupt inherited assumptions about the body and female desire, while Sofia’s resistance exposes the violence used to discipline nonconforming Black womanhood. Nettie’s letters restore family history and widen Celie’s understanding of the world. The study concludes that healing in the novel involves more than the end of physical violence: it entails the recovery of voice, the reinterpretation of the body, the reconstruction of memory, and the reclamation of epistemic authority. Neurowomanism therefore offers a useful interdisciplinary vocabulary for reading the interconnected psychological, embodied, relational, spiritual, and material dimensions of Black women’s transformation.

In most tropical climates, Eryngium foetidum L., a biennial herb, is widely utilized as a medicinal plant. It is becoming more and more significant as a spice plant that is grown in Australia, Vietnam, India, and other countries using well-established methods for optimum output. Additionally, it has several ethnomedical applications, such as treating burns, earaches, fevers, hypertension, constipation, fits, asthma, stomachaches, worms, problems with infertility, snake bites, diarrhoea, and malaria. It was evident that the growing plant&#39;s geographic location affected the essential oil&#39;s composition variability. The plant&#39;s attributed to its abundance of bioactive components, which include phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, essential oils, and vitamins. Eryngium foetidum has been shown through scientific research to possess antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anticancer, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective qualities. The plant is widely used as a culinary herb and as a source of pharmacological and nutraceutical compounds in addition to its therapeutic use. All things considered, Eryngiun. foetidum is a useful medicinal plant with enormous potential for the creation of cutting-edge therapeutic medicines and functional health products.

Known as "Lajjalu" in Northern India, Biophytum sensitivum DC. (Family: Oxalidaceae) is an annual herb that grows in the Himalayan foothills. In addition to being used as a tonic, stimulant, and to cure stomachaches, asthma, sleeplessness, convulsions, cramps, chest complaints, inflammations, tumors, and chronic skin conditions, this indigenous medication is used to treat "Madhumeha," or diabetes mellitus. Numerous pharmacological properties, including anti-tumor, antipyretic, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, antiulcer, radio-protective, larvicidal, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, have been scientifically tested. Phytochemical investigations revealed that the main components were phenolic compounds and flavonoids. It contains antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, radio protective, anti-hypertensive, antiangiogenics, chemoprevention, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory, according to a recent pharmacological study. The goal of this effort is to assemble a review of this plant's macroscopic features, chemical components, pharmacological reports, clinical trials, formulations.

Sexual harassment at the workplace remains a significant barrier to women's equal and dignified participation in the workforce. This paper examines the nature and prevalence of workplace sexual harassment, with particular focus on India, where the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (POSH Act) provides the principal legal framework. Drawing on the Vishaka Guidelines that preceded the Act, corporate disclosure data, and recent policy developments including the SHe-Box portal and 2025 corporate reporting mandates, the paper analyses the forms and drivers of workplace harassment, the functioning of Internal Committees (ICs), persistent implementation gaps, and the consequences of harassment for individuals and organisations. It concludes with recommendations to strengthen prevention, reporting, and redressal mechanisms.

Domestic violence against women remains one of the most pervasive human rights violations in India, cutting across class, caste, religion, and region. Drawing on data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–21), National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reports, and peer-reviewed literature, this paper examines the prevalence, forms, and socio-cultural determinants of domestic violence in India. It reviews the legal framework governing domestic violence, including the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA) and the criminal provisions under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS), which replaced the Indian Penal Code in July 2024. The paper further discusses the health, economic, and intergenerational consequences of domestic violence, the gaps in enforcement and access to justice, and concludes with policy recommendations aimed at prevention, protection, and rehabilitation.

Technological sovereignty has transformed the core paradigms of global statecraft, shifting classical conflicts over physical geography into highly contested digital and material supply vulnerabilities. This article explores the systemic intersection of international trade law, national security sanctions, and resource nationalism within the global semiconductor ecosystem. Focusing primarily on the structural rivalry between the United States and the People's Republic of China, it examines how the weaponization of advanced microchip exports and semiconductor lithography restrictions is met with corresponding resource blockades on critical rare earth minerals, specifically Gallium and Germanium. In response to this bilateral decoupling, India has positioned its strategic landscape through the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) to transition from an downstream assembling outpost to an independent commercial chip design and manufacturing hub. This paper outlines the cross-border legal challenges, structural interdependence, and a modular framework designed to introduce academic curricula to modern techno-nationalism.

Non-invasive brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) translate scalp- or externally measured neural activity into commands, communication, or feedback without breaching the nervous system. Their accessibility and safety make them central to assistive communication, neurorehabilitation, cognitive assessment, and emerging human–computer interaction; nevertheless, weak and non-stationary signals, artifacts, calibration burden, and limited cross-subject generalization continue to restrict dependable deployment. This review integrates the technological, algorithmic, clinical, and governance dimensions of non-invasive BCI. It compares electroencephalography (EEG), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and hybrid systems; explains acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction, decoding, and feedback; and evaluates classical machine learning, compact deep networks, transformers, self-supervised learning, and generative decoders. Particular attention is given to motor imagery, P300, steady-state visually evoked potentials, EEG-to-text translation, and fMRI-based visual reconstruction. The review argues that artificial intelligence can compensate for—but cannot repeal—the information limits imposed by non-invasive sensing. Reliable progress therefore requires leakage-resistant evaluation, uncertainty estimation, multimodal co-design, privacy-preserving learning, transparent human oversight, and longitudinal clinical validation. A layered roadmap is proposed for calibration-light, adaptive, secure, and clinically accountable closed-loop BCIs.

Physical education has become an increasingly important component of education systems worldwide because of its contribution to healthy living, social cohesion, and sustainable development. In Tanzania, the increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases, physical inactivity, social inequalities, and youth unemployment has intensified the need to strengthen physical education as a strategic tool for improving individual well-being and community development. This article examines the role of physical education in promoting health, social inclusion, and sustainable community development in Tanzania. The study employed a qualitative review design through an extensive analysis of peer-reviewed journal articles, government policy documents, and publications from international organizations. The review reveals that physical education contributes significantly to improving physical fitness, reducing the prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases, enhancing mental health, promoting emotional well-being, and encouraging lifelong healthy behaviours. Furthermore, physical education strengthens social inclusion by fostering teamwork, mutual respect, gender equality, disability inclusion, leadership, conflict resolution, and intercultural understanding among learners and community members. The findings further indicate that physical education contributes to sustainable community development by promoting youth empowerment, sports entrepreneurship, employment creation, environmental conservation, volunteerism, community participation, and social cohesion. Despite these significant contributions, implementation of physical education programmes in Tanzania continues to face numerous challenges, including inadequate sports facilities, shortage of qualified physical education teachers, insufficient teaching and learning resources, limited financial investment, overcrowded school curricula, and inadequate policy implementation. The article is guided by Human Capital Theory and Social Ecological Theory, which explain how investments in physical education improve human capabilities while creating supportive social environments that promote sustainable development. The article concludes that physical education is not merely an academic subject but a strategic investment for improving public health, strengthening inclusive societies, and accelerating sustainable community development in Tanzania. It recommends increased government investment in sports infrastructure, strengthening teacher education programmes, promoting community awareness regarding the value of physical education, integrating physical activity into community development initiatives, and enhancing collaboration among educational institutions, sports organizations, local governments, and development partners.

This research evaluates the paradigm shift in India’s statutory maternal protection framework, moving from welfare-centric safeguarding under the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, to an outcome-driven focus on female workforce retention through the Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017. While the 2017 Amendment introduced progressive mandates—extending paid leave from 12 to 26 weeks, introducing crèche facilities, and recognizing adoptive and commissioning mothers—its long-term efficacy in sustaining Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP) remains contested.
Through a comparative legislative and economic analysis, this paper examines how enhanced statutory protections intersect with market realities. The findings indicate a critical structural paradox: by placing the full financial and operational burden of expanded benefits exclusively on employers rather than through a shared social security fund, the 2017 Amendment has unintentionally incentivized discrimination in hiring practices against women of childbearing age, particularly within small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Furthermore, the benefits remain largely localized to the formal sector, leaving over 90% of India’s female workforce in the informal and gig economies effectively excluded.
This study advocates for a policy transition toward government-subsidized social insurance models and the statutory introduction of gender-neutral parental leave to decouple maternity costs from hiring decisions, ultimately aligning legal protections with sustainable female workforce retention.

The rapid proliferation of mobile gaming platforms among youth populations has created a fertile environment for a diverse spectrum of cybersecurity threats, ranging from malware embedded in unofficial application packages to sophisticated social engineering schemes conducted through in-game chat systems. This paper presents a comprehensive threat analysis of the mobile gaming ecosystem, systematically categorizing vulnerabilities across four dimensions: technical infrastructure, application-layer design, behavioral and social engineering vectors, and regulatory or privacy gaps. Drawing on a review of documented incidents, platform architecture patterns, and existing detection methodologies, the study identifies malicious software distribution, in-app purchase fraud, excessive data collection by third-party software development kits (SDKs), account takeover through credential stuffing, and predatory contact through voice or text chat as the most prevalent and consequential risks facing adolescent users. The paper further evaluates current defensive approaches, including static and dynamic malware analysis, behavioral anomaly detection using machine learning, permission-based sandboxing, and privacy-by-design frameworks, assessing their effectiveness and limitations in the resource-constrained mobile environment. Building on this analysis, the paper proposes a layered mitigation framework that integrates intelligent threat detection at the platform level with user-centric privacy controls and age-appropriate design safeguards, aligned with national digital security initiatives such as Cyber Surakshit Bharat. The findings underscore that effective protection of young mobile gamers requires coordinated action across game developers, platform operators, policymakers, and guardians, rather than reliance on any single technical control. This work contributes a consolidated taxonomy of mobile gaming threats and a practical roadmap for researchers and practitioners seeking to build secure, privacy-respecting, and resilient gaming ecosystems in support of the broader vision of Viksit Bharat 2047.

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine-learning technologies has resulted in the emergence of deepfakes, which are digitally manipulated audio, video, images or other forms of media that can realistically imitate or replace the identity, appearance or voice of an individual. Although such technology may have legitimate applications in entertainment, education and creative industries, its malicious use has created serious legal and social concerns. Deepfakes may be used for identity theft, financial fraud, impersonation, defamation, misinformation, sexual exploitation, harassment and manipulation of electronic evidence.

In India, there is presently no single comprehensive legislation specifically dedicated to deepfakes. Instead, different aspects of deepfake-related conduct may be addressed through existing provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 and rules governing intermediaries. The legal framework therefore faces difficulties relating to identification of offenders, attribution, jurisdiction, preservation of digital evidence, intermediary responsibility and protection of victims.

This paper examines the nature of deepfakes, their relationship with cyber crimes, the existing Indian legal framework and the major challenges faced by law-enforcement agencies and courts. It also proposes legal and technological remedies including stronger intermediary accountability, rapid takedown mechanisms, digital watermarking, public awareness, specialised investigation mechanisms and clearer legislative provisions.

The right to privacy has undergone a profound transformation since its early conception as ‘the right to be let alone.’ In an era of pervasive digital surveillance, algorithmic profiling, and mass data collection, courts and legislatures worldwide have been compelled to re-examine what privacy means as a constitutional and human right. This article traces the doctrinal evolution of privacy from a common-law tort to a recognised fundamental right, examines how leading constitutional courts and human rights instruments have responded to digital-age challenges, and considers the adequacy of existing legal frameworks in balancing individual autonomy against state and corporate interests in data. It argues that while judicial recognition of informational privacy has advanced significantly, meaningful protection now depends less on declaring the right and more on building enforceable, technology-responsive mechanisms to give it effect.

The use of AI in governance is a complex and promising area since it creates numerous opportunities and raises numerous legal questions. This paper seeks to explore the topic of AI in governance, which is centered on AI as a decision support tool, service delivery, and automation in governance. However, AI application in the governance system also as essential concerns such as bias and discrimination, non-transparency, accountability, privacy and confidentiality, and juridical problems. In this paper, the author calls for effectual legal frameworks governing and incorporating AI to observe global diversity and cultivate equitable policy. Some of the recommendations regarding regulation include the development of an AI bill of rights, international consensus on the regulation of AI, requirements for algorithmic accountability of AI systems, non-discriminatory collection and application of data, data protection, and the reinforcement of human control of AI systems. Thus, applying all these measures will help AI and related innovations promote the principles of diversity, somewhat effective governance, and observe all human rights. The paper concludes by stressing the need for cooperation with the international community to address AI challenges since the world is pluralistic, and an ethical AI governance framework is necessary.

Independent Directors and Non-Executive Directors occupy a central place in India’s corporate governance framework, tasked with monitoring executive management, safeguarding minority shareholders, and lending an independent voice to board decisions. Because these directors take no part in day-to-day operations, Section 149(12) of the Companies Act, 2013 creates a statutory “safe harbour”: they cannot be held criminally liable for a company’s wrongdoing unless the offence is shown to have occurred with their actual knowledge, consent, connivance, or through a clear failure of due diligence. Section 2(60) reinforces this distinction by confining the category of “Officer in Default” chiefly to whole-time directors and executive personnel.
In practice, this statutory protection offers little comfort. Outside directors are routinely arraigned in criminal complaints filed under special legislation — the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002, and various environmental statutes — each of which contains sweeping deeming provisions for “offences by companies”. Although the Supreme Court has repeatedly quashed complaints built on boilerplate, copy-paste allegations against non-executive directors, this relief typically arrives only after years of litigation before the High Courts, by which point the process itself has become the punishment. This paper examines the tension between corporate safe harbours and special penal statutes, reviews the relevant Supreme Court jurisprudence, and argues for reforms that would convert this after-the-fact judicial relief into a procedural safeguard applied at the outset.

Digital social life is increasingly organized through clusters: communities of users connected by shared identities, interests, information sources, and patterns of interaction. These clusters are not produced by human affiliation alone. Contemporary social networks embed artificial intelligence (AI) in recommendation, ranking, moderation, content generation, and social discovery, creating environments in which human and machine agency jointly structure communication. This paper conceptualizes clusters of cyber societies as sociotechnical formations produced through the interaction of human sociality, platform architecture, and AI-driven mediation. Drawing from research published from 2020 onward, it argues that Ai has moved from a background computational tool to a constitutive actor in the cyberhuman social systems. AI can increase belonging, personalization, access to informationand community support, yet it can also intensify homophily, amplify polarizing or misleading content, blur distinctions between human and synthetic participationand weaken epistemic trust. The analysis further shows that neither human behavior nor algorithms alone adequately explain the dynamics of cyber societies; their effects emerge through feedback loops between users and technical systems. The paper concludes that governance should treat online communities as hybrid social systems requiring transparent algorithmic design, accountable AI-mediated communication, human oversight, and protections for collective as well as individual well-being.

Forensic evidence plays a fundamental role in India’s criminal justice system. It is an advanced tool to determine justice and equity in the matter of criminal cases. Forensic evidence can provide an objective and scientific basis for determining the guilt or innocence of an accused. Additionally, forensic evidence is instrumental in determining the facts of a case and identifying criminals. The process of criminal trials in India involves the importance and the purpose of forensic evidence. Thus, this article discusses issues on forensic evidence and its objectives of bringing out the significance of forensic evidence in the investigative processes and the administration of justice. This paper starts with a broad discussion of forensic science and its development in the Indian scenario, and then narrates various categories of forensic evidence, which include digital, biological, physical, and trace evidence. It will further discuss how forensic evidence works in criminal investigations all over India with discussions on application and efficacy in meeting justice.

Deepfakes and other forms of AI-generated or synthetically manipulated content have created a new category of legal and social risk. By using artificial intelligence to imitate a person&#39;s face, voice, appearance or manner of expression, synthetic content can appear authentic even when the depicted event never occurred. The technology itself is not inherently unlawful; it can support education, entertainment, accessibility, research and creative expression. The legal difficulty arises when synthetic content is used without consent to deceive, impersonate, defame, invade privacy, facilitate fraud, spread misinformation or create sexually explicit material involving real persons. India therefore faces the challenge of applying existing laws to rapidly changing technology while also protecting freedom of speech and innovation.
This article examines the principal legal challenges created by deepfakes and AI-generated content in India. It considers the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, privacy and constitutional principles, intellectual property and personality rights, criminal liability, intermediary responsibility, and the emerging regulatory approach to synthetic media. It also discusses the need for transparent labelling, rapid grievance redressal, preservation of evidence, human review and stronger coordination between platforms, investigators and courts. The article argues that India should adopt a technology-neutral but harm-sensitive approach: regulation should focus on the unlawful use and consequences of synthetic content rather than treating every AI-generated work as illegal.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly becoming an important component of governance and public administration in India. It can improve public service delivery, automate routine bureaucratic functions, assist evidence-based policymaking, and support sectors such as healthcare, agriculture and urban administration. At the same time, the deployment of AI by public authorities raises significant legal and constitutional questions concerning privacy, equality, transparency, accountability, data protection, employment, and the right to an effective remedy. This article examines the emerging legal framework for AI governance in India through constitutional principles, particularly Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution. It considers the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023, the Information Technology framework, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023, the 2026 India AI Governance Guidelines, and recent policy developments. It also examines algorithmic bias, deepfakes and synthetic information, the black-box problem, AI-related liability, intellectual property, autonomous AI agents and judicial review of AI-assisted administrative action. It argues that India should pursue a proportionate, risk-based and rights-oriented framework rather than either unregulated innovation or excessive prohibition. AI should remain a tool for public welfare while identifiable human institutions continue to bear legal responsibility for decisions made with its assistance.

This article examines medicinal plants and other plant-derived substances in early Buddhist monastic life, with particular reference to the Bhesajjakkhandhaka (Section on Medicines) in Mahāvagga VI of the Pāli Vinaya Piṭaka. It asks which substances were permitted, how they were classified and prepared, under what disciplinary conditions they could be used and stored, and how far the Vinaya material can be compared with classical Āyurveda. The study employs qualitative textual, historical-contextual, and comparative analysis, using the English translations of Horner and Rhys Davids and Oldenberg together with scholarship on Buddhist medicine, the history of Indian medicine, medicinal plants, and Buddhist environmental thought. The evidence reveals a rule-based monastic materia medica that distinguishes the five medicinal foods ghee, fresh butter, oil, honey, and molasses from further classes of medicinal substances such as roots, astringent decoctions or extracts, leaves, fruits, gums or resins, and salts. The Vinaya regulates permission, preparation, timing, storage, and use, but does not present a systematic medical theory comparable to the classical Āyurvedic compendia. Structural parallels with Āyurveda indicate participation in a broader medical culture, but they do not by themselves establish direct borrowing or chronological priority. Modern botanical identifications should likewise remain provisional because correlations among Pāli plant names, Sanskrit equivalents, vernacular terminology, and Linnaean species are often uncertain. Early Buddhist monastic medicine is therefore best understood as a form of disciplined health care embedded within the institutional and ethical life of the renunciant community.

The judiciary is one of the three principal organs of the Indian State and plays a central role in maintaining constitutional governance, protecting fundamental rights, resolving disputes and preserving the rule of law. The Constitution of India establishes an integrated judicial system headed by the Supreme Court, followed by High Courts and subordinate courts. Unlike a system in which courts are merely dispute-resolution bodies, the Indian judiciary also exercises constitutional review and can invalidate legislative or executive action that violates constitutional limitations. This research paper examines the structure and constitutional position of the Indian judiciary, its major functions, the principle of judicial independence, judicial review, public interest litigation and the relationship between courts and other organs of government. It also discusses major challenges, including judicial vacancies, delays, pendency, access to justice, infrastructure constraints and concerns regarding transparency and accountability. The paper argues that an independent judiciary is indispensable to democracy, but judicial effectiveness requires institutional reform, adequate resources, technological modernization and greater accessibility. Strengthening the judiciary therefore requires a balance between independence, accountability, efficiency and constitutional restraint.

Adolescence is a period of rapid physical, cognitive, emotional and social development during which health behaviours can influence both immediate well-being and later health. This paper examines the potential contribution of isolated and combined practices of yoga, naturopathy and Ayurveda to selected physiological and psychological variables relevant to immunity and adolescent well-being. The paper adopts a narrative, evidence-informed review approach rather than presenting fabricated primary data. Recent systematic reviews and controlled studies suggest that yoga may influence stress, anxiety, well-being and selected inflammatory or immune-related markers, although the evidence remains heterogeneous and is generally stronger for psychological outcomes than for direct immune endpoints. A large school-based Indian cluster randomized trial also reported improvements in stress, salivary cortisol, metabolic measures and attention following a standardized yoga programme. The present framework therefore proposes that an integrated approach should be studied through measurable physiological, psychological and immune-related outcomes, while maintaining clear separation between traditional-health practices and clinically established medical treatment. The paper identifies a research pathway for adolescent populations, including baseline assessment, standardized intervention, monitoring, ethical safeguards and post-intervention evaluation.

The Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025 (“PROG ACT” or “PROGA”) marks a watershed moment in India’s approach to digital entertainment regulation.
Enacted by parliament in August 2025 and enforced from October 1, 2025, the act imposes a blanket prohibition on all “online money games” irrespective of whether they involve skill, chance, or a mixture of both while simultaneously seeking to promote e-sports and online social gaming as legitimate industries. This article examines the legislative architecture of the PROG Act, its constitutional underpinnings under Entry 52 of the Union List, and the ongoing challenge to its validity before the supreme court of India. It critically analyses the tension between the Act’s public-health rationale and the pre-existing jurisprudence recognising “games of skill” as a protected trade under Article 19(1)(g), alongside the federalism question of whether parliament has trespassed upon the States’ domain over “betting and gambling” under Entry 34 of the State List. The article concludes with an assessment of the Act’s likely trajectory and suggestions for a more calibrated regulatory framework.

Student dropout remains a persistent challenge affecting educational participation and completion in many developing countries, particularly in rural communities where household socioeconomic conditions influence students’ ability to remain in school. This study explored the influence of socioeconomic status on students’ dropout in public secondary schools in Mbarali District, Tanzania. The study employed a qualitative case study design. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, observation and documentary review and were analysed thematically. Findings revealed that socioeconomic status significantly influenced students dropout through household poverty, low parental education, parental occupation, child labour, inability to meet indirect educational costs and excessive family responsibilities. The study further found that low household income reduced parents’ capacity to provide school requirements, monitor students’ academic progress and protect them from engaging in income-generating activities that interfered with schooling. Guided by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory. The study concludes that students’ dropout cannot be understood as an individual student problem because it is shaped by interactions between family economic conditions, parental characteristics, school experiences and the wider community environment. The study recommends strengthening targeted educational assistance, household economic empowerment, parental engagement, school-based early identification mechanisms and community interventions to reduce socioeconomic barriers to secondary education.

The environmental impact of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) manufacturing has raised significant concerns because of the significant amount of energy used and carbon emissions produced in its production. In response, this research investigates the possibilities of partially replacing cement with red mud, an industrial waste byproduct of the aluminum industry, and hydrated lime, a more sustainable and eco-friendly binder. The experimental investigation involved incorporating varying percentages of red mud (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20% by weight of cement) along with a constant dose of hydrated lime, and evaluating the concrete's mechanical properties and workability. Tests of compressive strength were performed on days 7, 14, as well as 28. The findings showed that the ideal level of replacement for red mud was 16%, which achieved the maximum compressive strength after 28 days of 38.11 N/mm2, compared to 31.8 N/mm2 for the control mix.

The steady increment in high traffic intensity in terms of commercial vehicles, and the significant variation in daily and seasonal temperature put us in a demanding situation to think of some alternatives for the improvisation of the pavement characteristics and quality by applying some necessary modifications which shall satisfy both the strength as well as economical aspects. Also considering the environmental approach, due to excessive use of polythene in day to day business, the pollution to the environment is enormous. Since the polythene is not biodegradable, the need of the current hour is to use the waste polythene in some beneficial purposes.

Several aspects of asphalt mixtures were addressed using the state of the art laboratory test equipment and technical literature from different information sources. A systematic, simplified design approach was recommended in which asphalt mixtures are designed based on the locking point concept, analytical aggregate gradation method and fundamental mechanistic properties that describe the behavior of asphalt mixtures based on sound engineering principles. In this thesis are use the Marshall method for determining the actual percentage of the waste polythene.

Wind load analysis is a critical aspect of structural engineering, particularly for buildings locatedin hilly terrains. The forces generated by wind pressure must be carefully evaluated and accounted for in the design process to prevent structural damage or failure. Wind loads are directlyproportional to wind velocity, and higher altitudes often experience stronger winds. Strong winds on sloping grounds may amplify torsional effects, increasing stresses in specific structural components. Columns with shorter heights tend to absorb higher loads and display greater susceptibility to failure than taller columns on the same floor. The behavior of buildings on sloping terrain under wind loads highlights the importance of accounting for uneven load distribution and torsional effects. Through advanced structural analysis and targeted reinforcements, designers can mitigate risks, ensuring safety, durability, and cost-efficiency of such structures. In this study we consider G+8 building for design and analysis we used E –TABE software. Understanding the behavior of structures on sloping terrain is crucial for ensuring safety, stability, and costeffectiveness. This structured approach ensures a comprehensive investigation into the effects of sloping ground on building performance

Social media has become an important part of our daily life. Platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, X, YouTube and WhatsApp are used by people for communication, entertainment, education, business and sharing information. With the growth of smartphones and internet access, information can now reach thousands of people within a few minutes.

However, along with its advantages, social media has also created a serious problem of misinformation. Misinformation means false, inaccurate or misleading information which is shared or circulated, whether intentionally or unintentionally. A person may forward a message without checking whether it is true or not. Sometimes, however, false information is deliberately created and circulated to deceive people, create fear or damage someone's reputation.

The problem becomes more serious when false information spreads very quickly through social media. A person can create a fake post, edited photograph, misleading video or false news and share it with a large number of people. Once such information becomes viral, it becomes difficult to completely remove it from the internet.

From a legal point of view, misinformation on social media creates a difficult situation. On one hand, freedom of speech and expression is a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India. On the other hand, this freedom is not absolute and reasonable restrictions can be imposed under Article 19(2). Therefore, there is a need to maintain a balance between freedom of expression and protection of individuals and society from harmful false information.

The expansion of digital government has changed the relationship between citizens and public authorities. Automated systems can now assist with application processing, verification, risk identification, classification and other administrative functions. Such systems can improve speed and consistency, but their use also raises a fundamental administrative-law question: what happens when an automated system produces an adverse governmental decision and the citizen cannot understand or effectively challenge the result?
This article examines automated government decision-making through the principles of natural justice, constitutional equality, procedural fairness and judicial review in India. It argues that technology cannot become a substitute for constitutional accountability. Where automation materially contributes to a significant adverse decision, the affected person should have access to understandable reasons, a practical opportunity to correct relevant factual errors, and meaningful review by an authorised human decision-maker. The article develops a proportionate model in which the intensity of safeguards increases with the seriousness of the decision's impact.
The article does not argue against automation. Instead, it proposes accountable automation: a system in which technology assists public administration while legal authority, fairness and responsibility remain traceable to the State. Such an approach can preserve the efficiency of digital governance without allowing the complexity of algorithms to weaken the rule of law.

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence, especially Generative AI, has brought about major changes in the way literary, artistic and other creative works are created. This has raised important legal questions under Copyright Law regarding authorship, ownership and originality. This research examines whether the current Indian Copyright Law is sufficient to provide clear answers to these questions regarding works created by or with the help of AI. This study uses Doctrinal Legal Research Methodology and analyses relevant legal provisions, judicial decisions and secondary legal literature. The research focuses on the legal framework related to computer-generated works, first ownership and originality. The research reveals that Indian Copyright Law provides a legal basis for computer-generated works, but there are still some uncertainties in the context of highly autonomous generative AI systems. This paper recommends giving importance to meaningful human creative contribution and creating clearer legal and policy guidelines on copyright protection.
This study explores how artificial intelligence systems learn and solve complex problems.

The digitalisation of governance, commerce and everyday life has transformed personal data into one of the most valuable resources in the modern economy. At the same time, the collection and processing of personal data creates significant risks to individual autonomy, dignity and liberty. In India, the constitutional recognition of privacy in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India marked a decisive shift from viewing privacy as merely a common-law interest to recognising it as a fundamental right. The enactment of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (“DPDP Act”) and the subsequent notification of the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 (“DPDP Rules”) represent the legislative attempt to translate this constitutional principle into an operational regulatory framework.
This article argues that the success of India's data protection regime cannot be measured merely by the existence of consent notices, compliance programmes or monetary penalties. The deeper question is whether the framework meaningfully protects informational self-determination against both private and State power. The article examines the consent architecture, duties of Data Fiduciaries, rights of Data Principals, treatment of children's data, governmental exemptions and the institutional design of the Data Protection Board of India. It contends that the DPDP framework should be interpreted through the constitutional values of dignity, autonomy, proportionality, transparency and accountability. The article concludes by proposing a constitutional model of data protection in which consent is treated as one component of privacy protection rather than its complete substitute.

Team cohesion reflects the strength of interpersonal relationships among team members and their shared commitment to achieving common goals. This study examined the effect of team cohesion on organizational performance in selected manufacturing firms in South–South Nigeria. In line with this objective, relevant research questions and hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. A sample size of 105 respondents was drawn from the study population using the census sampling technique. The major instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire administered to respondents using proportionate and purposive sampling techniques. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple linear regression analysis. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between the two dimensions of team cohesion—task cohesion and social cohesion—and organizational performance in the selected manufacturing firms in South–South Nigeria. The findings indicate that team cohesion plays a critical role in enhancing organizational performance. Specifically, both task cohesion and social cohesion were found to have significant positive effects on performance outcomes. Based on these findings, the study recommends that manufacturing firms should promote task cohesion by encouraging joint problem-solving, shared goals, and collective accountability systems in order to enhance overall organizational performance.

This study examined the influence of workplace wellness programs on employee productivity. Specifically, the study investigated the effects of fitness class participation, and stress management on employee productivity. A quantitative research design was adopted, and data were collected from a sample of 165 respondents using a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics, simple linear regression, and multiple regression analyses were employed to analyze the data. The descriptive findings revealed high levels of participation in wellness programs and high perceived employee productivity. The simple regression results showed that fitness class participation (R² = 0.869), and stress management (R² = 0.916), each had a strong positive and statistically significant effect on employee productivity. Among the variables, stress management demonstrated the strongest individual influence. The study concludes that participation in workplace wellness initiatives such as fitness classes, and stress management programs, significantly enhances employee productivity. Employees who engage in these programs tend to be healthier, more focused, and more efficient in their work. It was recommended that organizations should adopt comprehensive and integrated wellness strategies to improve employee performance, reduce absenteeism, and achieve overall organizational effectiveness.

This paper delivers a critical, document-based review of the Central Bank of Kenya's (CBK) monetary policy response to the COVID-19 shock between March 2020 and early 2021. This analysis takes into account the various interventions undertaken at the directive of and on information from the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) reports, Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) press releases and World Bank and International Monetary Fund assessments: from its series of policy interest rate reductions and central bank rate cut, credit-weighted, and an exceptionally large loan restructured, right through its extensive digital finance initiatives and loan restructuring facility. Each intervention is then viewed in relation to Keynesian analysis as well as models from credit-rationing and financial fragility theories. The results show that the response was rapid and broadly stabilizing, anchoring inflation expectations and preventing an acute banking crisis. However, transmission through the credit channel had been erratic, the reduction in the CRR was shallow since sector liquidity was already abundant, and the high level of loan moratorium (which touched over 57% of the total loans in February 2021) imposed an overhang of debt restructuring necessitating the additional year of regulatory forbearance. The review concludes by extracting a year of lessons for future shocks, along with reforms at the institution level, with the intention of increasing Kenya’s monetary policy instruments toolbox.

The rapid expansion of digital technology has transformed the way individuals communicate, work, study, shop, access public services, and participate in social life. Alongside these developments, however, personal information has become one of the most valuable forms of digital currency. Every online search, financial transaction, social-media interaction, location update, and application may generate information about an individual. This development raises an important constitutional and legal question: how can the right to privacy be protected when personal information is continuously collected, processed, shared, and analysed?
In India, privacy has evolved from being viewed primarily as a matter of personal liberty into a constitutionally protected fundamental right. The recognition of privacy as an intrinsic part of life and personal liberty has created a constitutional foundation for protecting individuals against unjustified interference by both the State and private actors. At the same time, technological development has created new challenges that cannot always be addressed through traditional legal principles.
This article examines the changing nature of the right to privacy in India, its constitutional foundations, the challenges created by digital technology, the importance of data protection, and the need to balance individual privacy with legitimate State and commercial interests. It argues that privacy in the digital age should not be understood merely as the right to keep information secret. Rather, it should be understood as a right to dignity, autonomy, informed choice, and meaningful control over personal information.

The Goods and Services Tax (GST), introduced on 1 July 2017, transformed India's indirect-tax framework by replacing several Central and State levies and creating a technology-enabled compliance system. Although GST seeks to reduce cascading taxes, improve market integration, and strengthen transparency, its compliance architecture can impose disproportionate administrative and financial burdens on small businesses with limited accounting capacity, digital infrastructure, and working capital. This literature review examines statutory provisions, official guidance, and selected academic literature concerning registration, return filing, input tax credit (ITC), digital compliance, professional costs, regulatory change, and liquidity pressures. It also considers relief measures such as the Quarterly Return Monthly Payment (QRMP) scheme and GST Council recommendations. The review concludes that simplification must be assessed not only by filing frequency but also by the practical ability of small taxpayers to comply accurately and at reasonable cost.

Tinospora cordifolia, commonly known as guduchi or giloy, is an important medicinal plant belonging to the Menispermaceae family and is widely used in traditional Indian medicine, particularly in Ayurveda. The plant has attracted considerable scientific interest due to its diverse phytochemical constituents and extensive pharmacological potential. T. Various parts of Cordifolia, especially stems and roots, contain several bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and other secondary metabolites. These components are associated with various biological activities.
In the present review, T. The herbal characteristics, traditional uses, pharmacognostic properties, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of cordifolia are summarized. Reported pharmacological properties include antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer, ulcer, antipruritic and neuroprotective activities.
Review t. It also highlights the importance of standardization, quality control, toxicity evaluation and well-designed clinical studies to establish the therapeutic efficacy and safety of cordifolia. Overall, T. Cordifolia represents a promising medicinal plant with significant potential for the development of standard herbal preparations and novel phytopharmaceutical products.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming modern society. It is increasingly used in healthcare, education, finance, employment, policing, public administration, communication and commercial activities. While Artificial Intelligence provides significant opportunities for economic and social development, its increasing use also raises serious questions concerning constitutional rights. Automated decision-making, algorithmic profiling, facial recognition, predictive policing and large-scale data processing may directly affect an individual’s equality, liberty, privacy and dignity.
The Constitution of India was enacted long before the emergence of modern Artificial Intelligence. However, its fundamental rights framework is sufficiently broad to address technological developments that affect constitutional values. Articles 14, 19 and 21 are particularly relevant to AI governance. Article 14 protects individuals against arbitrary and discriminatory State action; Article 19 protects important freedoms including freedom of speech and expression; and Article 21 has been judicially interpreted to protect dignity, autonomy and privacy.
This paper examines the constitutional implications of Artificial Intelligence in India with particular emphasis on privacy, equality and procedural fairness. It analyses the landmark decision in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, in which the Supreme Court recognised privacy as a constitutionally protected right. The paper also considers India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 and the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025. It argues that data protection alone cannot address all AI-related constitutional concerns. Algorithmic transparency, accountability, human oversight, non-discrimination and effective remedies are equally important.
The paper concludes that India should adopt a rights-based approach to Artificial Intelligence in which innovation is encouraged but technological power remains subject to constitutional principles of dignity, equality, liberty, proportionality and rule of law.

This study assessed the level of employees’ awareness of labour dispute resolution procedures at Iringa Municipal Council. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach and a descriptive research design. The study targeted approximately 1,270 employees, from whom 100 respondents were selected using stratified random sampling, while key informants were selected purposively. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, while secondary information was obtained from relevant Council records, labour-related documents, government publications and academic literature. The assessment of awareness focused on employees’ understanding of grievance procedures, knowledge of the steps involved in resolving labour disputes, awareness of appropriate reporting channels and understanding of employee rights under labour laws. Quantitative data were analysed using frequencies and percentages, while qualitative information was analysed thematically. The reliability of the research instrument was satisfactory, with a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.941. The findings revealed that employees had a generally high level of awareness of labour dispute resolution procedures. Specifically, 93% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that they understood grievance procedures, 93% indicated that they knew the steps involved in resolving labour disputes and 93% reported understanding their rights under labour laws. Awareness of the channels used to report labour disputes was comparatively lower, with 78% agreeing or strongly agreeing, while 15% disagreed and 7% remained neutral. The study concludes that employees at Iringa Municipal Council possess substantial awareness of labour dispute resolution procedures, although some gaps remain regarding formal reporting channels. The study recommends that the Council strengthen regular sensitisation and communication programmes, particularly for newly recruited employees, through staff meetings, orientation programmes, circulars and accessible labour-policy documents to improve employees’ understanding of where and how labour disputes should be reported.

Entrepreneurship is widely regarded as a central engine of job creation, innovation, and structural transformation in developing economies, and Nigeria is no exception. Yet the same economy that offers Africa's largest consumer market, a fast-digitising population, and an expanding services sector also confronts entrepreneurs with a demanding risk environment: currency instability, double-digit inflation, high borrowing costs, insecurity, multiple and overlapping taxation, unreliable power supply, and weak institutional support. This paper examines the relationship between entrepreneurial risk and business opportunity in Nigeria, drawing on recent empirical and policy literature (2023–2026) alongside macroeconomic and survey data from the Central Bank of Nigeria, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria. The paper classifies the principal categories of entrepreneurial risk confronting Nigerian businesses financial, operational, regulatory/policy, security, and market risk and matches these against emerging opportunity spaces in digital financial services, agribusiness, the creative and digital economy, renewable energy, and youth-driven micro enterprise. It argues, consistent with classical Knightian theory, that Nigeria's high-risk operating environment is also a source of above-average returns for entrepreneurs who can manage uncertainty through diversification, digital adoption, cooperative financing, and policy engagement. The paper concludes with recommendations for entrepreneurs, financial institutions, and policymakers aimed at converting risk exposure into sustainable opportunity capture.

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. Ex Nees, commonly known as Kalmegha or the “King of Bitters”, is an important medicinal plant widely used in traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Traditional Chinese Medicine. The plant has been traditionally employed for the treatment of fever, liver disorders, infections, inflammation, and immune-related diseases. Modern pharmacological studies have validated many of these traditional claims and revealed a wide range of biological activities attributed mainly to diterpenoid lactones such as andrographolide. This review summarizes the ethnobotany, morphology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of A. paniculata based on experimental and clinical evidence.

A school's safety, like a country's justice system, is only as strong as the weakest point in the chain between a rule being written and a rule being known. This paper compares the institutional safeguards that protect K-12 students from sexual harassment by staff and by peers across three very different legal traditions: the United States, where protection is enforced mainly through the threat of a lawsuit; the United Kingdom, where protection is enforced mainly through a standing duty and a named inspector's clipboard; and India, where protection is enforced mainly through the threat of criminal prosecution. Drawing on peer-reviewed secondary research, I argue that each system's safeguards are strongest exactly where its underlying legal logic applies the most pressure, and weakest everywhere else, and that in all three countries, the single most common point of failure is not the absence of a rule, but a child's inability to say what the rule is, who enforces it, or how to invoke it.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used in criminal investigations through tools such as facial recognition, predictive systems, and digital forensic technologies. These tools can help investigators work faster and find evidence more efficiently. However, the use of AI-generated evidence in Indian criminal trials raises important questions about its reliability, authenticity, and admissibility. The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 deals with electronic and digital evidence, but it does not clearly provide specific rules for AI-generated evidence. This paper examines major issues such as AI bias, lack of transparency, difficulty in checking the accuracy of AI results, and the risk of manipulation and deepfakes. It also discusses the possible impact of AI evidence on the right to a fair trial and the presumption of innocence. The paper suggests that India needs clearer legal rules and proper standards to ensure that AI-generated evidence is reliable, transparent, and fairly used in criminal trials.

Background: Sciatica is a common and often disabling pain syndrome arising from irritation or compression of the sciatic nerve roots, most frequently at the L4–S1 level. Conventional management provides variable and often incomplete relief, prompting interest in individualized homoeopathic approaches that address the totality of a patient&#39;s symptoms. Case Summary: A 42-year-old female teacher presented with a one-and-a-half-year history of left-sided sciatica, with drawing pain and numbness radiating from the hip to the foot, aggravated by walking, lying on the back or painful side, night, initial motion, standing, and prolonged sitting, and relieved by rest and hard pressure. MRI confirmed disc bulges at L3–L4 and L4–L5 with a diffuse disc bulge and posterior central annular tear at L5–S1, causing bilateral nerve root impingement. Based on the totality of mental generals, physical generals and particular symptoms, the case was repertorised using the Synthesis Repertory 9.1 via RADAR Opus software. Sulphur 0/1 was prescribed on the totality of symptoms, supported by postural and back-strengthening exercises. Results: At three-month follow-up, the Sciatica Bothersomeness Index fell from 21 to 8, the Sciatica Frequency Index from 18 to 5, and the Revised Oswestry Disability Index from 72% (crippled disability) to 12% (minimal disability), with resolution of sciatic pain and marked improvement in quality of life and occupational functioning.
Conclusion: This case illustrates the potential of individualized homoeopathic treatment, guided by careful case-taking and repertorisation, in achieving substantial and sustained clinical improvement in chronic disc-related sciatica.

Environmental protections in the U. S. Constitution have shifted from placing protections at the edge of public law to deciding when the scope of constitutional protections of personal freedom is constrained. This Article analyses green constitutionalism in India, Germany, and South Africa. It analyses how environmental and climate rights are recognized, implemented, and framed within institutions. The methodology is iterative and uses constitutional text, leading cases, recent climate cases, and relevant institutions. The analysis identifies three distinct, yet converging, models. In India, an implied right to the environment was recognized and expanded through Articles 14 and 21, supported by Article 48A and Article 51A(g), and the right against the impacts of climate change was recently recognized. Germany uses Article 20a as an objective constitutional commitment and combines it with fundamental rights and a contemporary personal freedom doctrine that limits shifting the burden of emission reduction to future generations. South Africa provides an environmental right in Section 24. It integrates the right to/protection of the environment and health, as well as the protection of future generations. The form of textual protection of the right to the environment is important, but is not the only factor that defines environmental outcomes. Judicial innovation, preventive regulation, and institutional capacity are also important. The strongest lesson for India is to combine judicial innovations with a clearer legislative framework for climate protection without compromising constitutional rule.

Incorporating freedom of religion, equality, and autonomy presents greatest difficulties in constitutional design. This study examines arguments in the United States of America and India, especially regarding constitutional morality, conscience, collective autonomy, and indi-vidual rights, using the doctrinal and comparative approaches to examine select constitutional, jurisprudential, and empirical materials on social and legal regulation of religion. The approach finds that Indian law incorporates both broad positive rights and activist judicial review. Es-pecially, through the essential practices doctrine and the concept of constitutional morality. Conversely, American law refuses to address theological issues of essentiality, and evokes sincerity, neutrality, general application, and strict scrutiny. Neither system is fully satisfacto-ry. Indian law can promote equality and dignity, while American law can preserve separation of theology and state. However, India's law can transform judges into the arbiters of religious orthodoxy. The author combines both systems to provide equal therapeutic and coercive claims. Consequently, courts will need to balance theology, align religious claims, and mar-ginalize the claims that violate the conscience of others. A court can establish a limit on or-thodoxy of religion through constitutional morality.

This study investigates the common errors in English speaking performance among first-year non-English-major Accounting students at the Faculty of Economics, Hanoi Open University. The study also explores the main factors contributing to these errors and discusses possible implications for improving students’ oral communication skills. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving a questionnaire survey of 269 students, semi-structured interviews with students and English lecturers, classroom observations, and analysis of students’ recorded speaking performances. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were examined through thematic analysis. The findings reveal that students’ speaking errors mainly occur in four areas: pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and pragmatics/discourse. Pronunciation errors were the most frequent, particularly errors related to final consonants, word stress, and intonation. Grammatical problems were commonly associated with tense usage, subject–verb agreement, and article use, while vocabulary-related difficulties resulted largely from limited lexical knowledge and the influence of students’ first language. In addition, the findings show that psychological factors, especially speaking anxiety and lack of confidence, together with limited opportunities for English communication outside the classroom, considerably affect students’ speaking performance. Based on these findings, the study suggests that English speaking instruction for non-English-major students should place greater emphasis on communicative practice, appropriate error correction, technology-supported learning activities, and the creation of a more supportive speaking environment. The study provides practical implications for English lecturers and contributes to a better understanding of speaking difficulties among Accounting students in Vietnamese higher education contexts.

Increasing population, economic activities, and the associated factors put a serious strain on Municipal Solid Waste Management in developing nations. The domestic segments are generating the second-highest waste-generating sector. The Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation was selected for the study, as it is indeed the second-largest municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu, which is facing significant waste management strains in the segregation process. This study aims to focus on the factors influencing household solid waste and also aims to find the disparities in waste generation in the different zones of Coimbatore City. By using the Random sampling method, three zones (West zone, East zone and Centre zone) were selected out of five zones for the study. This study employed average, percentage, Multiple Linear regression, one-way ANOVA and multiple comparisons (Turkey Post hoc test) were used to determine the disparities in waste generation among the zones. This study figured out that there is a disparity between zones in generating household solid waste, and also found that income, family size, and age were the major factors determining household solid waste generation. This study suggests that improving and implementation of the advanced technology for reducing Household Solid Waste.