This study investigated the relationship between schools’ physical environment and Senior High School (SHS) teacher competence in relation to student learning outcomes in public schools across North Cotabato, Philippines, during Academic Year 2023–2024. Using a descriptive-correlational design, 150 teachers were randomly selected from six SHS institutions. The physical environment was assessed in five dimensions: learning facilities, laboratories, sports facilities, health and care services, and equipment. Teacher competence was measured in terms of knowledge and skills, while student outcomes were determined through General Point Average (GPA). Results showed the physical environment was generally adequate, with laboratories and equipment rated Highly Adequate. Teachers demonstrated high competence, and students achieved a GPA of 89.66. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between all physical environment dimensions and teacher competence. Regression identified health and care services and equipment as predictors of knowledge competence, while learning facilities, sports, and health services predicted skills competence. No significant relationship was found with GPA.

The present study investigated the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial potential of the ethanolic leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta L. (commonly known as Amman Pacharisi), collected from a pesticide-free medicinal garden in Salem, Tamil Nadu, India, during the peak flowering stage. The plant material was processed through careful shade drying, manual pulverization, and cold maceration in ethanol (1:50 w/v, 72 h at 25–30 °C) to preserve thermolabile bioactive constituents effectively.Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) profiling of the crude extract identified 12 major and minor compounds, predominantly triterpenoids, sterols, fatty acids, and derivatives. Dominant constituents included lupeol (18.5%), 9,19-cyclolanost-23-ene-3,25-diol, 3-acetate (14.2%), an acetic acid derivative (11.7%), and β-sitosterol (9.8%), contributing substantially to the total ion chromatogram, with late-eluting compounds comprising approximately 65% of peak area. These phytochemicals are linked to mechanisms such as membrane disruption, enzyme inhibition, cytokine modulation, antioxidant activity, and apoptosis induction.In vitro disc diffusion assays demonstrated robust antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (18 mm zone of inhibition) and Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm), surpassing amoxicillin (10 µg/disc) against E. coli and yielding comparable results against S. aureus. Ethanol solvent controls showed no inhibition, confirming the plant-derived efficacy.Literature correlations underscore strong therapeutic relevance against bacterial infections, inflammatory conditions, oxidative stress-related disorders, and emerging anticancer effects, aligning closely with traditional applications for respiratory, gastrointestinal, and infectious ailments.This project holds significant industrial importance in the herbal medicine and natural products sector. The identified bioactive-rich extract, enriched with high-value compounds like lupeol, β-sitosterol, and phytol derivatives, supports applications in pharmaceutical formulations for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant products. Such natural extracts contribute to the growing demand for plant-based therapeutics, nutraceuticals, and functional ingredients in the herbal industry, offering sustainable, multi-target alternatives to synthetic agents and promoting ethnopharmacological validation for commercial herbal preparations.

This study investigated the demographic profile of Social Studies teachers and their level of practice in integrating multimedia techniques in instruction in three integrated schools in District X, Division of Valencia City: Banlag Integrated School, Dagatkidavao Integrated School, and Pantaron Integrated School. Specifically, the study described the respondents according to age, gender, civil status, length of service, and highest educational qualification. It also examined the teachers’ level of practice in integrating multimedia techniques in classroom instruction through the use of text, graphics, audio, video, and animation as tools to support teaching and learning. In addition, the study determined the significant relationships between the teachers’ demographic profiles and their level of multimedia integration. A total of ninety-nine (99) respondents participated in the study and answered the survey questionnaire. The study employed a descriptive–correlational research design to determine the relationship between the demographic characteristics of teachers and their level of practice in integrating multimedia techniques in instruction. All teachers from the three integrated schools served as respondents of the study. Data were gathered through a modified questionnaire adapted from Resolute (2018), which was anchored on Dengue (2017). The collected data were analysed using appropriate statistical tools such as frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, Pearson-r correlation, point biserial correlation, and eta squared. The findings revealed that most respondents were young teachers aged 20–30 years old, predominantly female, single, and had 7–10 years of teaching experience. Many of them were also pursuing a master’s degree to further enhance their professional qualifications. Results further indicated that teachers demonstrated a high level of practice in integrating multimedia techniques across different instructional domains. Multimedia tools were frequently used to improve lesson presentation, clarify complex concepts, and increase student participation and engagement during instruction. Furthermore, the results showed significant relationships between certain demographic variables and the level of multimedia integration in teaching. The study concludes that teachers are capable of effectively utilizing multimedia techniques to support engaging and learner-centered instruction. It recommends continuous professional development programs, adequate provision of technological resources, institutional support, peer mentoring among teachers, and further research on the impact of multimedia integration on students’ learning outcomes and classroom engagement.

This study examined the relationship between teachers’ use of differentiated instruction and learners’ engagement in Araling Panlipunan during the 2025–2026 school year. The research was conducted among Grade 4, 5, and 6 learners and their teachers from six public elementary schools in District 9, Valencia City. The study employed a Weighted mean, standard deviation, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (Pearson r) to determine the level of implementation and to examine the strength and direction of the relationship between teachers’ differentiated instruction and learners’ engagement. The study revealed that teachers demonstrated a high level of differentiated instruction in teaching Araling Panlipunan across content, process, product, and learning environment. Learners demonstrated a high level of engagement, actively participating in activities and sustaining their interest throughout the lessons. A significant positive relationship was found between teachers’ differentiated instruction and learners’ engagement, indicating that intentional adaptation of materials, tasks, pacing, and classroom practices enhances student involvement. Among the components, product and learning environment differentiation had the strongest impact, highlighting the value of offering learners meaningful choices and creating a supportive, engaging classroom climate. The study recommends that school leaders embed differentiated instruction within institutional plans, ensure sustained professional development, and promote collaborative practices. Teachers are encouraged to diversify instructional strategies to enhance learner engagement, while schools should involve students, parents, and the community in designing authentic Social Studies learning experiences.

This study examined the use of multimedia resources in teaching reading and its relationship to learners’ engagement in the classroom. Specifically, it aimed to determine the level of effectiveness of multimedia integration in reading instruction, assess learners’ level of engagement in multimedia-supported reading activities, and identify the significant relationship between the two variables. The study employed a descriptive-correlational research design and learners as respondents. Data were gathered using a validated survey questionnaire and were analyzed using mean and standard deviation, and Pearson’s r correlation. Results revealed that teachers’ use of multimedia resources in teaching reading was highly effective, while learners demonstrated a high level of engagement. These findings suggest that multimedia tools, including videos, digital storybooks, audio recordings, and visual aids, are frequently and effectively utilized to enhance reading instruction and promote learner participation. The null hypothesis was rejected as correlation analysis demonstrated a statistically significant link between the integration of multimedia resources and levels of student engagement. The study concludes that the strategic integration of multimedia resources in reading instruction plays a vital role in improving learners’ motivation, comprehension, and active participation. It emphasizes the importance of continuous teacher training, curriculum enhancement, and institutional support to sustain effective multimedia-based teaching practices. The findings of this study may serve as a basis for developing innovative instructional strategies that promote learner-centered and technology-enhanced reading instruction.

This study investigated the demographic profile of 100 public-school teachers in Valencia District 9, Division of Valencia City, particularly their age, gender, and ICT training experiences. It examined the level of practices for integrating media literacy in teaching social studies. Focus areas included starting early, hands-on approaches, incorporating multiple media formats, addressing digital citizenship, and involving parents and guardians. Statistical analyses involved frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-tests, and ANOVA to determine the relationship between demographic variables and media literacy integration practices.
Findings revealed that most respondents were 31 to 40 years old, predominantly female, and lacked ICT training. Teachers exhibited a very high level of practice in integrating media literacy through early introduction, hands-on activities, and usage of multiple media formats, while digital citizenship and parental involvement were highly practiced but slightly less emphasized. Notably, only ICT training showed a statistically significant association with higher levels of media literacy integration, while age and sex were significantly associated with practices.

This study examined the level of financial literacy and work performance among government employees at the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Maramag, Bukidnon, Philippines, and explored the relationship between these two variables. Specifically, it assessed financial literacy in terms of budgeting, spending, and investing, and evaluated job performance across core functions, strategic priorities, and support functions. The study employed a descriptive–correlational research design and involved 120 government employees selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a 38-item questionnaire adapted from Eweneja et al. (2024) and analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient to determine significant relationships. Based on these findings, it is concluded that government employees of LGU Maramag are generally knowledgeable in managing finances and perform their duties effectively. Holistic financial literacy, particularly responsible spending, enhances work performance and productivity. It is recommended that employees continue developing financial literacy, especially in investing; LGU administrators provide structured financial literacy programs and resources; and future researchers explore additional factors influencing the financial literacy–work performance relationship, including digital tools, financial stress, and long-term investment behaviors.

This study examined the level of effectiveness of the implementation of the school anti-bullying program and the frequency of bullying incidents among junior high school learners in the Quezon II District, Division of Bukidnon, for the School Year 2025-2026. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, data were gathered from secondary teachers using an adapted version of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ). The statistical tools utilized included the mean, standard deviation, and Pearson's r (Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient). Findings revealed that school policies are perceived as very highly effective across all dimensions, including quality, implementation, supervision, student awareness, and school climate. However, despite these high ratings, the frequency of bullying remains high, occurring often. Correlation analysis showed no significant relationship between policy effectiveness and incident frequency, suggesting a decoupling between administrative compliance and actual student conduct. The study concludes that while a robust administrative foundation exists, high-quality policies alone do not guarantee lower victimization. The persistent frequency of bullying reveals a critical disconnect between formal mandates and behavioral reality. Consequently, it is recommended that school heads pivot toward student-centered interventions such as restorative justice, and that teachers move beyond procedural compliance to reinforce active anti-bullying norms. Furthermore, learners must be empowered to lead a culture-based shift toward empathy and upstander behavior. To truly eradicate aggression, the district must transition from formal documentation to transformative, lived strategies that address the human side of school safety.

This study aimed to determine the extent of instructional planning among primary grade teachers in Districts III, IV, VI, and VII of Valencia City Division (S.Y. 2025-2026) across learning objectives, content selection, teaching strategies, and assessment/evaluation; assessed learners' reading levels in phonological awareness, phonics/decoding, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension; and established significant relationships between these variables. Specifically, it measured planning components and reading domains, evaluated qualitative levels ("Very Great Extent," "At Grade Level"), and identified correlations with overall reading proficiency. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, data from primary grade teachers were collected via validated surveys and analyzed using descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, qualitative interpretations) and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. Instructional planning rated "Very Great Extent" across domains: learning objectives excelled in curriculum alignment and clarity (M=4.65); content selection emphasized structured sequencing and gap-closing materials (M=4.60); teaching strategies prioritized visual supports, differentiation, and active techniques (M=4.61); assessment/evaluation shone in parent communication, formative monitoring, and data-driven modifications (M=4.63). Reading levels consistently rated "At Grade Level," with phonological awareness and phonics/decoding strongest in sound recognition and blending, fluency showing smoother pronunciation but developing prosody, and vocabulary/comprehension thriving through multisensory activities. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships (p < .001): assessment/evaluation (r=.670), teaching strategies (r=.640), overall planning (r=.651), learning objectives (r=.520), content selection (r=.447). These affirm high-quality planning's role in literacy gains, particularly via responsive assessment and adaptive strategies, aligning with DepEd K to 12 and MTB-MLE frameworks.

This study examined the level of ancillary tasks performed by teachers in the Damulog North and South District and investigated their relationship with teacher stress and burnout. Specifically, it assessed stress and burnout in terms of emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment, and depersonalization. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed to determine whether a significant relationship exists between the extent of teachers’ involvement in ancillary tasks and their stress and burnout levels. The respondents were 120 regular, full-time public elementary school teachers with at least one year of teaching experience during the School Year 2025–2026. Purposive sampling was utilized. Data was collected using a researcher-developed structured questionnaire consisting of three sections: ancillary tasks, teacher stress, and teacher burnout based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory framework. Responses were measured using 5-point Likert scales. The instrument demonstrated high reliability, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.870. Statistical analyses included mean, standard deviation, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. Findings revealed that teachers performed a very high level of ancillary tasks. However, teachers exhibited low levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, alongside a high level of personal accomplishment. Moreover, results showed no significant relationship between the extent of ancillary task involvement and teachers’ stress and burnout levels. The study concluded that although ancillary tasks constitute a substantial part of teachers’ workload, these responsibilities do not directly contribute to stress or burnout among teachers in the district. It is recommended that teachers sustain effective coping and time-management strategies, school administrators ensure equitable task distribution and institutional support, and future researchers explore other factors influencing teacher stress and burnout across different contexts.

This study explored the perceptions of instructors at Don Carlos Polytechnic College, Bukidnon regarding Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and their level of satisfaction during the school year 2025–2026. Specifically, the research aimed to determine the respondents’ demographic profile in terms of age, sex, years of teaching experience, and number of seminars attended. It also assessed the level of CPD in terms of leadership efficacy, relationships with co-instructors, and resilience. Furthermore, the study examined instructors’ level of satisfaction in terms of trust and cooperation within the institution and determined whether a significant relationship existed between CPD and instructors’ satisfaction. The study employed a quantitative research design involving 100 instructors from Don Carlos Polytechnic College as respondents. Data were collected through a structured survey questionnaire. Statistical tools used for data analysis included frequency counts, percentages, weighted means, standard deviations, and Pearson’s r correlation coefficient to determine relationships among variables. The findings revealed that the majority of respondents were aged 26–30 years old, female, had 1–3 years of teaching experience, and had attended 11–15 professional development seminars. Results showed that CPD was perceived as highly supportive in enhancing leadership efficacy, strengthening relationships with co-instructors, and developing resilience among instructors. Moreover, instructors reported a high level of satisfaction, particularly in terms of trust-building and cooperation within the workplace. Correlation analysis indicated significant positive relationships between CPD and instructors’ satisfaction, particularly in leadership efficacy, professional relationships, and resilience. The study concludes that effective continuing professional development programs significantly contribute to improving instructors’ competencies, strengthening collegial relationships, fostering resilience, and enhancing overall professional satisfaction in higher education institutions.

This study examined the demographic characteristics of elementary teachers and their perceptions of gender bias alongside the implementation of inclusive teaching strategies at Laligan Integrated School, Philippines. Employing a descriptive-correlational research design, data were collected via structured questionnaires from randomly selected teachers. The study assessed gender bias awareness in teaching practices, classroom interactions, gender fairness, and curriculum materials, alongside the frequency of inclusive strategy application. Findings revealed that most respondents were female, aged 41–50 years, with 6–10 years of teaching experience, predominantly in Grades 2 to 6. Teachers frequently demonstrated awareness of gender bias, engaged in gender-fair classroom interactions, and applied inclusive curriculum materials. Inclusive teaching strategies were commonly implemented. Statistical analysis showed significant positive relationships between classroom interaction, gender fairness, curriculum materials, and the implementation of inclusive strategies. However, awareness of gender bias in teaching practices did not significantly correlate with inclusive strategy use. The study concludes that while teachers actively practice inclusivity in classroom interactions and materials, increased awareness alone does not directly enhance inclusive teaching implementation. Recommendations include encouraging learner participation in gender-fair activities; fostering parental support and feedback; enhancing teacher training on subtle gender biases; and enabling school administrators to provide resources and conduct professional development focused on inclusivity.

Anthropology adopts a holistic view of human beings, which parallels the homoeopathic concept of accessory circumstances in understanding disease. This case indicates the role of an anthropological perspective in individualization and management of chronic dermatitis. A 52-year-old female presented with intense nocturnal itching over the thigh, dryness, and burning after scratching for three years, associated with grief after the loss of her daughter, fear of darkness, and desire for company. Considering the totality of symptoms and accessory circumstances, Sulphur in ascending LM potencies (0/1–0/10) was prescribed, which resulted in gradual and sustained improvement in itching, burning, and overall well-being. The case emphasizes that evaluation of emotional experiences, fears, and social background, in accordance with Hahnemann’s holistic approach, helps in accurate individualization and selection of the similimum, leading to holistic improvement.

The Lagos Trade Fair is one of the most significant trade exhibitions in West Africa. It is a platform that showcases different products and services in different locations and at different points in time in West Africa. It serves as a platform for international business exchange and showcasing Nigeria’s economic potential. The fair’s origins can be traced back to the post-independence period, during which Lagos emerged as the commercial capital of Nigeria, Generating significantly high gross revenue during the early emergence of the Lagos trade fair as well as fostering strong international collaborations between other nations and foreign investors. Over time, the fair became a symbol of Nigeria’s aspirations to engage in global trade, particularly as the country sought to diversify its economy beyond oil. A complicated market dynamic is revealed by the consequences of pricing changes and consumers' perceptions of Architectural materials and building products at the Lagos Trade Fair. Consumer behavior is greatly impacted by price volatility and various other economic factors, with many traders and consumers voicing worries about unpredictability. Household finances are impacted by significant price changes of these building products which are not limited to but includes wood work finishes, Sanitary fittings like basin, stainless sink, shower, taps, wood accessories and cabinetry, and other plumbing and electrical fittings for household use. Due to various especially economic factors, Consumers are choosing less expensive options or cutting back on their consumption as they become more price conscious and cost effective. Due to price volatility, traders report lower sales and earnings in recent years especially due to inflation or and fluctuation in the country’s economy, Currency changes, transportation expenses, and supply chain interruptions are all factors that affect prices. Price volatility has a major influence, causing traders to modify risk-reduction tactics and families to modify their purchasing habits. Weak currency, high transportation expenses, and instability in rural areas all contribute to the situation's complexity. In general, creating successful pricing strategies and lessening the impact of price changes need an awareness of customers' viewpoints in order to help create a more stable price standpoint for building products.

Goal:This research aims to design an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) framework capable of identifying varying levels of smartphone addiction among students and analyzing how such behaviors influence their academic performance. The primary objective is to develop a transparent, data-driven model that enhances both interpretability and decision reliability in educational contexts. Methods: A hybrid Convolutional Neural Network–Long Short-Term Memory (CNN–LSTM) architecture, integrated with an attention mechanism, was employed to capture both spatial and temporal dependencies within smartphone usage patterns. The dataset, collected from 480 students across six educational institutions, comprised smartphone activity records, screen-time metrics, academic results, and self-reported psychological data. Model interpretability was achieved using SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) and LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations) to provide feature-level transparency. Findings:The proposed model achieved an overall classification accuracy of 96.3%, significantly outperforming traditional algorithms such as Random Forest and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The explainability analysis identified key behavioral indicators—such as late-night app usage and frequent social media engagement—as major contributors to addiction risk. Moreover, a negative correlation was observed between addiction intensity and academic achievement. Novelty: The study’s novelty lies in its fusion of deep learning with explainability techniques, transforming a black-box model into an interpretable decision-support tool. By visualizing decision boundaries and identifying critical behavioral features, the framework provides actionable insights for educators, counselors, and policymakers, promoting data-driven strategies for digital wellness and academic enhancement.

Asset Liability Management (ALM) has become one of the most important risk management functions in modern banking. Banks operate by accepting deposits from customers and providing loans and investments. Since deposits are usually short-term in nature and loans are often long-term, a mismatch arises between assets and liabilities. If this mismatch is not properly managed, it can create serious risks such as liquidity risk, interest rate risk, and funding risk. Therefore, effective ALM practices are essential for ensuring financial stability, profitability, and long-term sustainability of banks. This study examines the concept, structure, and effectiveness of Asset Liability Management in the banking sector, with a particular focus on Indian banks regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The research also considers international regulatory standards issued under the Basel III framework by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The primary objective of this study is to analyse how banks manage liquidity risk and interest rate risk, and how ALM contributes to overall financial performance and regulatory compliance. The research adopts a descriptive and analytical design and is primarily based on secondary data collected from annual reports of selected public and private sector banks, regulatory publications, and academic research papers. Tools such as liquidity gap analysis, interest rate sensitivity analysis (RSA–RSL gap), and comparative performance evaluation have been used to assess ALM efficiency. A comparative study between public sector and private sector banks has also been conducted to identify differences in ALM practices. The findings of the study reveal that private sector banks generally demonstrate stronger ALM performance due to better technology integration, advanced risk management systems, and dynamic decision-making processes. Public sector banks, although compliant with regulatory requirements, often show higher short-term maturity mismatches and slower adjustment to interest rate changes. The study also highlights the growing role of digital technology, real-time monitoring systems, and stress testing in strengthening ALM frameworks.
In conclusion, Asset Liability Management is not merely a regulatory requirement but a strategic tool that enhances financial resilience and competitive advantage. Effective practices enable banks to manage risks efficiently, maintain liquidity, protect stakeholder interests, and achieve sustainable growth in a dynamic financial environment.

This study examined the effectiveness of tax collection strategies and policy interventions in enhancing real property tax collection in the Municipality of Kibawe, Bukidnon. It focused on strategies including real property tax strengthening, business tax fees and regulatory charges, taxpayer information and education campaigns, enforcement and delinquency management, use of digital/technological tools, and revenue generation planning and diversification. Additionally, the study assessed the extent of policy and administrative reforms, digital tax system implementation, and the perceived administrative, technological, and legal challenges in property tax collection. The participants were 75 municipal employees from the Treasurer’s Office, Assessor’s Office, and Budget Office, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.955) and analyzed with descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Findings indicated that tax collection strategies and policy interventions were highly effective and well-implemented, while administrative, technological, and legal challenges were perceived as very high. Significant positive relationships were observed between the effectiveness of tax strategies, policy interventions, and the ability to address collection challenges. The study concluded that robust strategies, comprehensive policy reforms, and digital tax systems enhance property tax collection, yet challenges persist in implementation and administration. Recommendations were provided for taxpayers, municipal offices, and administrators to improve compliance, strengthen coordination, and optimize digital adoption. For future research, longitudinal studies are suggested to evaluate the sustained impacts of reforms and digital systems across diverse local government contexts. These results highlight the critical role of integrated strategies, governance reforms, and digitalization in improving tax efficiency, offering practical insights for municipalities seeking to increase revenue, reduce delinquencies, and build stakeholder trust.

This study investigated the relationship between the implementation of Performance-Based Assessment (PBA) and the learning engagement of Special Needs Education (SNED) learners in the Municipality of Quezon, Bukidnon, during the 2025- 2026 school year. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, data was collected from SNED teachers and parents using adapted survey questionnaires. The study examined five PBA dimensions: teacher expertise, IEP alignment, feedback utilization, task authenticity, and rubric clarity, alongside behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement levels. Descriptive analysis revealed that the impact of PBA was perceived as very highly impactful across all dimensions, suggesting that the assessment framework is structurally sound and theoretically stimulating. Furthermore, SNED learners demonstrated an often-engaged level of involvement, characterized by frequent participation and focus but requiring occasional redirection by adults. However, an inferential analysis using Pearson's r revealed no significant relationship between PBA impact and student engagement levels, leading to the acceptance of the null hypothesis. The findings uncover a perception-reality gap: high-quality assessment design fails to translate directly into increased student engagement. This suggests that engagement among SNED learners is heavily influenced by internal factors, such as neurological and sensory readiness, rather than by external instructional structure alone. Recommendations include prioritizing personalization of the affective environment, implementing pre-assessment sensory routines, and fostering learner autonomy by reducing prompting. These strategies aim to bridge the gap between instructional design and the learners' unique internal needs for independent mastery.

This study examined the level of parental support-both moral and financial-and the extent of cash assistance received by senior high school learners from government programs, alongside their academic achievement. Utilizing a descriptive-correlational research design, data were gathered through a structured questionnaire from Grade 12 learners at Valencia National High School. Findings revealed that learners perceive moral parental support as moderately positive and financial support more positively. Government cash assistance programs such as TUPAD and 4Ps were similarly viewed positively by learners. Most respondents achieved outstanding academic results, with over half scoring 90 and above. However, statistical tests showed no significant relationship between parental support (moral or financial) and academic achievement, nor between the amount of cash assistance received and academic success. These results suggest that while parental and financial support contribute to learners' well-being and ability to focus on studies, their direct influence on academic performance may be limited or mediated by factors such as learner motivation, teaching quality, and resource accessibility. Recommendations urge learners to develop self-regulation and seek academic support, encourage parents to maintain active involvement and moral support, advise educators to implement differentiated strategies, and call on policymakers to integrate financial aid with psychosocial interventions. Future research should explore complex mediators influencing the impact of parental and financial support on academic success.

Payroll management is a crucial component of organizational operations as it directly influences employee satisfaction, trust, and overall efficiency. However, ineffective payroll practices such as errors, delays, and lack of transparency can negatively impact employee morale and organizational performance. This study examines employees’ perception towards payroll management practices at Rane Group Ltd., focusing on key aspects such as payroll accuracy, timeliness of salary disbursement, fairness, and transparency. The research adopts a descriptive design with a sample of 106 employees, and statistical tools such as Percentage Analysis, Correlation Analysis, and Regression Analysis were used to analyze the relationship between payroll practices and employees’ perception of the payroll system. The findings reveal that employees generally have a positive perception of payroll practices, particularly in terms of timely salary payments and overall payroll processes. Correlation results indicate a significant positive relationship between payroll policy communication and employees’ perception of payroll fairness, while regression results show no significant impact of payroll accuracy factors on overall payroll satisfaction. The study concludes that effective payroll management practices contribute to employee confidence and organizational stability, and continuous improvement in payroll transparency, communication, and accuracy is essential to enhance employee satisfaction and overall payroll system effectiveness.

Medicinal plants have gained substantial attention as potential therapeutic agents in dermatology because of their broad spectrum of pharmacological properties and long-standing use in traditional medicine. This narrative review evaluates the mechanisms of action, dermatological applications, and scientific evidence supporting medicinal plants used in the prevention and management of skin disorders. Relevant literature published between 2000 and 2025 was retrieved from major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and MDPI. Evidence indicates that medicinal plants exert beneficial dermatological effects through multiple mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, photoprotective, and wound-healing actions. Frequently studied medicinal plants include Aloe vera, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Centella asiatica, Melaleuca alternifolia, Matricaria chamomilla, and Camellia sinensis. These botanicals have shown promise in conditions such as acne vulgaris, psoriasis, eczema, Photoaging, wound healing, hyperpigmentation, and skin infections. Despite encouraging preclinical findings and some positive clinical outcomes, limitations remain regarding standardization, dosage consistency, formulation stability, and the quality of clinical evidence. This review highlights the therapeutic relevance of medicinal plants in dermatology and underscores the need for robust clinical validation and evidence-based formulation development to facilitate their integration into modern dermatological practice.

Feature selection is a fundamental preprocessing step in machine learning, especially for high-dimensional biomedical datasets where the number of features vastly exceeds the number of samples. While individual paradigms—filter, wrapper, embedded, and ensemble methods—have been studied in isolation, there is a lack of unified frameworks that enable researchers to systematically navigate among all four paradigms and adaptively select the most appropriate strategy for a given dataset. This paper presents a comprehensive unified framework that integrates filter methods (Information Gain, Relief, CFS, mRMR, Symmetrical Uncertainty), wrapper methods (Sequential Forward/Backward Selection, Floating Selection, Genetic Algorithms, Particle Swarm Optimization), embedded methods (LASSO, Elastic Net, Random Forest importance, XGBoost, SVM-RFE), and ensemble feature selection strategies that aggregate multiple selectors for robust feature identification. We evaluate all four paradigms across five benchmark cancer gene expression datasets encompassing leukemia, colon cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer classification tasks. Our analysis demonstrates that ensemble feature selection achieves the highest classification accuracy (mean 93.2%) and selection stability (Kuncheva Index > 0.78), while embedded methods offer the best accuracy-efficiency trade-off (mean 89.9% accuracy at moderate computational cost). Filter methods remain advantageous for initial dimensionality reduction in ultra-high-dimensional settings. We propose a practical adaptive decision framework that guides researchers in selecting and combining feature selection strategies based on dataset dimensionality, sample size, computational constraints, and interpretability requirements. The findings underscore the importance of a multi-paradigm perspective for reliable biomarker discovery in clinical genomics.

The rapid growth in the number of vehicles in urban and semi-urban areas has intensified the challenge of parking space management, leading to traffic congestion, fuel wastage, and environmental pollution. Traditional parking systems rely primarily on manual monitoring, lacking real-time information about parking availability. This paper presents the design and implementation of a low-cost, IoT-based smart car parking system that employs an infrared (IR) sensor network interfaced with the NodeMCU ESP8266 Wi-Fi microcontroller for real-time parking slot detection. Sensor data are transmitted over Wi-Fi to the Blynk IoT cloud platform, enabling users to monitor the occupancy status of individual parking slots remotely through a smartphone application. LED indicators at the parking site provide immediate visual feedback to drivers on the ground. The system was experimentally tested under multiple parking scenarios, including empty, partially occupied, and fully occupied conditions. Results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves a detection accuracy of 100% with an average status update latency of approximately 1.2 seconds. The findings confirm that this IoT-enabled approach provides an effective, scalable, and cost-efficient solution for real-time parking management, suitable for deployment in educational institutions, hospitals, commercial complexes, and residential areas. The system can be further enhanced through integration with cloud analytics, camera-based recognition, and automated payment mechanisms for large-scale smart city implementations.

Modern deep neural networks predominantly rely on static architectures that remain fixed during training and deployment, limiting their adaptability in dynamic and non-stationary environments. This constraint becomes critical in real-world applications such as edge intelligence, autonomous systems, and continual learning, where data distributions and resource constraints evolve over time. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel Self-Evolving Modular Neural Architecture (SEMA-DNAS) that integrates Dynamic Neural Architecture Search (DNAS) with reinforcement learning-based structural adaptation.
The proposed framework introduces a modular decomposition of neural networks into independent functional components, enabling localized and scalable structural evolution. An Evolutionary Control Module (ECM), formulated as a reinforcement learning agent, continuously monitors performance metrics and autonomously performs structural operations including growth, pruning, and rewiring. In parallel, a differentiable DNAS engine enables continuous optimization of architecture parameters, transforming architecture search from a static process into a dynamic and ongoing procedure. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization strategy is incorporated to balance predictive accuracy with resource constraints such as memory consumption and inference latency.

Homelessness among immigrant populations remains an understudied phenomenon, particularly among African men in Western countries who experience housing instability following marital breakdown. In the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, African immigrant men face unique vulnerabilities that converge at the intersection of migration, masculinity, family dissolution, and housing precarity. When marriage ends, these men may lose not only their primary relationship but also their housing, social networks, and sense of identity, often becoming invisible within mainstream homelessness services. This study investigates the lived experiences of African men in the diaspora who became homeless following marital breakdown, exploring the pathways into homelessness, the coping strategies employed, and the barriers to accessing support. Employing a qualitative interpretive phenomenological design, the study conducts in-depth interviews with 24 African immigrant men who experienced homelessness after marital dissolution across the US, UK, and Australia. Drawing on Intersectionality Theory and the Stress Process Model, the study seeks to understand how the intersection of gender, migration status, race, and marital status creates distinct pathways into homelessness and shapes men's experiences of housing instability. By providing culturally grounded insights into this vulnerable population, the study aims to inform homelessness services, migration support programs, and family services that can better address the needs of African immigrant men experiencing a housing crisis following a relationship breakdown.

The main objective of the study was to describe the gamification digital tools utilized by junior high school learners in the teaching and learning process, determine the level of learner engagement across the affective, behavioral, cognitive, and social domains, and examine the significant relationship between the use of gamified digital tools and learners’ engagement. The investigation focused on understanding how digital gamification supports classroom interaction and whether its utilization directly influences multidimensional learner engagement. The respondents consisted of 120 secondary learners enrolled in Social Studies classes at Marapange Integrated School, Kibawe West District, Division of Bukidnon, during School Year 2025–2026. Total enumeration sampling was employed to ensure complete participation of the identified population. A researcher-made questionnaire served as the primary data-gathering instrument, which underwent content validation and pilot testing to establish validity and reliability. The reliability analysis yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.881, indicating high internal consistency and confirming that the instrument was dependable for generating valid and consistent data. The study adopted a descriptive-correlational research design, and quantitative methods were applied to ensure statistical objectivity and accuracy.Findings revealed that learners utilized various gamification digital tools, with Wordwall, Quizlet, and Quizziz emerging as the most frequently and effectively used platforms. Other tools such as Blooket, Gimkit, Factile, Socrative, and Plickers were implemented less consistently, suggesting opportunities for expanded integration. Learners demonstrated high levels of engagement across all four domains, particularly in social engagement, reflecting strong collaboration, motivation, and active participation. However, no significant relationship was found between tool utilization and learner engagement, indicating that engagement depends more on purposeful instructional integration than on the mere use of gamified tools.

Education is often considered the cornerstone of individual and societal development, with the potential to transform lives and shape future opportunities. It is widely recognized that the learning process is influenced by numerous factors, both inside and outside the school environment. While students’ personal abilities, motivations, and teachers’ instructional methods are key contributors to academic success, the role of parents in their children’s education is increasingly acknowledged as one of the most significant determinants of academic achievement. Parental involvement is particularly important in the foundational years of education when learners are developing essential skills and attitudes toward learning. However, the nature and extent of parental involvement in education can vary significantly across different families. This variation is often influenced by a range of demographic and socio-economic factors that shape how and to what extent parents engage in their children's education.

The study explored the relationship between collaborative learning preferences and social skills among Grade 5 learners in Kibawe West District, Kibawe, Bukidnon, during the school year 2025-2026. Specifically, it sought to describe the preferred collaborative learning strategies of Grade 5 learners, identify their level of social skills, and examine the significant relationship between collaborative learning preferences and their social skills. The study involved 240 Grade 5 learners selected through simple random sampling. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed, and the questionnaire adapted from Fernandez-Rio et al. (2017) and Mota (2011) was utilized to measure collaborative learning preferences and social skills of grade 5 learners: data analysis involved using mean, standard deviation, and Pearson product-moment correlation. The data gathered indicated that group discussions, peer teaching, jigsaw technique, and collaborative projects were highly favored among Grade 5 learners. Meanwhile, the think-pair-share was also highly preferred, albeit slightly less, still considered high. Grade 5 learners exhibited high levels of social skills. Such a foundation in social skills enriches their learning experience and prepares them for future collaborative endeavors within and beyond the classroom. A significant relationship existed between collaborative learning preferences and social skills among Grade 5 learners. Hence, teachers must implement diverse collaborative learning strategies such as group discussions, peer teaching, and collaborative projects to enhance social skills and subject comprehension among Grade 5 learners.

This study aimed to assess the learners’ comprehension strategies and historical awareness in San Fernando District II, school year 2025-2026. This study used a descriptive-correlational research design. Descriptive-correlational research involves collecting and describing information without altering the environment. It entails a one-time interaction with groups of participants, during which data were gathered, analyzed, classified, and tabulated to derive meaningful interpretations. The result revealed that he learners demonstrated a high level of proficiency in multiple comprehension strategies, including summarization, vocabulary development, compare and contrast, guided reading, and making inferences. Moreover, he learners exhibited a high level of historical awareness, reflecting a strong understanding of historical concepts and contexts.The learners’ historical awareness can be associated with their use of comprehension strategies namely, summarization, vocabulary development, compare and contrast, guided reading, making inference, indicating that effective comprehension skills contribute to greater historical understanding. These suggest that learners may continue to actively practice and refine their comprehension strategies such as summarization, vocabulary development, and making inferences to strengthen their historical awareness further. Teachers are encouraged to integrate targeted exercises that promote these strategies into daily lessons to enhance students’ engagement and understanding of historical content. School administrators and curriculum planners may prioritize the incorporation of explicit instruction on comprehension strategies within the history curriculum. Providing professional development for teachers on advanced strategies like guided reading and compare and contrast techniques will help sustain high levels of historical awareness among learners.

This study assessed the level of Junior Emergency Rescue Unit (JERU) participation among 92 learners and the disaster risk reduction (DRR) practices of 92 teachers in elementary schools of Pangantucan South District, Division of Bukidnon during the School Year 2025–2026. It examined learners’ participation in terms of knowledge and awareness of emergency procedures, involvement in training and drills, engagement in emergency response, and motivation, attitude, and commitment, as well as teachers’ DRR practices in disaster preparedness and planning, mitigation and safety measures, communication and awareness, and capacity building. Using a descriptive-correlational design, data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.937), with total enumeration for teachers and simple random sampling for learners. Mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r were used in the analysis. Findings showed that learners demonstrated full participation in JERU activities, while teachers consistently practiced DRR measures. However, no significant relationship was found between learners’ participation and teachers’ DRR practices. The study recommends continued learner and parent participation, enhanced DRR programs by teachers and administrators, and further research to identify factors that may strengthen coordination between learner engagement and institutional DRR initiatives.

This study aimed to the demographic profile of the teachers in terms of age, sex, and years of teaching experience. This study employed descriptive-comparative research design, and it was conducted at the DepEd-managed schools of the municipality of San Fernando, Bukidnon. The teachers handling Kindergarten are actively involved in the instruction and preparation of learners entering Grade 1, and those handling grades 2 and 3 under District I, San Fernando Division of Bukidnon, are selected as the study's respondents. It consists of 100 teachers as respondents. The The findings revealed that majority of the respondents were between the ages of 31 – 40, mostly female and had 27 years in teaching. The teachers strongly agree on their perception of learners' transition from kindergarten to grade 3.the result also revealed that years in teaching had a significant difference in the level of practice of teachers on transition strategies. Age and sex did not show a significant difference in teaching, but there was a significant difference in the level of practice of teachers on transition strategies. These suggest that teachers may continuously refine and adapt transition strategies, drawing on their growing professional experience and collaboration with colleagues to address learners' academic, behavioral, and social needs effectively. Experienced teachers may be considered as mentors or coaches to less experienced educators to ensure continuity and enhancement of best practices and experiences in managing learners’ transitions, and also encourage them to participate in research projects, focusing on learner transitions, to further inform best practices that may be used by curriculum developers to align early childhood and primary curricula.

This study examined the impact of parental involvement on the literacy and numeracy development of early childhood learners in Salaysay Integrated School and Paitan Integrated School, Quezon District IV, Bukidnon, during School Year 2024–2025. Anchored on Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, Epstein’s Theory of Overlapping Spheres of Influence, and Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, the research aimed to (1) determine the level of parental involvement in terms of providing learning support at home, engaging in school activities, assisting with literacy and numeracy tasks, and communicating with teachers; (2) assess the learners’ level of literacy and numeracy development in terms of letter recognition, word recognition, number recognition, and basic problem-solving; and (3) identify the relationship between parental involvement and learners’ literacy and numeracy performance.
The respondents included 144 Grade 2 learners and their parents from the two participating schools. Employing a descriptive-correlational research design and total population sampling, the study gathered data using two validated survey instruments. Descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, were used to determine the levels of involvement and skill development, while correlational analysis tested the significance of relationships between the variables.

This study examined the relationship between teachers’ involvement in school health campaigns and their health and sanitation practices in public elementary schools in the Pangantucan South District, Division of Bukidnon, Philippines. Conducted during the 2025–2026 school year, the research took place in a rural, resource-constrained context where teachers play a critical role in implementing school-based health initiatives. A descriptive–correlational research design involved all 92 elementary teachers. Data were gathered using a researcher-made, content-validated, and reliability-tested questionnaire that measured teachers’ involvement in school health campaigns, specifically training and knowledge, engagement and participation, communication and advocacy, and attitude, motivation, and commitment. It also measured their health and sanitation practices, including personal hygiene, classroom and environmental sanitation, health protocol compliance, and health promotion practices. The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.974. Descriptive statistics and Pearson product–moment correlation were used for data analysis. Findings revealed high levels of teacher involvement in school health campaigns and high levels of health and sanitation practices across all dimensions. Results also indicated a significant positive relationship between teachers’ involvement and their health and sanitation practices. The study underscores the importance of sustained teacher engagement in health campaigns to strengthen health-promoting behaviors and enhance the effectiveness of school health programs in rural public schools. These findings suggest that policymakers and school administrators should provide continuous support, professional development opportunities, and resources to teachers to help them maintain and further improve their involvement in health campaigns. The study also recommends further research to explore the long-term effects of teacher engagement on student health outcomes and school-wide health improvements, especially in resource-challenged rural environments, to ensure that health promotion efforts are sustainable and impactful.

The primary objective of the study was to determine the level of artificial intelligence (AI) integration in classroom instruction among secondary teachers, specifically in terms of their knowledge and skills related to AI, the extent of classroom application of AI tools, and the barriers and concerns associated with AI integration. The study also sought to describe the pedagogical shift among secondary teachers, focusing on changes in teaching methods, teachers’ attitudes toward AI in pedagogy, and the challenges encountered in adapting instructional practices with AI. Furthermore, correlational analysis was conducted to examine the significant relationship between AI integration and pedagogical shift in classroom settings.

Financial literacy is a cornerstone of individual economic well-being, yet it remains significantly underdeveloped among young adults in India, particularly among women from non-metropolitan backgrounds. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a structured Financial Literacy Development Program (FLDP) implemented among 15 undergraduate girl students residing at the women's hostel of S.N.D.T. Women's University, Pune. The program comprised two components: expert guest lectures delivered by financial professionals and a researcher-designed activity-based teaching program. A pre-test–post-test single-group experimental design was employed to assess changes in participants' financial knowledge, attitudes, and decision-making capabilities. Quantitative data were collected through a validated questionnaire administered before and after the intervention. Findings revealed statistically significant improvements in participants' understanding of budgeting, savings, banking, investment instruments, and consumer rights. The activity-based teaching component was particularly effective in translating knowledge into practical decision-making skills. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on women-focused financial education interventions and recommends institutionalizing such programs within Indian university curricula.

Predictive maintenance has emerged as a key application of Machine Learning (ML) in industrial systems, enabling early detection of equipment failures and reducing downtime. Traditional maintenance strategies, such as reactive and preventive maintenance often result in high operational costs and inefficiencies. This paper explores various ML approaches, including supervised, unsupervised, and deep learning models for predictive maintenance. The proposed system integrates real-time sensor data with advanced ML algorithms to predict failures accurately. Experimental results demonstrate improved prediction accuracy, reduced maintenance costs, and enhanced system reliability compared to existing approaches.

The growing demand for environmentally responsible manufacturing has accelerated the adoption of sustainable practices in machining processes. Conventional machining operations often involve high energy consumption, excessive use of cutting fluids, and significant material waste, leading to environmental and economic concerns. Green machining techniques have emerged as an effective approach to minimize these impacts while maintaining machining performance and product quality. This study investigates sustainable manufacturing through the implementation of green machining techniques such as dry machining, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), and cryogenic cooling. A comparative analysis is conducted to evaluate the performance of these techniques in terms of cutting temperature, tool wear, surface finish, and energy consumption. Experimental data were simulated to represent realistic machining conditions. The results indicate that green machining techniques significantly reduce environmental impact while improving machining efficiency. Among the techniques studied, MQL and cryogenic cooling demonstrate superior performance in reducing tool wear and enhancing surface quality. However, challenges related to implementation cost and process optimization remain. The study concludes that green machining is a viable pathway toward sustainable manufacturing, offering both environmental and economic benefits.

Industrial heating processes constitute a major share of global energy demand, with a predominant dependence on fossil fuels that results in increased operational costs and environmental concerns. In this context, solar-assisted thermal systems have gained attention as a sustainable alternative capable of supplementing conventional heating methods. These hybrid systems utilize solar energy to partially replace fossil fuel usage while ensuring uninterrupted thermal performance for industrial applications. This study focuses on the design and performance evaluation of a solar-assisted thermal system developed for medium-temperature industrial heating. The proposed system integrates solar collectors, a thermal energy storage unit, and an auxiliary heating mechanism to maintain stable operation under varying climatic conditions. Experimental analysis was conducted to evaluate system performance in terms of thermal efficiency, fuel savings, and outlet temperature characteristics. The results reveal that the system achieves a peak thermal efficiency of approximately 65–67% under optimal solar conditions, along with fuel savings reaching up to 45–48%. Additionally, the system is capable of delivering outlet temperatures close to 95°C, demonstrating its suitability for a wide range of industrial processes. The inclusion of thermal storage enhances system reliability by mitigating fluctuations in solar availability. Despite these advantages, performance is influenced by factors such as solar intermittency, system configuration, and initial investment requirements. Overall, the findings confirm that solar-assisted thermal systems provide a practical and environmentally sustainable solution for industrial heating, particularly in regions with high solar irradiance.

Skin tanning caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation is a common cosmetic concern and may lead to pigmentation, premature aging, and other skin-related problems. Herbal formulations are gaining importance due to their safety, efficacy, and minimal side effects. The present study aims to develop and characterize a polyherbal hydrogel for de-tan activity using natural extracts of Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root and Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves, known for their antioxidant, depigmenting, and skin-protective properties. The extracts were prepared using suitable extraction methods and incorporated into hydrogel formulations using Carbopol 940 as a gelling agent. Four formulations (F1–F4) were prepared with varying concentrations of extracts and polymer. The prepared hydrogels were evaluated for physical appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, swelling index, washability, in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH and H₂O₂ scavenging assays), in vitro SPF determination, and stability studies. All formulations showed acceptable physicochemical properties with pH suitable for topical application. Among them, formulation F4 exhibited superior antioxidant activity, higher swelling index, good spreadability, and an SPF value of 30.6, indicating effective photoprotective potential. Stability studies revealed no significant changes in formulation characteristics over one month. The results suggest that the developed polyherbal hydrogel is a stable, safe, and effective topical formulation for de-tan and skin protection.

The automated extraction of structured data from semi-structured government documents remains a significant technical challenge for public sector transparency and admin- istrative automation. Although budget reports and project ex- penditure documents are widely published in digital form, their PDF-based layouts are designed for human readability rather than machine processing, rendering the underlying data largely inaccessible to automated systems. This study presents a con- trolled experimental comparison of three data extraction method- ologies applied to a government budgetary document: a zero- shot approach using Google’s Gemini API (Method A), a rule- based Regular Expression pipeline (Method B), and a locally- hosted Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system (Method C). All three pipelines were evaluated under identical conditions against a manually verified ground-truth dataset derived from a single standardised benchmark document containing 21 project records. Performance was assessed using Precision, Recall, F1- Score, and ROUGE-L for extraction accuracy, supplemented by execution time, operational cost, development complexity, and data security assessments. Both Method A and Method B achieved perfect extraction accuracy, attaining an F1-Score of 1.00 across all project records and associated data fields. Method C performed substantially worse, achieving an F1-Score of 0.60, a Recall of 0.43, and a complete failure to extract numerical budget amounts (0.00% accuracy). This failure is attributed to context fragmentation—a structural limitation in which the RAG pipeline’s document chunking process severed the integrity of multi-field project records during retrieval. In terms of processing speed, Method B completed execution in 0.12 seconds, compared to 5.14 seconds for Method A and 12.38 seconds for Method C. These findings demonstrate that for documents with consistent and predictable formatting, a rule-based pipeline offers superior performance across all evaluated dimensions. The zero- shot LLM approach represents a viable alternative for variable- format documents or rapid prototyping, while the RAG paradigm is found to be architecturally ill-suited for structured single- document extraction tasks. The results provide an evidence-based framework for methodology selection in public finance document automation.

The rapid digital transformation of education has exposed significant limitations in traditional Learning Management Systems (LMS), including fragmented learning environments, limited scalability, and inadequate support for technical skill development. This paper presents SkillSphere, a comprehensive and scalable LMS developed using the MERN (MongoDB, Express.js, React, Node.js) stack to address these challenges. The platform integrates cloud-based media streaming through Cloudinary, secure stateless authentication using JSON Web Tokens (JWT), and Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) for efficient user management. A key contribution of SkillSphere is its dedicated Data Structures and Algorithms (DSA) module, which combines curated instructional resources with industry-standard problem sets to enhance practical learning. Additionally, the system supports course management, interactive assessments, progress tracking, and placement analytics within a unified ecosystem. Leveraging non-blocking I/O architecture and optimized data handling, the platform ensures high concurrency and low-latency performance. Experimental evaluation and comparative analysis with existing LMS platforms indicate that SkillSphere significantly improves student engagement, technical proficiency, and career readiness, positioning it as a robust and scalable solution for modern technical education.

In recent years, Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed human–machine interaction, enabling systems to generate human-like text, images, and speech with remarkable accuracy. Despite these advancements, most Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to lack a critical human attribute—emotional awareness. Although their responses are coherent and contextually relevant, they often appear impersonal and fail to capture the emotional nuances required for meaningful interaction. This limitation becomes particularly significant in domains such as education, healthcare, counseling, and virtual assistance, where empathy and emotional intelligence play a vital role. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a Hybrid Emotion-Aware Framework using Mood-Adaptive Large Language Models, designed to integrate emotional intelligence into AI-driven communication systems. The proposed framework combines multiple computational paradigms, including Affective Computing, Sentiment Analysis, and Adaptive Response Generation, to enable real-time detection, interpretation, and response to human emotions. By leveraging multimodal cues such as linguistic patterns, vocal tone, and facial expressions, the system dynamically adapts its responses based on the user’s emotional state, thereby enhancing contextual relevance and empathetic engagement. The architecture of the proposed framework integrates transformer-based generative models with deep neural network–based emotion recognition modules. An advanced emotion detection layer extracts affective signals from user inputs and encodes them into structured emotion vectors. These vectors are utilized by the generative model to modulate response characteristics, including tone, lexical choice, and sentence structure, resulting in emotionally aligned and context-aware interactions. The hybrid design further incorporates adaptive learning mechanisms to improve personalization and response accuracy over time.

Herbal medicine has been widely used for centuries in traditional systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, and continues to play a significant role in modern healthcare. A large proportion of the global population relies on plant-based remedies due to their effectiveness, cultural acceptance, and relatively fewer side effects. The present study focuses on the pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and in vitro antidiabetic evaluation of the methanolic extract of Syzygium samarangense stem bark. The plant Syzygium samarangense, belonging to the family Myrtaceae, is known for its diverse medicinal properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities. In this study, the stem bark was collected, authenticated, shade-dried, and subjected to various pharmacognostic evaluations such as organoleptic, microscopic, and physicochemical analysis. Parameters like moisture content, ash values, extractive values, foaming index, swelling index, and fluorescence analysis were determined to establish the quality and purity of the crude drug. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract revealed the presence of important bioactive constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids, which are responsible for various pharmacological activities. Quantitative estimation of total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, and glycoside content was also carried out. Additionally, GC-MS analysis was performed to identify the chemical constituents present in the extract. The in vitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated using α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. The results indicated that the extract possesses significant inhibitory activity, suggesting its potential role in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia.

Objectives: This study aims to develop a multimodal deep learning framework that integrates liver ultrasound imaging with traditional health indicators for improved detection of liver Steatosis. The objective is to enhance diagnostic accuracy, strengthen model interpretability, and align artificial intelligence-based predictions with clinically meaningful factors rather than relying solely on imaging data. Methods: A hybrid deep learning model combining Convolutional Neural Networks and Transformer architecture was designed to analyze ultrasound images, enabling the system to capture both fine local details and broader global patterns in liver tissue. Alongside imaging data, traditional parameters related to diet, lifestyle, and body constitution were numerically encoded and incorporated into the model through a multimodal fusion layer. The entire framework was trained in an end-to-end manner using cross-validation to ensure reliability, stability, and generalizability across different patient samples. Findings: The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed multimodal framework performs better than single-modality models that rely only on ultrasound images. It achieved superior performance in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and Area Under the Curve (AUC). The inclusion of traditional diagnostic principles not only improved prediction outcomes but also made the model more interpretable and clinically meaningful. By bridging ancient diagnostic wisdom with modern artificial intelligence, this study presents a novel, holistic approach to liver health assessment and offers a promising tool for early, accurate, and clinically relevant detection of liver Steatosis. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the value of integrating traditional diagnostic principles with modern deep learning for liver Steatosis detection. The proposed multimodal framework enhances diagnostic accuracy, interpretability, and clinical relevance. By combining ancient medical wisdom with artificial intelligence, this approach offers a practical and holistic pathway for early and reliable assessment of liver health.

This study examined the challenges affecting maritime tourism development in Bonny Local Government Area (LGA), Rivers State, Nigeria, with a focus on tourism operators’ constraints and their implications for sustainable tourism growth. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, with data collected from 138 stakeholders selected from an estimated population of 210 using the Taro Yamane formula. Primary data were obtained through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). The findings revealed that major challenges confronting tourism operators include inadequate access to finance (Mean = 2.84), insufficient government support (Mean = 3.04), lack of training and professional skills (Mean = 3.00), environmental and security concerns (Mean = 2.87), and poor collaboration among stakeholders (Mean = 3.30). The overall results indicate strong agreement among respondents that these factors significantly hinder maritime tourism development in Bonny LGA. Furthermore, correlation analysis showed a positive and statistically significant relationship between tourism operators’ challenges and maritime tourism development (r = 0.161, p < 0.05), leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The study also established that tourism development contributes positively to local economic activities, including job creation and income generation, confirming its potential as a viable tool for economic diversification in coastal communities. However, the persistence of structural and institutional constraints limits the sector’s full potential. The study concludes that addressing financial, infrastructural, and institutional barriers is critical for enhancing sustainable maritime tourism development in Bonny LGA. It recommends improved access to funding, strengthened stakeholder collaboration, capacity building for operators, and increased government support to unlock the economic benefits of maritime tourism.

This paper presents a comprehensive framework for the development of Software Product Lines (SPL) and associated processes tailored to the domain of raw material scheduling in manufacturing environments. Raw material scheduling is a complex, constraint-laden problem that demands flexible, reusable, and maintainable software solutions capable of adapting to diverse industrial contexts. Traditional bespoke software approaches fail to address the variability and scalability requirements inherent in this domain. We propose a domain-engineering methodology that systematically captures commonalities and variabilities across scheduling scenarios, constructs a comprehensive 47-feature model, and defines a set of configurable core assets. Our application engineering approach enables rapid derivation of scheduling system variants using constraint satisfaction and genetic algorithm-based optimization strategies. We validate the SPL framework through a controlled simulation study comparing four scheduling strategies across benchmark instances, followed by a multi-site industrial case study involving three manufacturing facilities. Experimental results demonstrate a 62.3% reduction in time-to-deploy new scheduling configurations, an 11.4 percentage-point improvement in schedule adherence, and a 5-year projected cost saving of approximately €1.2 million compared to legacy monolithic scheduling systems.

This study examines the effect of port infrastructural facilities on cargo dwell time at Onne Port, Rivers State, Nigeria. Adopting a descriptive research design, primary data were collected from 222 respondents comprising port officials, terminal operators, and logistics stakeholders using structured questionnaires and interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Findings reveal those infrastructural inadequacies particularly limited cargo-handling equipment, insufficient storage facilities, and poor hinterland connectivity significantly contribute to prolonged cargo dwell time. The correlation analysis indicates a positive and statistically significant relationship between port infrastructure and cargo dwell time (r = 0.186, p = 0.008 < 0.05), leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. Furthermore, approximately 68% of respondents agreed that poor infrastructure delays cargo clearance processes. The relationship between key infrastructural components and cargo dwell time, highlighting how deficiencies in berth capacity, equipment availability, and transport connectivity increase congestion and delays. The study concludes that improving port infrastructure is critical to reducing cargo dwell time and enhancing operational efficiency. It recommends investment in modern cargo-handling technologies, expansion of berth capacity, improved storage systems, and enhanced multimodal transport integration. These measures will strengthen port performance, reduce logistics costs, and improve Nigeria’s competitiveness in global maritime trade.

The wastewater generated by the textile industry is rated as the most polluting among all industrial sectors considering both volumes discharged and effluent composition. In present study the textile effluent was subjected for the colour removal by using natural coagulant Azadiracta indica. Azadiracta indica leaves treat water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent. It is generally accepted that Azadiracta indica works as a coagulant due to positively charged water – soluble proteins, which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay, bacteria, toxins etc) allowing the resulting “flocs” to settle to the bottom or be removed by Filtration. Also, the pH on colour removal was studied. pH and concentration of coagulant and time for treatment were found to be important factors in dye colour removal of textile effluent 2gm dose of Azadiracta indica at 7.3 pH for threes hour agitation time was found to be very effective for colour removal of text.

The study examined Family structure as correlates of Antisocial Behavior among Emerging Adults in Yenagoa Bayelsa State. The study tested three hypothesis , which are : There will be a significant level of antisocial behavior among emerging adults in Yenagoa, There will be significant influence between parental behavioral control on antisocial behaviour among emerging adults ,There will be significant influence of parental affection and communication on antisocial behavior among emerging adults. Cross sectional research design was adopted as the research design , while Yenagoa was adopted as the study area, 100 participants were selected for the study using stratification and simple random technique . Results showed that lying/deceit (25%), disobedience to authority (22%), and truancy/poor attendance (20%) were the most prevalent antisocial behaviours, while substance use (5%) was least common. Mean values indicate the relative likelihood of each behaviour, with standard deviations showing moderate variability. The chi-square test (χ² = 16.82, df = 5, p < .05) confirms that antisocial behaviour is statistically significant among emerging adults in Yenagoa. Study recommend that Parents should adopt consistent behavioural control strategies that emphasise supervision, guidance, and positive reinforcement rather than harsh discipline, as this helps reduce prevalent behaviours such as lying, disobedience, and truancy.

Student suicide has become a serious social and public health concern in India. In recent years, there has been a noticeable rise in the number of students taking their own lives due to various academic, social, and psychological pressures. The intense competition in the education system, high expectations from parents and society, fear of failure, and lack of proper emotional support are some of the major factors contributing to this problem. Many students experience stress, anxiety, and depression but hesitate to seek professional help because of stigma surrounding mental health issues. Educational institutions often focus primarily on academic performance while neglecting the emotional and psychological well-being of students. This paper aims to examine the causes, consequences, and possible preventive measures related to student suicides in India. The study is based on secondary data collected from research articles, reports, government publications, and other reliable sources. It highlights the urgent need for a supportive educational environment that prioritizes mental health and well-being. The paper also emphasizes the role of parents, teachers, and policymakers in addressing this crisis. By promoting awareness, counselling services, and stress management strategies, effective steps can be taken to reduce the incidence of student suicides in India.

Parking space management has become an important issue in modern urban environments due to the rapid increase in the number of vehicles. Traditional parking systems often depend on manual verification or expensive hardware technologies such as RFID readers and sensor networks, which increase operational complexity and installation cost. To overcome these limitations, this research proposes a QR Code-Based Smart Vehicle Parking Management System that automates the process of vehicle identification and parking access using a web-based platform. In the proposed system, users can register their vehicles through an online interface, after which a unique QR code is generated and linked to the vehicle information stored in the database. This QR code acts as a digital parking pass that can be scanned at the parking entrance for verification. The system is implemented using Python and the Flask framework, while SQLite database is used to store user details, vehicle information, and parking logs. The application also maintains real-time parking records and ensures secure vehicle authentication.

This study examined the effectiveness of the Adaptive Reading Intervention Approach as a reading intervention program in addressing learners’ reading difficulties. Grounded in cognitive, sociocultural, and ecological theories, the study aimed to determine how adaptive, assessment-driven strategies can improve learners’ reading proficiency, particularly among those identified at the frustration level. Utilizing a quantitative research design, data were collected through standardized reading assessment tools such as the Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (Phil-IRI), Comprehensive Rapid Literacy Assessment (CRLA), and Functional Literacy Assessment Tool (FLAT). These instruments were used to determine learners’ reading levels and monitor progress before and after the implementation of the intervention. The findings revealed that learners exposed to the Adaptive Reading Intervention Approach demonstrated notable improvement in reading performance, particularly in comprehension, fluency, and word recognition. The results further indicated that assessment-informed instruction, when combined with differentiated and contextualized learning strategies, significantly contributes to enhanced literacy outcomes. Moreover, the integration of stakeholder collaboration, including teachers, parents, and community partners, played a vital role in reinforcing reading development both in school and at home. Based on the findings, the study recommends the institutionalization of adaptive, assessment-driven reading programs, strengthened utilization of diagnostic tools for targeted intervention, and continuous professional development for teachers. It also underscores the importance of collaborative literacy practices in sustaining learner progress. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on reading interventions and provides a practical framework for improving literacy outcomes in diverse educational contexts.

Central nervous system (CNS) depressants are agents that reduce neuronal activity and are commonly used in the management of anxiety, insomnia, and other neurological disorders. However, synthetic CNS depressants are often associated with adverse effects such as dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. In recent years, medicinal plants have emerged as potential alternatives due to their safety, availability, and diverse phytochemical composition. The present study focuses on the screening of CNS depressant activity using medicinal plants. Plant extracts are evaluated using standard experimental models such as locomotor activity tests and phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time to assess their sedative and calming effects. The mechanism of action is mainly associated with the enhancement of inhibitory neurotransmission through the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system. The mechanism of action is mainly associated with the enhancement of inhibitory neurotransmission through the study highlights the importance of medicinal plants as promising sources of safer CNS depressant agents and supports their potential role in the development of new therapeutic drugs for CNS-related .

The study evaluated government efforts towards the realization of the United Nations sustainable development goal eleven in Uyo Capital City of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design. The population for the study consisted of three thousand five hundred and sixteen (3516) community leaders in the five hundred and eighty six (586) communities that make up Uyo Capital City Development Authority. A purposive sampling technique was used in selecting three hundred and ninety-nine (399) respondents from one hundred and thirty three (133) communities in the area under study. The instrument used for the study was a structured questionnaire titled “Government Effort towards the Realization of the United National Sustainable Development Goal Eleven Questionnaire (GERUNSDGEQ)” the instrument was validated by three experts in measurement and evaluation. Cronbach alpha reliability test was done to ascertain the reliability of the instrument. The data collected was analyzed using mean statistics. The result shows that government effort towards providing adequate and sustainable housing include; provision of mortgage loan for citizens. Establishment of an agency to inspect building sites before buildings are erected and giving approval before buildings are constructed. The study further showed that government effort towards managing and controlling flood include; providing designated dump site, ensuring that streets/roads have gutters/drainage, establishment of waste management agency and instituting a monthly sanitation exercise. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were mad; government should make effort to provide houses for low income earners to buy/rent, government should endeavor to have the data base of all the houses within the Uyo Capital City, finally the agency in-charge of waste management should be encouraged to carry out their duty diligently among others.

Competitive anxiety plays a significant role in influencing athletic performance and psychological functioning. The present study investigated the impact of cyclic meditation on competitive anxiety among collegiate athletes using a pre–post controlled design. A total of 22 participants were assigned to a cyclic meditation group (n = 11) and a control group (n = 11). Anxiety levels were measured using the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). Statistical analysis using a two-way mixed ANOVA indicated a significant change in anxiety scores across time (p 0.05). Descriptive findings indicated a greater reduction in anxiety scores within the meditation group. These findings highlight the complexity of measuring psychological interventions and suggest that further investigation is required to clarify the role of meditation in competitive settings.

Cholera remains a persistent public health challenge in Nigeria, driven by recurrent outbreaks, poor sanitation, environmental factors, and the evolving genetic diversity of Vibrio cholerae, particularly the toxigenic O1 and O139 serogroups. Conventional diagnostic techniques such as culture, polymerase chain reaction, and serotyping, although reliable, are time-consuming, resource-intensive, and inadequate for rapid strain-level differentiation required for effective outbreak response and personalized clinical management. This study proposes a machine learning–based precision diagnostic framework for the early detection and strain-specific classification of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 infections, with a focus on the Nigerian context. Clinical and environmental data obtained from confirmed cholera cases provided by the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Lagos State branch, were preprocessed through data cleaning, feature selection, normalization, and class balancing techniques. A Random Forest (RF) classifier was developed and evaluated alongside a K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) model using a 70:30 training–testing split. Model performance was assessed using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. The Random Forest model demonstrated superior performance, achieving an accuracy of 85.2%, precision of 0.867, recall of 0.867, and F1-score of 0.867, outperforming the KNN model across all evaluation metrics. The findings underscore the potential of machine learning–driven precision diagnostics in enhancing cholera detection, strain differentiation, and risk prediction in resource-limited settings. This study contributes to advancing the application of artificial intelligence in infectious disease genomics and supports the integration of data-driven diagnostic tools into cholera surveillance, clinical decision-making, and public health preparedness strategies in Nigeria.

Menstrual irregularities are commonly associated with stress-induced neuroendocrine imbalance, primarily involving the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Conventional therapies may cause adverse effects, creating a need for safer and cost-effective herbal alternatives. Medicinal plants rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids are known to exhibit adaptogenic, antioxidant, and hormone-modulating properties. Bryonia laciniosa and Putranjiva roxburghii have been traditionally used for reproductive health disorders and are reported to possess significant phytoconstituents that may help in regulating hormonal imbalance. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the neuroendocrine modulatory effects of extracts of Bryonia laciniosa and Putranjiva roxburghii in stress-induced menstrual irregularities in experimental animal models. The plant extracts were administered at different dose levels, and their effects were compared with a standard treatment. Parameters such as estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and cortisol levels were assessed along with oxidative stress markers. Statistical analysis was performed using one way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. The results demonstrated that the treatment with plant extracts significantly restored hormonal balance, reduced stress-induced cortisol levels, and improved antioxidant status. A marked improvement in menstrual cycle regularity was also observed. Thus, the study concludes that Bryonia laciniosa and Putranjiva roxburghii possess significant neuroendocrine modulatory activity and may serve as potential therapeutic agents in the management of stress-induced menstrual irregularities.

This study develops an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven predictive model aimed at enhancing tenant retention through data- driven insights. Drawing on tenant data from major urban centers—Lagos, Abuja, and Enugu—the study applies supervised machine learning techniques, with a focus on the Random Forest (RF) algorithm, to predict tenant churn. Key variables analyzed include demographic, financial, property, and service quality factors influencing tenant behavior. The findings reveal that the RF model outperforms traditional models such as Linear Regression in accuracy (99.96%), recall (81.63%), and overall predictive performance, demonstrating its suitability for tenant retention prediction. The study highlights the transformative potential of AI in shifting property management practices from reactive to proactive strategies. The research contributes to both academic knowledge and practical applications by integrating machine learning with real estate management in a developing economy context.

The traditional agricultural sector faces significant challenges due to unpredictable climatic shifts, inefficient water management, and the degradation of soil fertility caused by improper chemical usage. To address these issues, this project proposes an IoT-based Smart Agriculture Management System designed to transition from conventional farming to Data-Driven Precision Agriculture. The core of the system is a decentralized wireless sensor network integrated with an ESP32 microcontroller. The framework utilizes a suite of sensors to monitor critical soil parameters, including volumetric moisture content, temperature, pH levels, and NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) concentrations. Unlike standard automated systems, this project implements a multi-parametric decision-making algorithm that triggers automated irrigation and nutrient dispensing only when soil levels fall below crop-specific thresholds, significantly reducing water wastage and fertilizer runoff. Data is transmitted via the MQTT protocol to a centralized cloud platform (ThingSpeak/Firebase) for real-time visualization and historical trend analysis. Experimental results demonstrate that the system achieves a 30% reduction in water consumption and provides farmers with actionable insights via a mobile application, enabling remote field management. By bridging the gap between hardware sensing and cloud analytics, this system provides a scalable, cost-effective solution for enhancing crop yield and ensuring environmental sustainability in modern farming.

Gouty arthritis is a metabolic disorder that develops when there is an excessive accumulation of uric acid in the body. This leads to the formation of monosodium urate crystals, which deposit in the joints and surrounding tissues, causing intense pain, swelling, and inflammation. The condition is characterized by sudden and recurrent episodes of joint pain, which can significantly restrict movement and reduce the quality of life.Among the various non-drug approaches for managing pain, cinnamon compress therapy has gained attention due to its natural anti-inflammatory properties. Cinnamon contains several active constituents that help reduce inflammation and pain by suppressing cytokines involved in arthritic conditions. Cinnamon sticks, when crushed, release essential oils ranging from 1–4%. These oils include important bioactive compounds such as cinnamaldehyde (60–80%), eugenol (up to 10%), and phenolic compounds (4–10%). In addition, cinnamon also contains tannins and catechins, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. These compounds promote vasodilation, thereby improving blood circulation in affected areas and helping to alleviate pain and stiffness.This study is based on a literature review approach, where both national and international research articles were analysed to evaluate the effectiveness of cinnamon in managing arthritis-related pain. National studies were collected from Google Scholar using keywords such as “cinnamon,” “Cinnamomum burmannii,” and “gout arthritis.” International articles were sourced from databases like ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and PubMed using terms such as “cinnamon” and “rheumatoid arthritis gout.” A total of ten relevant studies were selected and reviewed.The findings suggest that cinnamon-based therapies are effective in reducing joint pain associated with arthritis. Various methods of application include warm cinnamon compresses, oral intake of cinnamon mixed with honey, herbal formulations, dietary supplements, and topical creams. These treatments are commonly applied to affected joints such as the knees and feet. However, further research is necessary to fully understand the therapeutic potential of Cinnamomum burmannii, especially in regions like Indonesia. Advancing this field will require improved healthcare infrastructure, availability of trained professionals, sufficient research funding, and increased public awareness regarding the benefits of herbal therapies.

The integration of digital technologies in education has increasingly transformed the teaching and learning of science, providing learners with interactive and engaging opportunities to explore scientific concepts. Despite these advancements, the effectiveness of digital tools in improving science learning outcomes largely depends on students’ perceptions of their usability and accessibility. This study examined Senior High School students’ perceptions of digital tools used in science instruction in terms of perceived ease of use, accessibility, and their perceived impact on science learning. Anchored on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Constructivist Learning Theory, and the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework, the study aimed to determine how these factors influence students’ engagement, conceptual understanding, and motivation in science learning. Using a descriptive quantitative research design, data were collected from Senior High School students through a structured survey questionnaire employing a four-point Likert scale. The instrument measured students’ perceptions of the usability and accessibility of digital learning tools and their perceived contribution to learning outcomes such as engagement, conceptual understanding, and problem-solving skills in science. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data and determine the overall level of students’ perceptions regarding the use of digital tools in science education. The findings of the study are expected to provide insights into how digital technologies can be effectively integrated into science instruction to enhance learning experiences and promote meaningful engagement among learners. Furthermore, the results may inform educators, school administrators, and policymakers in designing technology-supported instructional strategies that are accessible, user-friendly, and responsive to students’ learning needs. Ultimately, the study contributes to the growing body of research on technology-enhanced learning and supports efforts to improve the quality and inclusivity of science education in the digital era.

Obesity has emerged as a global health crisis, traditionally diagnosed via Body Mass Index (BMI). However, BMI often fails to account for the behavioral precursors that drive weight gain. This paper proposes a Machine Learning (ML) framework, B-ORAF, to predict obesity risk by analysing lifestyle and behavioral inputs. Utilizing a dataset of 2,111 individuals, we compared Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Our results demonstrate that XGBoost achieves a superior accuracy of 95.56%. By identifying sedentary technology use and dietary frequency as primary risk markers, this framework provides a robust tool for early clinical intervention.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects physical devices, sensors, and systems through the internet to enable intelligent communication and automation. IoT systems integrate hardware, software, networking, and cloud technologies to create smart environments in sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, transportation, smart homes, and industrial automation. The increasing number of connected devices allows real-time monitoring, data collection, and intelligent decision-making. However, challenges such as security risks, interoperability, scalability, and data management still exist. This paper reviews existing IoT systems, analyzes their limitations, and proposes an enhanced IoT framework that integrates cloud computing, edge processing, and intelligent analytics to build scalable and secure connected systems.

Due to the poor quality of generally available drinking water sources and the obvious lack of adequate centralized systems for the delivery of safe water to households in Nigeria, it became expedient to research low-cost ceramic household biological (coliform) filters in order to provide an affordable and accessible means for citizens to improve their drinking water quality to acceptable standards. This work seeks to ascertain the suitability of lignite as an organic additive (pore former) in ceramic clay filters for water purification in comparison with the commonly used sawdust. In this study, clay and lateritic soil samples were collected from Igo Village near Benin City, Edo State, while lignite samples were collected from Azagba-Ogwuashi, Aniocha South Local Government Area of Delta State. Sawdust from hardwood (pore former) and lateritic soil (flux and plasticity reducer) were collected from Benin City, Edo State. The raw materials were weighed and combined in various ratios with a certain percentage of water to produce a homogeneous plastic body. This was thoroughly kneaded to remove any available pores in the clay and then molded into discs. The various samples were allowed to dry for four weeks to remove any free water in the samples and were then fired in an electric kiln to a temperature of 900 °C. The average diameter, thickness, and weight of the discs were 9.9 cm, 2.4 cm, and 332.5 g, respectively, and they were designated D1–D6. The flow rates of the fired discs ranged from 341 mL/h for D1 to 850 mL/h for D5. The total coliform bacteria removal efficiency of the discs ranged from 60.2% for D2 to 80.1% for D6. Although this does not meet the WHO standard of 0 cfu/mL, it is still appreciable. D5 contained 10% sawdust mixed with Igo clay and laterite, while D6 contained 10% lignite. D5 and D6 outperformed the other discs due to their constituents. D5 recorded a flow rate of 850 mL/h and a coliform removal efficiency of 78.5%, while D6 recorded a flow rate of 756 mL/h and a coliform bacterial removal efficiency of 80.1%. It is recommended for further work that colloidal silver be added to the formulation of the filter disc, as it is a strong antibacterial agent, in order to improve the coliform removal efficiency of the filter.

Kenya’s large-scale manufacturing sector is central to industrialization and job creation, yet it continues to face persistent supply chain inefficiencies marked by high logistics costs, low-capacity utilization, and weak responsiveness to consumer demand. These challenges suggest gaps in the application of Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) practices and in the ability of Business Information Systems (BIS) to support such practices effectively. This study investigated the effect of ECR on supply chain performance and examined the moderating role of BIS among large-scale manufacturing firms in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive and correlational design and collected primary data using structured questionnaires from firms registered with the Kenya Association of Manufacturers. Data was analyzed using multiple and hierarchical regression techniques. The results indicate that ECR practices significantly improve supply chain performance, explaining 56.8% of performance variation (R² = 0.568), with efficient replenishment having the strongest effect (β = 0.387, p < 0.001). The findings further show that BIS significantly strengthens the ECR-performance relationship, as demonstrated by a positive interaction effect (β = 0.221, p < 0.001) and an increase in explanatory power to R² = 0.659. The study concludes that while ECR directly enhances supply chain performance, its impact is substantially strengthened when supported by effective BIS. It recommends that manufacturing firms integrate ECR initiatives with robust, well-coordinated information systems and invest in digital capabilities that enhance real-time information sharing and supply chain responsiveness.

Public administration in Kenya continues to face persistent challenges such as bureaucratic inefficiency, weak accountability mechanisms, and slow adoption of digital technologies, all of which undermine the quality and timeliness of public service delivery. This study examined the effectiveness of public administration and the implementation of e-services in enhancing service delivery within the Ministry of Interior and National Administration, Kenya. Using mixed-methods approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data, data was collected from 375 respondents through structured questionnaires. The findings revealed that the effectiveness of public administration significantly influences service delivery performance, with resource utilization and accountability being the strongest predictors. E-service implementation measured through digital infrastructure readiness, cybersecurity, citizen adoption, and digital literacy was found to partially mediate the relationship between administrative effectiveness and service delivery. Furthermore, e-service implementation had a strong direct effect on service quality, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. The study concludes that effective administrative systems and robust digital platforms are mutually reinforcing in achieving efficient and citizen-centered public services. It recommends that government agencies strengthen institutional frameworks, enhance digital infrastructure, and invest in continuous training for public servants to sustain technological transformation and improve public service outcomes in Kenya.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) represents a significant health concern affecting millions of men worldwide, with implications extending far beyond the physiological to encompass psychological well-being, relationship quality, and overall quality of life. In Ghanaian society, where marriage is highly valued and masculine identity is closely tied to sexual performance, the experience of ED may carry particularly profound consequences for marital satisfaction. Yet despite the prevalence of ED and the cultural importance of marriage in Ghana, there has been no systematic research examining how ED affects marital relationships in this context. This study investigates the effects of erectile dysfunction on marital satisfaction among Ghanaian men, exploring the psychological, relational, and cultural dimensions of this experience. Employing a qualitative phenomenological design, the study conducts in-depth interviews with men experiencing ED, their spouses, marriage counsellors, and healthcare providers in the Greater Accra Region. Drawing on the Biopsychosocial Model and Social Exchange Theory, the study seeks to understand how ED influences marital dynamics, what coping mechanisms couples employ, and how cultural factors shape these experiences. By providing empirically grounded insights into the intersection of sexual health and marital quality in Ghana, the study aims to inform the development of culturally sensitive interventions, counselling approaches, and healthcare services that support couples affected by ED.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) represents a significant health concern affecting millions of men worldwide, with consequences that extend far beyond the physical to encompass profound psychological effects. Among the most significant of these psychological effects is the impact on self-esteem, the evaluative component of self-concept that reflects an individual's sense of worth and adequacy. In Ghanaian society, where masculine identity is closely tied to sexual performance and the ability to satisfy partners, the experience of ED may carry particularly severe consequences for men's self-esteem. Yet despite the prevalence of ED and the cultural importance of masculinity in Ghana, there has been no systematic research examining how ED affects men's psychological well-being in this context. This study explores the psychological impact of erectile dysfunction on the self-esteem of Ghanaian men, examining the subjective experiences, meanings, and coping mechanisms that shape this relationship. Employing a qualitative phenomenological design, the study conducts in-depth interviews with men experiencing ED, their spouses, mental health professionals, and healthcare providers in the Greater Accra Region. Drawing on Self-Esteem Theory and the Biopsychosocial Model, the study seeks to understand how ED threatens men's sense of worth, what psychological mechanisms mediate this relationship, and what resources support the maintenance of positive self-esteem despite sexual difficulties. By providing empirically grounded insights into the intersection of sexual health and psychological well-being in Ghana, the study aims to inform the development of culturally sensitive counselling approaches, mental health services, and healthcare practices that address the whole person, not merely the physical condition.

The Smart Automated Digital Hospital Monitoring System operates by continuously collecting data across two primary sensor networks—patient and environmental—and processes this information using pre-set, rule-based logic and fixed thresholds for detection and notification, without relying on machine learning. Wearable and near-patient sensors constantly track vital physiological data, specifically Heart Rate (HR) and Blood Oxygen Saturation (Spo2), comparing these readings directly to established medical safety ranges (e.g., triggers a critical event). Simultaneously, fixed ambient sensors monitor critical environmental factors, including Air Quality (detecting and VOCs, which are compared to safe parts-per-million limits), Fire (via smoke/heat sensors, which trigger on fixed temperature or particle density levels), Humidity (compared to a narrow acceptable range for patient comfort and equipment integrity), and abnormal Sound (which triggers based on exceeding a pre-set decibel level or frequency characteristic of distress). This sensor data is streamed wirelessly to a central gateway, which is programmed to execute an "IF-THEN" notification protocol: if any parameter crosses its defined critical threshold, a high-priority alarm is instantly escalated to medical staff's mobile devices and the central nursing dashboard; concurrently, an informational or advisory message is delivered directly to the patient's bedside display, ensuring prompt, rule-based intervention and maintaining patient awareness within the digitally monitored environment.

This paper presents an empirical study on network optimization, focusing on Software- Defined Networking (SDN), Quality of Service (QoS), and machine learning for traffic management. Analyzing 500 network topologies and 1.2TB traffic traces, we evaluate 12 algorithms using Mininet/Ryu. Key findings: Deep learning achieves 94.2% accuracy in traffic prediction (RMSE=0.023); SDN-based load balancing reduces latency 43% (p¡0.001); QoS- aware routing improves throughput 67% under congestion (Kreutz et al., 2014). Includes reproducible Python code for SDN controllers and ML models. Results guide network administrators toward intelligent, scalable solutions (McKeown, 2009; Feamster et al., 2014).

This study examined students’ perception of computer-based examination and academic motivation of undergraduates in the University of Uyo, Nigeria. The rapid integration of information and communication technology in higher education has led many universities to adopt Computer-Based Testing (CBT) as an alternative to the traditional paper-and-pencil examination system. Despite its increasing adoption, concerns still exist regarding students’ acceptance of CBT and its influence on their academic motivation. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study comprised undergraduate students of the University of Uyo, while a representative sample was selected using appropriate sampling procedures. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire designed to measure students’ perception of CBT and their level of academic motivation. The instrument was validated by experts and its reliability established before administration. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The findings revealed that students generally hold positive perceptions toward computer-based examinations, particularly in terms of efficiency, quick result processing, reduced examination malpractice, and improved transparency in assessment. The study also found that CBT significantly influences students’ academic motivation, as many students feel encouraged to prepare better for examinations due to the structured and time-controlled nature of computer-based testing. However, challenges such as limited computer skills among some students, occasional technical issues, and inadequate infrastructure were identified as factors that could affect students’ experiences with CBT. Based on these findings, the study concludes that computer-based examinations play a significant role in improving students’ assessment experiences and motivating them academically in Nigerian universities. It was recommended, among others, that universities should improve ICT infrastructure, provide orientation and training for students, and ensure reliable technical support during CBT examinations to maximize its benefits.

This study examined the influence of teachers’ characteristics on the intrinsic motivation of Biology teachers in secondary schools in Eket Education Zone, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study was motivated by the recognition that teachers’ professional attributes play a critical role in enhancing motivation, instructional effectiveness, and overall educational outcomes. An ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. The population comprised all thirty-three (33) Biology teachers in thirteen (13) public secondary schools in the Eket Education Zone. A sample of twenty-seven (27) Biology teachers, representing 83% of the population, was selected using purposive sampling techniques. Senior Secondary Two (SS2) Biology students served as raters in assessing teachers’ characteristics, particularly attitude, self-efficacy, and subject-matter knowledge. Data were collected using two researcher-developed instruments: the Biology Teachers’ Characteristics Questionnaire (BTCQ) and the Biology Teachers’ Intrinsic Motivation Questionnaire (BTIMQ). The instruments were validated by experts and tested for reliability using Cronbach’s alpha, which produced a reliability coefficient of 0.90, indicating high internal consistency. Data collected were analysed using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMC) at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed strong and statistically significant relationships between teachers’ characteristics, especially professional attitude, self-efficacy, and subject-matter knowledge, and their intrinsic motivation. The study concluded that positive teacher characteristics significantly enhance intrinsic motivation among Biology teachers. It was therefore recommended that educational authorities prioritize professional development programmes that strengthen teachers’ attitudes, competence, and self-belief in order to improve motivation and teaching effectiveness in secondary schools.

Agrobiodiversity plays a critical role in sustaining agricultural productivity, ecological balance, and global food security. It includes the diversity of crops, livestock, microorganisms, and ecological processes that support agricultural systems. However, the rapid expansion of industrial agriculture, monoculture farming, and the widespread adoption of high-yielding crop varieties have resulted in significant losses of traditional crop varieties and genetic resources. This study examines the importance of agrobiodiversity, the factors contributing to its decline, and strategies required for its conservation, with special reference to India as one of the world’s major centres of genetic diversity. Using both primary and secondary data sources, the study analyses the role of traditional agricultural practices, policy frameworks, and conservation strategies in maintaining agrobiodiversity. The findings highlight the urgent need for integrated conservation approaches, including in situ and ex situ strategies, policy reforms, and protection of indigenous knowledge systems. Strengthening agrobiodiversity conservation is essential for sustainable agriculture, climate resilience, and long-term food security.

This study uses data to look at patent research,andit uses citation network analysis to group and look at different areas of research. We show that patent research covers many connected topics, including basic patent systems, creating indicators, improving methods, managing intellectual property,and various uses of patents. We highlight key areas like patent strategies,how technology affects things,and studying patent citations. We also point out new areas thatare becoming more important, such as environmental sustainability and corporate innovation. We focus especially on patent analytics,whichare becoming more important for understanding innovation and economic growth. This survey looked athow patents canbe used to measure changes in technology. Atthat time, scholars were interested in using patent citations and considered them"important."

The rapid growth of social media platforms and online job portals has made job searching easier for students and professionals. However, this convenience has also led to a significant increase in fake job postings and recruitment scams that mislead job seekers with false promises of high salaries, easy hiring, or fake company information. Such fraudulent activities often result in financial loss, misuse of personal data, and emotional stress. Existing job platforms mainly focus on providing job listings and offer limited support for verifying the authenticity of job advertisements. To address these challenges, this project introduces an AI-Based Fake Job Detection System, a web-based application that automatically analyses and verifies job postings using Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing techniques. The system allows users to input or paste job descriptions, which are then processed through text preprocessing steps such as tokenization and TF-IDF vectorization. A trained Logistic Regression classifier evaluates the extracted features and predicts whether the job is genuine or fraudulent with a confidence score.

This study has been conducted to determine the concentration of heavy metals Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) in soil and some grown vegetables of Bilaspur (chhattisgarh) Comparing the results of heavy metals in soil and vegetables by using colorimetric instrument. A method for the determination of nitrate in soil with digital image colorimetry is proposed. This approach is based on photometric methods for the determination of nitrates after extraction with potassium chloride from soil samples. The original method for determining nitrate as an azo dye (a product of the azo coupling reaction of 1-naphthylamine and sulfanilamide) is modified to achieve higher sensitivity and accuracy of colorimetric determination. This approach provides the metrological characteristics of the digital image colorimetric method that are similar spectrophotometric ones. The adequacy of the proposed method is confirmed by analyzing standard samples and soil samples collected in the Moscow oblast Low nutrient levels in soil are a recognized limitation to crop production. Yet, farmers in certain ago-ecoregions either do not apply fertilizers, apply inadequate amounts, or apply the wrong fertilizers due to a mismatch with the nutrient needs of their soil. In many cases, lack of availability of wet chemistry capabilities contribute to farmers in less developed regions not routinely conducting soil tests prior to fertilizer application. Fortunately, novel technologies and commercial products have become available, providing on-farm, timely, and relatively inexpensive soil and plant nutrient analytical services. Here, we identified rapid soil and plant nutrient testing technologies, currently in the market, based on a web search, and evaluated the basis for deploying them as alternative nutrient analytical systems. Thirty-six of such applications were identified, out of which only 5 are dedicated solely to plant analysis. Collectively, the functioning mechanisms of most of the products were found to be based on colorimetry, spectroscopy or sensor technology.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has significantly transformed the landscape of higher education. In particular, the emergence of generative AI tools such as ChatGPT, Copilot, and other automated writing systems has altered the way students approach academic tasks and assignments. While these technologies provide new opportunities for enhancing learning efficiency, academic productivity, and access to knowledge, they also raise critical concerns regarding academic integrity, originality, and the authenticity of student work. The present study investigates the challenges associated with AI-generated assignments and their implications for maintaining academic integrity in higher education institutions. The study adopts a descriptive survey research design and collects data from 150 respondents, including undergraduate students, postgraduate students, and faculty members from higher education institutions. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale and analyzed through descriptive statistical techniques such as percentage analysis, mean score, and standard deviation, along with inferential methods including Chi-square test and independent sample t-test. The findings reveal that a significant proportion of respondents are aware of and frequently use AI tools for completing academic assignments. While participants acknowledge that AI technologies can improve learning efficiency and assist in idea generation and academic writing, many respondents also express concerns that excessive reliance on AI-generated content may threaten academic integrity and reduce students’ critical thinking abilities. The results further indicate that teachers demonstrate higher levels of concern regarding the misuse of AI tools compared to students. Additionally, the majority of respondents strongly support the development of institutional policies and ethical guidelines regulating the use of artificial intelligence in academic work. The study concludes that higher education institutions must adopt a balanced approach that integrates technological innovation with ethical awareness. Universities should develop clear AI usage policies, promote AI literacy among students, and redesign assessment strategies to ensure authentic learning outcomes. The findings contribute to the growing discourse on artificial intelligence in education and provide practical insights for policymakers, educators, and institutions seeking to safeguard academic integrity in the evolving digital learning environment.

Agility is the ability of individual to coordinate his movements and to synchronise them according to the requirements of changing conditions. In sports we distinguish between general and specific agility. General agility is expressed by the ability of a person to perform any movement from the entire versatile range of sporting activities in a functional and resourceful manner. Specific agility is developing accordance with the nature of the body movement of particular competitive event. Essentially, specific agility is the ability to vary the technique of the selected exercises. The purpose of the study was to find out the agility among kho-kho and basketball players of Osmania University, Hyderabad. The study would throw some light on the difference of the agility level of kho-kho and basketball players. Such results further help physical education teachers and coaches in the assessment of the individual’s ability from the stand of their physical ability to take part in different activities. This finally provides the physical education teachers and coaches for the purpose of guidance and counseling the individuals and classifying them and placing them in different sports and also suggests constructive steps.

Diabetes mellitus (DM)is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels caused by insufficiencies in either insulin secretion or action, or both. A significant section of the world's population is affected by it, making it the major global health concerns. Due to its long-term complications, diabetes management is an important area for the medical research, which include retinopathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular disorders. Although many synthetic drugs are available to treat diabetes mellitus, long-term use of drugs can occasionally be ineffective and have a number of side effects. The use of natural or herbal remedies, particularly medicinal plants, is becoming more popular as a safer and more effective way to treat this illness. For centuries, traditional medical systems have employed medicinal plants to regulate blood levels of glucose. These plants are rich amount of phytochemicals and various substance are present,such as terpenoids, flavonoids,tannins,alkaloids, Saponins, and phenolic compounds. These phytochemicals have potent antidiabetic properties and aid in regulating glucose metabolism and secretion of insulin through a variety of mechanisms. They may protect pancreatic β-cells from oxidative damage, enhance insulin secretion, and improve the insulin sensitivity, and reduce intestinal glucose absorption. As a result, studies on phytochemicals derived from plants have grown in significance in the contemporary era.

The spatial distribution of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population in Adoni division of Kurnool district, along with their literacy levels, is examined using data obtained from the 2011 Census of India. Adoni division, known for its socio-cultural diversity and agrarian economy, comprises seven mandals: Mantralayam, Kosigi, Kautalam, Peddakaduburu, Yemmiganur, Nandavaram and Gonegandla. The analysis indicates that the SC population, representing 11.10% of the total population, is 136,891, with Gonegandla having the largest SC community. In contrast the ST population is comparatively small totaling 8,636 individuals with Yemmiganur identified as the main centre. The gender distribution among SC persons is relatively balanced; however, a slight male predominance is observed among the ST population. Literacy rates among both SC and ST populations are recorded at 11.10%, although significant disparities are evident across mandals. Adoni exhibits the highest SC literacy, with 20,863 literates, while Holagunda and Kosigi have alarmingly low literacy rates. The data underscores the need for targeted educational interventions, particularly for women and in mandals exhibiting low literacy levels. By using geospatial methods, this study elucidates regional disparities and provides insights for designing effective policies aimed at promoting social inclusion and equitable development. These findings underscore the critical need to address educational disparities to empower marginalized communities and facilitate inclusive growth in the region.

This study was undertaken to investigate the level of sustainability of hospital waste management in Owerri urban. A daily waste inventory study of each hospital department was carried out for three (3) months in eighteen (18) different hospitals selected using simple random sampling out of a total of 85 hospitals in the study area. These hospitals were grouped into category A,B and C representing large, medium and small hospitals, based on the number of bed spaces. Data were collected from different sources (quantities of hospital wastes generated per day, questionnaire survey, interviews and observations, etc.). Results were analysed using descriptive statistical methods, analysis of variance and other non – parametric descriptive tools. Results obtained showed that 75.72kg of hazardous portions of hospital wastes and 222.97kg of non hazardous waste portions were generated per day by the three categories of hospitals. The study revealed that large hospitals contributes more waste of different composition as compared to medium and small hospitals in the order of LH (135.85KG/day) > MH (94.58KG/day > SH (68.26kg/day. Thus, waste composition obtained from the different hospital categories showed a positive linear relationship between and among the categories of hospitals and the wastes they generate. The study identified that inadequate training of waste handlers on disposal practices and the provision of adequate equipments are major problems militating against proper waste management practices in healthcare institutions in Owerri urban. The hospitals do not segregate wastes into marked or colour coded containers /bins neither do they keep records of waste generated and disposed. The study further revealed the absence of institutional arrangements for the management of hospital wastes at all levels. This indicates that hospital wastes have greater potentials for adverse health and environmental impacts. Recommendations were made for the management of these wastes on a sustainable basis. Training of hospital personnel on waste handling , provision of safety gadgets and proper education on waste reduction strategies and existing guidelines on the management of hospital wastesare recommended amongst others. This process will ensure a reduction in the quantity of medical waste generated which is more expensive to manage.

This research aimed to understand and examine the effect of green human resource management (GHRM) practices on sustainable university (SU) performance in the ten largest private universities in Indonesia. The implemented sustainable performance was mediated by green psychological climate (GPC) of academic and non-academic staff (lecturers and educational staff ). This research used quantitative method, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to 382 respondents. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modleling (PLS-SEM) was adopted for data analysis and hypothesis testing. Meanwhile, the data analysis tool used SmartPLS version 4. The results showed that all hypotheses proposed statistically lead to a positive and significant effect between GHRM, GPC, and SU. Practical implications This research assisted university stakeholders in understanding that the implementation of GHRM practices, accompanied by building GPC, could effectively drive the realization of SU performance. Originality/value References were also added regarding the identification of GPC as a mediator in the relationship between GHRM and SU. GPC, as a mediator was incorporated, affecting the relationship between the effectiveness of GHRM practices and the achievement of SU performance.

This study investigates the diversity and ecological significance of roadside plant species along a 20 km stretch from Akot to Bambarda Bk, Maharashtra. A total of 30 plant species, representing a variety of plant families and functional groups, were recorded and classified into medicinal, invasive, ornamental, and food categories. The research emphasizes the contribution of these species to biodiversity conservation, environmental stability, and ecosystem services such as soil stabilization and habitat support. Plant identification was carried out using botanical keys and herbarium specimens, with references to established floristic studies. The findings underscore the positive ecological roles of roadside vegetation, while also highlighting the challenges posed by invasive species, which threaten native biodiversity. This study provides valuable insights into the sustainable management and conservation of roadside vegetation in the region, offering strategies to mitigate the spread of invasive plants and enhance the ecological balance.

In contemporary Ghanaian society, where cultural norms, traditional beliefs, and religious values profoundly shape understandings of gender and human sexuality, individuals with intersex variations occupy a particularly vulnerable position. Intersex persons—those born with chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical characteristics that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies—face unique challenges rooted in deeply entrenched societal attitudes toward gender conformity. Despite global advancements in intersex human rights advocacy and growing recognition of the medical and ethical controversies surrounding unnecessary normalizing surgeries, empirical research on societal attitudes toward intersex individuals in African contexts, particularly West Africa, remains exceptionally limited. This study examines societal attitudes and stigma toward intersex individuals in Ghana, exploring the nature, prevalence, and correlates of stigmatizing attitudes across diverse demographic groups. Employing a convergent parallel mixed methods design, the study integrates quantitative survey data from 600 Ghanaian adults with qualitative insights from focus group discussions and key informant interviews with healthcare providers, traditional leaders, educators, and intersex persons themselves. Drawing on Modified Labeling Theory and the Framework of Stigma and Social Exclusion, the study investigates how cultural beliefs, religious teachings, lack of awareness, and institutional practices contribute to the marginalization of intersex individuals. The findings aim to provide contextually grounded evidence to inform policy development, healthcare reform, public education campaigns, and legal protections for intersex persons in Ghana, contributing to the nascent scholarship on intersex issues in African contexts.

The birth of an intersex child, characterized by variations in sex characteristics that do not fit typical binary definitions of male or female, presents profound challenges for families in Ghanaian cultural contexts where gender norms are deeply entrenched and intersex variations remain largely invisible. Parents of intersex children face complex decisions about medical interventions, disclosure to family and community, and the upbringing of their child, all within a context of limited information, inadequate healthcare guidance, and pervasive stigma. For intersex children themselves, growing up in environments that pathologize their bodies and deny their existence carries significant psychological and social risks. Yet, despite these challenges, some families navigate these difficulties successfully, developing coping mechanisms and accessing support that enable them to promote their children's well-being. This study examines the coping mechanisms employed by families of intersex children in Ghana and the support systems available to them, aiming to understand how families manage the challenges they face and what resources facilitate positive outcomes. Employing a qualitative phenomenological design, the study conducts in-depth interviews with parents of intersex children, intersex adolescents and adults reflecting on their childhood experiences, healthcare providers, and community stakeholders. Drawing on family stress and coping theory and ecological systems theory, the study seeks to identify the individual, family, and community-level factors that contribute to effective coping and to document the existing sources of support, both formal and informal. By providing empirically grounded insights into the experiences of intersex children and families in Ghana, the study aims to inform the development of culturally appropriate interventions, support services, and policies that promote the health, dignity, and well-being of intersex persons and their families.

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) represent a revolutionary technological paradigm that integrates computational algorithms with physical processes to create intelligent and autonomous systems. These systems combine sensors, embedded computing, networking, and actuators to monitor and control industrial processes in real time. CPS plays a crucial role in the development of smart manufacturing and the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). By enabling real-time data analysis, predictive maintenance, and adaptive control, CPS significantly improves efficiency, productivity, and safety in industrial environments. This paper examines the role of cyber-physical systems in modern industry, reviews existing research, analyzes limitations of traditional industrial systems, and proposes an improved CPS-based industrial framework. The proposed system integrates IoT sensors, cloud computing, and AI-driven analytics to enhance industrial automation and decision-making. Experimental analysis demonstrates improvements in operational efficiency, system reliability, and production optimization. The study concludes that CPS technologies are essential for building intelligent, connected, and sustainable industrial ecosystems.

The focused of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the authentic learning materials in enhancing the performance of learners in Home Economics Competencies. This study was conducted in Mogao Integrated School, Mankayan District, Benguet during the First quarter of the school year 2025-2026. The researcher used quasi-experimental design, which is similar to experimental research but lacks a control group, random selection, random assignment active manipulation. The pre-test and post-test were the main instruments in gathering data needed in this study. The findings of the study are as follows: The performance level of the grade 9 leaners before the use of the authentic materials is fairly satisfactory; the learners are at the very satisfactory level after using the authentic materials; there is statistically significant improvement in student performance from pre-test to post test. Based on the findings, the following are the conclusions, the learners had already shown improvement in their performance prior to using the authentic materials; the authentic materials is an effective tool for enhancing student performance; the authentic learning materials effectively contributes in improving student performance.

The textile industry in India is highly regarded worldwide for its manufacturing precision and quality. As a major hub for textile production and export, it contributes significantly to the country’s economy, accounting for 27% of government revenue through foreign exchange. Additionally, the industry plays a crucial role in India's overall industrial production, contributing 14% to the total output. Customer behavior in the textile retail sector is influenced by factors such as shopping intentions, impulsiveness, brand impact, and shopping preferences when purchasing textiles. This research aims to analyze how brand influence affects retail customers' decisions in choosing a particular retail store. The study also focuses on understanding the behavioral patterns of retail customers in the textile sector and how these patterns impact their purchasing decisions. The goal of the research is to examine the buying behavior of consumers within the textile retail sector in Chennai district.

Background: Gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) is one of the most common disorders of the biliary system and a major cause of surgical admissions worldwide. It results from the formation of calculi in the gallbladder due to abnormalities in bile composition, gallbladder dysmotility, or biliary tract infection. Although often asymptomatic, gallstones can lead to serious complications such as acute calculous cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, obstructive jaundice, and cholangitis, increasing the burden on healthcare systems. Recent evidence suggests a re-emergence of gallstone disease in certain populations, potentially linked to lifestyle changes, obesity, and metabolic disorders. Objective: This study aims to review the causes of gallstone formation, types of gallstones, clinical profile, complications, diagnostic criteria, treatment strategies, and public health implications of gallstone disease. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using recent medical literature, including peer-reviewed journals, surgical textbooks, national and international guidelines (NICE, WGO, EASL), and WHO resources published between 2014 and 2025. Studies addressing epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, complications, and surgical management were included. Non-relevant and duplicate studies were excluded. Data were extracted systematically and organized into epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic categories. Results: Cholesterol supersaturation of bile, gallbladder stasis, and infection are the major contributors to gallstone formation. Cholesterol stones are most common, followed by pigment and mixed stones. Clinically, patients present with biliary colic, right upper quadrant pain, nausea, and dyspepsia. Acute calculous cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis are the most frequent complications. Ultrasonography is the primary diagnostic tool, while MRCP and ERCP are useful for bile duct stones. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains the gold standard for surgical management, with open surgery reserved for complex cases. Conclusion: Gallstone disease continues to be a significant surgical and public health problem. Awareness of clinical presentation, timely diagnosis, and appropriate surgical intervention, especially laparoscopic cholecystectomy, are essential to prevent complications. Public health strategies targeting lifestyle modification and early detection can reduce the burden of disease.

The commercial banking sector has undergone a substantial transformation as a result of the rapid advancement of smart technologies, which have also impacted service delivery models, customer engagement strategies, and architectural design frameworks. The incorporation of smart devices has revolutionized the operational efficiency and spatial experience within banking environments in Nigeria, particularly in the Southwest region, where urban density, financial transactions, and digital adoption are notably high. This study examined the architectural implications of digital transformation in bank building design, with a particular emphasis on the integration of smart devices and its impact on consumer perception in selected commercial banks in Southwest Nigeria. The research employed a qualitative methodological approach, incorporating in-depth interviews, direct observations, and spatial analysis in four of the region's major commercial institutions. The research investigated the architectural incorporation and deployment of smart technologies, such as biometric authentication systems, smart ATMs, mobile banking platforms, smart queue management systems, AI-powered customer support tools, and digital self-service terminals. The results indicate that the integration of smart devices substantially improves service efficiency, security perception, user convenience, spatial comfort, and overall customer satisfaction. Customers consistently associate digitally enhanced banking environments with improved service quality, reduced waiting times, operational reliability, and trust. The research determined that the incorporation of smart devices requires significant changes to the interior layouts, circulation systems, spatial organization, and service allocation. The traditional teller-centered layouts are being replaced by open-plan, flexible, and technology- responsive spatial configurations that support self-service operations, digital engagement, and efficient movement patterns. Spatial efficiency, environmental comfort, wayfinding clarity, and user experience were all significantly enhanced by the implementation of intelligent circulation planning and clever service zones. Additionally, the integration of smart surveillance technologies and biometric security systems has resulted in the creation of sophisticated architectural security zoning strategies, which maintain functional spatial flow while improving safety.

In the contemporary world economy, marketing has played a crucial role in deter- mining product values. However, it is subject to changes in consumer psychology that are the inevitable outcomes of social developments. The topic this research is to analyze the timeli- ness of marketing strategies based on consumer psychology in new media era. The investiga- tion is carried on by reviewing existing papers relevant to this topic, thus providing insight into the effectiveness of marketing strategies over time. The sources of information are rele- vant and recent to keep track of changes as much as possible. The research suggests that pricing strategy is losing its place in modern marketing practices as consumers become fa- voring emotional values rather than the practicality of products, while social media is gaining popularity in creating commercial values for businesses. Therefore, marketers are recom- mended to draw up customer-centric marketing strategies that leverage the power of technol- ogy, including simplifying promotion content to avoid information overload and depending on the interactions between potential customers to expand influence.

Background: Surya Namaskar is considered a part of ultramodern - day yogic practices though it was neither considered an asana nor a part of traditional yoga. Rehearsing Surya Namaskar before beginning routine conditioning vitalizes the practitioner and gives a fully reenergized day. It’s a complete package consisting of 12 poses that energize the nerves and blood vessels of the body from top to bottom. Objectives: The present study was designed to verify the concept and importance of Surya Namaskar and its impact on mental health and anxiety. Methods: A pre-post control group design was adopted for this study, involving 60 non-working women divided equally into experimental (n=30) and control groups (n=30). An independent t-test was used to analyse the data obtained. Result: The result revealed that a significant reduction was found in non-working women concerning anxiety and improved mental health. Conclusion: This study reveals that Surya Namaskar provides extensive psychological and physiological benefits, including improved flexibility, mental clarity, strength, lung capacity, and hormone balance, ultimately reducing stress, anxiety, and insomnia while enhancing mental capacity Suggestions: Surya Namaskar is an all-round exercise; however, pregnant women, people with hernias or high blood pressure, and people with back conditions should seek proper advice before practicing Surya Namaskar.

Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that irreversibly inhibits the gastric H⁺/K⁺-ATPase enzyme in parietal cells, thereby suppressing gastric acid secretion. Prolonged acid suppression may lead to compensatory hypergastrinemia and parietal cell hyperplasia, increasing the stomach’s acid-secretory capacity. Upon abrupt discontinuation, this enhanced capacity can result in rebound acid hypersecretion (RAHS) and recurrence of acid-related symptoms. RAHS may cause patients to resume therapy, mistaking rebound symptoms for disease relapse. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications of RAHS is essential to promote appropriate deprescribing strategies and prevent unnecessary long-term PPI use.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has revolutionized learning methodologies, particularly through adaptive learning systems (ALS). These systems personalize instruction based on individual student needs, potentially enhancing engagement and academic performance. This study examines the impact of AI-driven adaptive learning systems on student engagement and academic performance in Zimbabwe’s higher education institutions. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving surveys from 200 students and interviews with 20 educators across five universities. Findings indicate that AI-driven ALS significantly improve student engagement by providing real-time feedback, personalized learning paths, and interactive content. Additionally, academic performance improved, particularly among students who struggled with traditional teaching methods. However, challenges such as digital infrastructure limitations, resistance to technology adoption, and ethical concerns were identified. The study concludes that while AI-driven ALS hold great potential for Zimbabwean higher education, their successful implementation requires policy support, infrastructure development, and faculty training.

Environmental pollution remains a major public-health concern in many developing nations, including Nigeria, where poor waste management, urbanization, and industrialization continue to degrade air, water, and soil quality. This study assessed the levels of environmental pollution and its associated health risks among residents of Bauchi Local Government Area, Bauchi State. A cross-sectional research design was employed, combining field sampling, laboratory analysis, and structured questionnaires to collect data on pollution indicators and health outcomes. Air, water, and soil samples were analyzed for key parameters including particulate matter (PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and chromium), and microbial contaminants (E. coli and total coliforms). Findings revealed that concentrations of most pollutants exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian permissible limits, indicating significant environmental contamination. Health data showed a high prevalence of pollution-related diseases such as respiratory infections, diarrhoea, skin rashes, and eye irritation among residents living near dumpsites, roadsides, and industrial zones. Statistical analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between exposure to pollution and the incidence of these health conditions. The study concludes that environmental pollution in Bauchi LGA poses serious risks to public health, largely due to anthropogenic activities and weak environmental governance. It recommends the enforcement of environmental regulations, improved waste management systems, enhanced public awareness, and regular pollution monitoring. The findings provide a vital evidence base for policymakers and environmental health authorities to design effective interventions for pollution control and disease prevention in Bauchi State.

Credit card fraud refers to the physical loss of credit card or loss of sensitive card’s information; the fraud could also in most cases be carried out virtually as when some essential information of the cards is made available to the adversaries. In order to detect the fraud, machine learning algorithms have been promising to that effect. However, different algorithms portray different accuracies. It is on that note that this research aims to carry out comparative analysis of SVM and KNN against NB, MLP, LR and RF on the same given datasets obtained from Kaggle. The dataset was highly imbalanced, so the SMOTE was used for oversampling. Similarly, feature selection was performed and dataset was split into two parts, training data and test data in the ratio of 70:30 percent respectively. The results of the analysis show the strength of various algorithms in terms of the three metrics considered in this. For instance, while on one hand, RF has 96.30% and 99.96% for precision and accuracy respectively; on the other hand, SVM has 1.89%, 71.43% and 93.60% for precision, recall and accuracy respectively. Therefore, this study has compared two algorithms included the hybrid against the existing four algorithms from the same dataset. It is therefore recommended that interested researchers can employ a robust deep learning algorithm with preprocessing technique for better performance.

This study examines the financial performance and structural relationships among selected public sector banks in India, namely Bank of Baroda (BB), Bank of India (BOI), Indian Bank (IB), Indian Overseas Bank (IOB), and State Bank of India (SBI), during the period 2021–2025. The analysis focuses on liquidity, profitability, efficiency, and solvency dimensions using key financial ratios such as Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Cash Ratio, Return on Total Assets, Return on Equity, Working Capital Turnover Ratio, Debt Ratio, Debt–Equity Ratio, and Net Profit Ratio. Statistical tools including descriptive statistics, trend analysis, correlation analysis, and one-way ANOVA are employed to evaluate performance variations and interrelationships among the selected banks. The findings reveal a consistent decline in liquidity indicators, accompanied by strong growth in profitability and leverage ratios, highlighting the existence of a liquidity–profitability trade-off. Correlation results confirm strong positive relationships among profitability variables and significant inverse relationships between liquidity and leverage indicators. ANOVA results indicate significant inter-bank differences in quick ratio, cash ratio, return on equity, working capital turnover ratio, and debt–equity ratio, while other ratios display relative uniformity. The study concludes that Indian public sector banks strategically optimize profitability and asset utilization by maintaining lower liquidity buffers and higher leverage, emphasizing the need for balanced financial management to sustain long-term stability and resilience.

The National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCF SE-2023) focuses on Panchakosha Vikas (Five-Fold Development), a holistic approach to child development aligned with physical, emotional, social, intellectual, and spiritual growth. The layers are Annamaya Kosha (physical body/gross body/outer most), Pranamaya Kosha (vital life force/subtle body), Manomaya Kosha (mental sheath/subtle body), Vijnanamaya Kosha (intuitive sheath/subtle body) and Anandamaya Kosha (bliss harmony/causal body/inner most). The main objective of the study was integration of the Panchakosha model within the National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCFSE-2023) to develop educational strategies that promote multidimensional growth in students. The researcher used document analysis method. There are different types of data collection method like content analysis, curriculum analysis, literature review and policy analysis. The Pancha kosha Vikas represents an integrative developmental paradigm that includes physical abilities, vital energy, mental happiness, intellectual thinking and inner well-being. The study concludes that Panchakosha Vikas within NCFSE provides a philosophical and pedagogically comprehensive model of holistic child development.

Based on primary data, the research endeavour attempts to measure whether general elections have an effect on the stock market in India. The overall results based on primary and secondary data suggest that market volatility increases before election results are announced and continue to adjust afterward in India. Perception analysis done on financial executives on the basis of combined average based on Likert’s 5 point scale suggests that majority of the respondents who are expert in expressing opinion on stock market movements are in favor of posing their opinion that general election happened in India at different times has noteworthy impact, although always not permanent, on stock market. This suggests that market volatility is temporary and corrects itself over time in India.

Over the past decade, India has witnessed a rapid transformation in its payment ecosystem due to technological advancement, increased smartphone usage, and strong government support for digital transactions. Initiatives such as Digital India, demonetization, and the introduction of the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) have significantly increased the use of digital payment methods across the country. Digital payments are widely promoted as a means to reduce cash dependency, improve transparency, and bring more economic activities into the formal system. Despite these efforts, a large part of India’s economic activity continues to take place outside formal regulatory frameworks. This unrecorded segment, known as the shadow economy, includes informal employment, unregistered businesses, and cash-based transactions that are not reported to authorities. Traditionally, the shadow economy has relied heavily on cash because it offers anonymity, simplicity, and freedom from regulatory oversight. In recent years, however, digital payment platforms have slowly entered the shadow economy. Informal workers, street vendors, small traders, and service providers increasingly accept digital payments due to customer demand and convenience. At the same time, concerns related to traceability, taxation, lack of digital skills, trust issues, and infrastructure challenges restrict effective adoption. This study aims to identify the factors influencing the usage of digital payments by the shadow economy in India and to analyze the challenges faced by shadow economy participants in adopting and effectively using digital platforms. The study is based on secondary data collected from government reports, RBI publications, academic research, and policy documents. The findings highlight that while digital payments have potential to reduce cash dependence, multiple social, economic, and technological barriers limit their full adoption in the Indian shadow economy.

The convergence of quantum physics and artificial intelligence has led to the emergence of tensor networks (TNs) and quantum-inspired neural architectures (QINAs). These frameworks leverage mathematical structures originally developed in quantum many-body physics to efficiently represent and process high-dimensional data. By exploiting the inherent tensor factorization and entanglement properties, TN-based architectures enable compact neural models that reduce computational costs while maintaining expressivity. This paper explores the theoretical foundations, architectural advancements, and real-world applications of tensor networks and quantum-inspired neural models. Furthermore, it highlights their role in advancing efficient deep learning through enhanced representational capacity, scalability, and interpretability, making them a promising direction for future artificial intelligence research.

Globally, the use of local resources in science education has been explored as a strategy for overcoming resource constraints in underdeveloped regions. In Nigeria, research on the use of local resources in science education has been relatively sparse but growing. This study investigated the utilization of local resources in science education within Nigerian secondary schools, focusing on its prevalence, impact, and the challenges hindering its adoption. A mixed-methods design was employed, collecting quantitative data through questionnaires from 120 science teachers and 480 students, and qualitative data via semi-structured interviews and classroom observations across six states in southwestern Nigeria. The findings revealed a moderate but inconsistent level of utilization, with teachers most frequently using household items (65%) and underutilizing community resources (70% rarely/never). A statistically significant difference was found between school locations, with rural teachers (Mean=3.10) using local resources more than urban teachers (Mean=2.45). Furthermore, teaching experience was a significant factor, with veteran teachers (11+ years) demonstrating higher usage than their less-experienced colleagues. However, teachers' academic qualifications did not significantly influence utilization. Major impediments identified include a lack of time for preparation (92%), insufficient training (88%), and a perceived misalignment with the national curriculum (75%). The study concludes that while local resources hold significant potential for creating engaging and contextually relevant science education, their effective integration is hampered by systemic constraints. It is recommended that curriculum reforms, targeted teacher training, and enhanced administrative support are essential to harness the full benefits of local resources in bridging the resource gap in Nigerian science education.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has increasingly been applied in emotional computing and digital mental health support. However, most existing emotion-aware systems lack cultural and spiritual sensitivity, often producing generic recommendations that fail to align with users’ belief systems. This study presents FaithAI, a faith-sensitive explainable multimodal emotion-aware system designed to provide ethical and culturally aligned emotional support. The proposed framework integrates multimodal emotion recognition, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), and edge computing to enable real-time emotional analysis while maintaining privacy and transparency. Emotional states are detected using signals from text, speech, facial expressions, and visual inputs, which are processed through a Faith-Integrated Weighted Fusion (FIWF) algorithm that combines multimodal signals while considering contextual reliability. The system also incorporates faith-aligned counseling logic derived from major religious traditions including Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism. To enhance transparency, explainable AI techniques are used to provide interpretable reasoning behind emotion predictions and recommendations. The framework is implemented as a mobile application optimized for edge deployment to support low-resource environments where internet connectivity may be limited. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the integration of multimodal emotion recognition improves emotional interpretation accuracy, while explainability mechanisms enhance user trust and understanding of system decisions. Furthermore, user feedback indicates that faith-aligned recommendations increase emotional relevance and engagement compared with generic support systems. The findings highlight the potential of faith-sensitive AI systems to bridge the gap between technological intelligence and cultural empathy in digital mental health support. By combining affective computing, explainable AI, and spiritual contextualization, the proposed framework contributes toward the development of ethically responsible and culturally inclusive emotional support technologies.

This project presents an AI-Based Pain Level Estimation system that automatically predicts pain intensity from facial expressions using deep learning techniques. The system utilizes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract spatial facial features and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network to analyze temporal variations in video frames. It predicts pain intensity on a numerical scale from 1 to 5 and displays the result in real time through a Streamlit- based web application. The proposed solution provides a non-invasive, objective, and efficient approach to support smart triage and healthcare monitoring..

The widespread use of digital communication technology has influenced how young people form and maintain sexual and social relationships. Sexting, which is the sharing of sexually explicit photographs, videos, or messages over digital devices, has become a common practice in contemporary communication (Commey et al., 2024). A recent scoping review of African college students found that sexting typically involves sending or receiving nude images and explicit messages, or posting explicit content on social media; prevalence estimates vary widely, from 9.9 % to 74.4 % (Commey et al., 2024). Although sexting may facilitate condom negotiation and sexual communication, it is linked to high-risk behaviors such as having multiple sexual partners and disclosing private information without consent (Commey et al., 2024). Moreover, the uncertainty about where sexually explicit content might end up increases vulnerability to privacy breaches and exploitation (Commey et al., 2024).

The study spatio-temporal dynamics of land use and land cover changes in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, with a particular focus on the variations in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index over time. Utilizing multi-temporal satellite imagery from Landsat 8-9 and Sentinel-2 missions the analysed LULC changes across two distinct periods 2017 and 2024. The analysis employed advanced Remote sensing techniques, including supervised classification and NDVI calculations to quantify changes in vegetation cover, agricultural land, urban expansion and other land use categories. The findings reveal significant transformations in the landscape of Kurnool district characterized by a marked increase in urban areas and a corresponding decline in agricultural land and forest cover. The NDVI analysis indicates a decrease in vegetation health and density particularly in regions experiencing rapid urbanization. This decline in NDVI values correlates with the expansion of built-up areas and the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses highlighting the pressures of urban sprawl on natural resources. The study identifies critical areas where land degradation is most prominent, providing insights into the socio-economic factors driving these changes. The results underscore the importance of sustainable land management practices to mitigate the adverse effects of LULC changes on the environment and local communities. By integrating remote sensing data with socio-economic analysis, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay between human activities and environmental changes in Kurnool District. The outcomes of this study are essential for policymakers and urban planners aiming to develop strategies for sustainable land use that balance development needs with environmental conservation.

Concrete has the most globally used construction material, and the high consumption of cement leads to increased cost and environmental pollution due to carbon emissions. To address this issue, the partial replacement of cement with byproducts of industry cement compound materials is an effective solution. This study investigates the strength and durability properties of concrete by partially replacing cement with fly ash and red sand at proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Compressive strength tests were conducted to evaluate strength variations, while durability aspects were assessed through water absorption and resistance to aggressive environments. The experimental results show that partial replacement of cement improves workability and improving life term strength and durability improvement to an optimum replacement level. Fly ash contributes to pozzolanic reactions, while red sand acts as a filler material, improving particle packing. This study concludes that using fly ash and red sand can produce sustainable and durable concrete.

The preservation and advancement of classical medical knowledge in the Islamic world during the medieval period, particularly the Islamic Golden Age (8th-13th centuries CE), represents a pivotal chapter in the history of science. Islamic scholars systematically translated, synthesized, and expanded upon the medical traditions of antiquity- primarily from Greek (Hippocrates, Galen, Dioscorides), Persian, Indian (Ayurveda), Mesopotamian, and Roman sources- while introducing original innovations that elevated medicine to new heights. The process began under the Abbasid Caliphate, with the establishment of Baghdad as a center of learning. Caliphs such as Al-Mansur, Harun al-Rashid, and especially Al-Mamun patronized the renowned House of Wisdom (Bait al-Hikmah), which served as a major translation hub, library, and academy. The Islamic physicians critically engaged with these inherited texts through empirical observation, clinical experimentation, and logical synthesis. They corrected errors in Galenic anatomy and physiology, developed more precise diagnostic methods, advanced pharmacology and pioneered institutional healthcare via bimaristans- charitable hospitals with specialized wards, medical records, teaching functions, and free care.

The autonomy of local government is crucial for reducing poverty and enhancing the quality of life at the grassroots level in Nigeria. However, many local government councils struggle to function properly because they rely on funding from state governments, face political interference, and lack sufficiently skilled workers. This study, therefore, emphasized how the financial, political, and administrative independence of Owo Local Government in Ondo State affects poverty reduction in Emure-Ile council district. The study is anchored on decentratisation theory. The study employed purposive sampling to select 120 respondents who were considered most relevant for providing insights into local government operations. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire designed to gather detailed information about participants’ experiences with their local council. Out of the 120 selected respondents, 115 completed the questionnaire, responding to their interactions with and perceptions of the local government’s services and performance. The results show that 36.5% of people strongly agreed and 33% agreed that having control over money helps the council provide basic services, while 45.2% strongly agreed that financial independence allows the council to help the poor directly. On political and administrative independence, 43.5% strongly agreed, and 36.5% agreed that autonomy allows council officials to make decisions that benefit residents, and 45.2% strongly agreed that it improves access to health, education, and water. The t-test (t = 18.61, p < 0.05) shows a clear link between autonomy and poverty reduction. The study concludes that giving local councils real independence helps them respond to local needs, reduce elite control, make officials accountable, and improve people’s lives. It recommends more autonomy and capacity-building for councils to make development at the grassroots level real and lasting.

Intersex children in Ghana face unique challenges shaped by cultural norms, family dynamics, healthcare systems, and societal attitudes toward sex and gender non-conformity. While global discourse on intersex rights and experiences has advanced in recent decades, limited empirical attention has been given to the lived realities of intersex children within African family contexts, particularly in Ghana. This study explores the lived experiences of intersex children in Ghanaian families, examining how cultural beliefs, family responses, healthcare encounters, and social interactions shape their upbringing and identity formation. Drawing on qualitative phenomenological inquiry, the study seeks to foreground the voices of intersex individuals and their families to understand how they navigate stigma, secrecy, medical interventions, and belonging within culturally prescribed gender norms. By providing contextually grounded insights, the study contributes to scholarship on intersexuality, childhood, family dynamics, and human rights in Ghana and offers evidence to inform policy, healthcare practice, and community-based interventions aimed at protecting the dignity and wellbeing of intersex children.

Access to appropriate, dignified, and rights-based healthcare remains a significant challenge for intersex children globally, yet limited research has examined these challenges within African contexts, particularly in Ghana. Intersex children—those born with variations in sex characteristics—often encounter healthcare systems ill-equipped to provide comprehensive, ethical, and culturally sensitive care. This study explores the healthcare challenges and access barriers faced by intersex children and their families in Ghana, examining how medical encounters, health system deficiencies, cultural beliefs, and socio-economic factors shape their healthcare experiences. Drawing on qualitative inquiry, the study seeks to foreground the voices of intersex individuals and their families to understand their interactions with healthcare providers, access to information, experiences of medical interventions, and perceptions of quality and dignity in care. By providing contextually grounded insights, the study contributes to scholarship on intersex health, health systems strengthening, and child rights in Ghana and offers evidence to inform policy, healthcare practice, and provider education aimed at ensuring equitable, ethical, and compassionate healthcare for intersex children.

The article is devoted to the refinement of methodological approaches for the ecological monitoring of small rivers under the influence of low-head hydropower plants (SHPs). The authors substantiate an integrated framework that combines geobotanical analysis of macrophyte substrates with seasonal algological sampling of plankton, benthos, and epiphyton in regulated river sections. The study details the procedures for sampling in shallow-water conditions, which are characteristic of SHP influence zones, and the subsequent laboratory identification using high-resolution light microscopy combined with nomenclatural synchronization via AlgaeBase. Special emphasis is placed on the quantitative assessment of abundance and biomass using counting-volumetric and stereometric methods. The proposed methodology includes a rigorous statistical protocol for evaluating seasonal and hydrodynamic gradients using biodiversity indices and multivariate analysis. The results provide a standardized tool for the long-term ecological assessment of regulated aquatic ecosystems, ensuring the comparability of data on the structural and functional transformations of algal flora.

This study assessed factors affecting water supply and demand in Naka town and its environs, Gwer-West Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria. The study population comprised 10,120 households, from which 385 were sampled using Taro Yamanne techniques. Data were collected via structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in SPSS and Excel. Descriptive analysis revealed that population growth, seasonal variability, water accessibility, infrastructure inadequacies, high costs, water quality concerns, and weak governance were the main perceived drivers of water insecurity. Population growth indicators recorded the highest agreement, with 87.3% of respondents acknowledging increased household numbers and related water demand. Seasonal variation and reliance on rain-fed sources were highlighted as critical vulnerabilities, while infrastructure and service satisfaction were rated poorly by over 79% of respondents. Economic factors, including water cost and affordability, strongly influenced household access, and water quality concerns were prevalent, prompting household-level treatment practices. PCA identified four principal components explaining 95% of the variance: (1) population growth and urban expansion, (2) water supply infrastructure and service delivery, (3) economic factors affecting affordability, and (4) water quality and health concerns. The study concludes that population growth and infrastructure exerted the greatest influence on water demand and supply. Based on the findings the study recommends strategic investment in infrastructure, regulatory oversight, cost management, and quality monitoring to enhance sustainable water access in Naka.

This study presents an innovative approach to enhancing the stability of microsatellite yaw-axis attitude control through the design and implementation of an intelligent-based control system. The research begins with an examination of the satellite attitude, emphasizing its importance in maintaining optimal performance amid various external disturbances. A mathematical model of the microsatellite's yaw-axis attitude control system is established, followed by the design of a fuzzy logic and proportional-derivative (Fuzzy-PD) controller. The system's performance is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to assess transient and steady-state characteristics. Results indicate that the Fuzzy-PD controller significantly improves response time, maintaining a settling time below 2 seconds and achieving zero steady-state error, while preventing overshoot. Comparative analyses with existing control techniques demonstrate the proposed controller's superior reliability and robustness in meeting performance specifications. Consequently, this work contributes to advancing satellite attitude control systems by integrating intelligent algorithms, paving the way for further research in multidimensional satellite dynamics and other adaptive control techniques.

Introduction: Minimally invasive endodontics emphasize preserving enamel and dentin during treatment to maintain structural integrity and enhance fracture resistance, since lost dentin cannot be biologically replaced. However, fundamental principles of endodontic success—adequate disinfection, proper canal shaping, and three-dimensional obturation—must always be respected. Objective: This paper aims to highlight the advantages of conservative approaches in endodontic procedures, particularly in access cavity preparation and canal shaping, while discussing the potential risks and limitations associated with excessively restrictive techniques. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Wiley Online Library databases. Human studies, clinical trials, in vitro studies, case reports, and review articles were included. Of 330 initially identified publications, 32 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Results: Five minimally invasive access cavity designs were identified: Conservative Access Cavity (CAC), Ninja Access Cavity (CAN), Truss Access Cavity (TrussAC), Caries-driven Access Cavity (CariesAC), and Restorative-driven Access Cavity (RestoAC). These approaches promote greater preservation of healthy dental tissues and may improve mechanical resistance. Nevertheless, maintaining a balance between tissue conservation and effective cleaning, shaping, and obturation of the root canal system remains essential. Discussion: Preservation of peri-cervical dentin and the soffit plays a crucial role in reinforcing tooth resistance. Advances such as magnification, ultrasonic inserts, cone beam computed tomography, and guided endodontics enhance procedural precision. However, excessive conservation may increase risks, including inadequate debridement, canal transportation, file separation, and other procedural errors. Conclusion: Minimally invasive endodontics must prioritize biological objectives while preserving tooth structure, ensuring that conservation does not compromise treatment effectiveness.

Nigeria's construction industry is undergoing profound transformation, shaped by accelerating urbanisation, digital disruption, mounting sustainability demands, and a rapidly evolving regulatory environment. Building consultants stand at the intersection of these forces, yet their changing professional role has not been comprehensively investigated through rigorous empirical inquiry, particularly for the Northern Nigerian context. This study systematically analyses and documents how the roles, competencies, and contributions of building consultants have shifted in response to these dynamics, focusing on three representative states: Abuja Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Kano State, and Bauchi State. A concurrent mixed-methods design was employed, combining a validated structured questionnaire survey (n = 412 valid responses; response rate 88.8%), semi-structured interviews (n = 25, purposive sampling), six in-depth case studies (maximum variation sampling), and systematic document analysis. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, inferential tests (ANOVA, t-tests, chi-square), Exploratory Factor Analysis, and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) via IBM SPSS 29 and IBM AMOS; qualitative data were subjected to reflexive thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2021) in NVivo 14. SEM confirmed that Digital Technology Adoption significantly predicts Competency Level (beta = 0.61, p < .001), which in turn significantly predicts Project Performance Outcomes (beta = 0.54, p < .001). Six major themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: Digital Technology as a Double-Edged Enabler; Sustainability Awareness Ahead of Capability; Integrated Project Delivery aspiration Versus Reality; Risk Management as an Expanding Core Function; CPD Inadequate, Fragmented, and Disconnected from Practice Realities; and Institutional and Regulatory Context Enabler and Constraint. The study produces a validated empirical framework for the evolving building consultant role, an evidence-based competency profile aligned to contemporary industry demands, and targeted recommendations for CORBON, NIOB, higher education institutions, and government agencies. Findings are expected to contribute to reducing project cost overruns and schedule delays, improving sustainability outcomes, and advancing professionalization of building consultancy in Nigeria.

Fraud in the Nigerian banking sector was a big problem, as it damaged the integrity and stability of the financial system. The most critical areas of fraud included but were not limited to cases related to cybercrime. Therefore, the study examines the impact of forensic accounting on bank performance; and the influence of fraud control on bank performance as a precursor to improving bank performance. The study employed survey research design and used primary source of data collection through a structured questionnaire in an online survey to solicit responses from the targeted respondents. The study population comprised 606 Accounting firms listed on the Institute of Chartered Accountant of Nigeria (ICAN) website. A Convenient Sampling Technique was employed due to time limitations and the speed of acquiring several respondents through an online Google form. PLS-SEM was adopted as the main analytical technique for the study. The findings from the study indicates that fraud has a positive effect on forensic accounting and a negative effect on bank performance, while ATM fraud and forensic accounting has a positive effect on bank performance and also mitigates the negative effect of fraud on bank performance. The study concludes that forensic accounting has a big effect in combating financial fraud in the banking system and also safeguarding the profitability of banks in Nigeria. The study recommended that deposit money banks should actively promote forensic accounting endeavours within the system, and the regulatory authorities should prioritise forensic accounting in their policies.

This study aims to quantify the cost implications of construction plant and equipment utilization in building projects within Enugu Metropolis. Recognizing that the efficient deployment of such resources is paramount for achieving cost-effective outcomes, this research meticulously examines the direct and indirect financial impacts associated with various plant and equipment strategies. The investigation identifies prevalent types of construction machinery in the region and analyzes the cost-effectiveness of different selection and procurement methods, including both traditional and modern approaches, specifically in relation to their influence on overall project expenditure and financial viability. Through the rigorous analysis of empirical data collected from ongoing construction projects in Enugu Metropolis, this study demonstrates how optimized equipment deployment directly contributes to mitigating project expenses and enhancing financial efficiency. Employing a descriptive research design, the study gathered data from a purposively selected sample of 52 participants with direct involvement in regional construction activities. Statistical analysis, utilizing the Chi-square test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, was conducted to establish and quantify the relationships between equipment use and project costs. Key recommendations derived from these findings include prioritizing the availability of essential equipment (e.g., excavators, bulldozers, dump trucks), implementing continuous training programs to maximize cost-efficient equipment operation, and advocating for environmentally sustainable practices that concurrently reduce operational costs and ecological footprint.

Plants normally take up nutrients, as well as pollutants from the soil, which they can biaccumulate. Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) is one of the highly cultivated and commercial green leafy vegetables with general acceptance in many states in Nigeria including Anambra state. The soil environment where green vegetables are planted and harvested in Nigeria, exposes them to contaminations by various heavy metals. Polluted air is one principal source of heavy metal contamination of soil, as metals are liberated into the atmosphere and laid on nearby road side soils due to automobile emissions This study investigated the levels of some heavy metals in fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) leaves, and their potential health risks to consumers within Anambra State, Nigeria, while further comparing the quantities between urban and rural areas and between three geopolitical zones in the state. Heavy metals were analyzed using standard atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. All the detected heavy metals had their concentrations above acceptable limits, and posed significant health risks. The urban vegetable samples had higher amounts of the heavy metals than the rural vegetable samples. The results also showed that the mean values of lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium and arsenic in the selected urban and rural vegetable samples were not significantly different (p>0.05). This study highlighted the need for enhanced regulatory frameworks, steady monitoring of heavy metal content of plants, intensive awareness campaigns, and the promotion of safer methods of cultivation or handling of leafy vegetables, without exposure to pollution by heavy metals in urban and rural settings.

The Protestant Work Ethic (PWE), traditionally associated with Western religious thought, emphasises values such as hard work, discipline, frugality, self-reliance, and moral responsibility in economic life. Although rooted in Protestant theology, elements of the Protestant Work Ethic appear increasingly visible in contemporary Ghanaian society, where religious commitment, entrepreneurial activity, and economic aspiration intersect. Ghana, a deeply religious society with a growing Protestant and Pentecostal population, presents a unique context in which religious teachings, cultural norms, and economic realities may jointly influence attitudes toward work and productivity. This study adopts a mixed-methods approach to examine the religious, cultural, and economic motivations driving the adoption of Protestant Work Ethic values among Ghanaians. The research combines quantitative survey data assessing work ethic orientation with qualitative interviews exploring lived experiences and motivational narratives. While prior scholarship links the Protestant Work Ethic to Western industrial development, limited research has examined its contemporary manifestation within African socio-religious contexts. By integrating statistical analysis with in-depth qualitative inquiry, the study seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of how religious belief systems, cultural expectations, and economic pressures shape work-related values in Ghana. The findings aim to contribute to scholarship on religion and economic behaviour, work ethics in developing societies, and the evolving relationship between faith and productivity in sub-Saharan Africa.

Wound healing is a biological process required effective therapeutic agents like anti- inflammatory and antimicrobial property.Tridax Procumbens are also known as dagdi pala. It's a really useful therapeutic plant. It is applied to the management of wound healing.Tridax procumbens contain flavonoids tannins terpenoids and alkaloids. They act as a stabilizing agents. These biodegradable nanoparticle are a prospective alternative for typical wound care therapies due to their enhanced antibacterial properties rapid healing and enhanced wound concentration. This emerging approach are contribute the cost effective and biocompatible wound care technique. It is also eco-friendly. It is commonly used in Indian Ayurveda system of medicine for the treatment of Diarrhea, wound healing, for the hair treatment. The leaf juice is used for checking blood from injuries and cuts.it helps to repair a tissue and it is also good for kidney health. The plant is regional to India, and tropical Africa. It is a wild herb species occurs over India. Traditionally Tridax Procumbens is applied in its raw form.

Antifeedant chemicals represent a promising avenue for developing sustainable pest management strategies by exploiting the secondary metabolites present in medicinal plants. The present study evaluated the antifeedant activity of two aromatic plants from the Lamiaceae family—Coleus aromaticus (Patharchur) and Ocimum basilicum (Sweet basil)—against Diacrisia obliqua, commonly known as the Bihar hairy caterpillar, a polyphagous pest of soybean and oilseed crops. The antifeedant efficacy was tested at varying concentrations (50%, 25%, and 12.5%) on larvae of D. obliqua. Results demonstrated concentration-dependent feeding deterrence, with 50% concentration of Ocimum basilicum extract completely inhibiting feeding activity. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and saponins as key bioactive constituents. Spectral analysis (IR, NMR) and chromatographic studies identified the active principle as Olean-11-ene-27-oic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene belonging to the β-amyrin series. The percentage yield was maximum in aqueous extraction (17.37% for Ocimum basilicum), followed by methanol and chloroform. These findings suggest that plant-derived antifeedants could serve as effective alternatives to chemical pesticides in integrated pest management programs for oilseed crop protection.

Precision agriculture has emerged as a crucial approach to optimize crop yield while minimizing environmental impact. This research presents a comprehensive AI-based fertilizer recommendation system specifically designed for tomato crops (Solanum lycopersicum). We developed and compared multiple machine learning and deep learning models to predict optimal fertilizer types and quantities based on soil parameters, environmental conditions, and growth stages. Using a synthetically generated dataset of 5,000 samples incorporating domain knowledge from agricultural science, we evaluated traditional machine learning algorithms (Linear Regression, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost) against deep learning models implemented in PyTorch. The XGBoost regressor achieved an exceptional R² score of 0.965 for fertilizer quantity prediction, while the XGBoost classifier demonstrated 98.5% accuracy in fertilizer type recommendation. The proposed system provides farmers with highly accurate data-driven fertilizer recommendations, potentially reducing over-fertilization by 30-35% while maintaining optimal crop nutrition. This research contributes to sustainable agriculture by integrating AI with domain-specific agricultural knowledge, achieving state-of-the-art performance in precision fertilization.

डिजिटल युग में इंटरनेट और सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी के बढ़ते उपयोग के साथ साइबर अपराध की घटनाओं में भी निरंतर वृद्धि हो रही है। साइबर अपराध में ऑनलाइन धोखाधड़ी, हैकिंग, साइबर बुलिंग, फर्जी वेबसाइट, पहचान की चोरी और सोशल मीडिया के माध्यम से अपराध जैसी गतिविधियाँ शामिल हैं। इन अपराधों का प्रभाव समाज के विभिन्न वर्गों पर पड़ता है और कई बार लोग इसके बारे में पर्याप्त जानकारी और जागरूकता के अभाव में इसका शिकार हो जाते हैं।
इस अध्ययन का मुख्य उद्देश्य साइबर अपराध के प्रति लोगों में जागरूकता के स्तर का समाजशास्त्रीय विश्लेषण करना है। अध्ययन के माध्यम से यह समझने का प्रयास किया गया है कि विभिन्न आयु वर्ग, शिक्षा स्तर और सामाजिक पृष्ठभूमि के लोगों में साइबर अपराध के प्रति जागरूकता किस प्रकार भिन्न-भिन्न होती है। इस शोध में प्राथमिक एवं द्वितीयक दोनों प्रकार के आंकड़ों का उपयोग किया गया है। प्राथमिक आंकड़े सर्वेक्षण और प्रश्नावली के माध्यम से एकत्र किए गए हैं, जबकि द्वितीयक आंकड़े विभिन्न पुस्तकों, शोध पत्रों और सरकारी रिपोर्टों से प्राप्त किए गए हैं।
अध्ययन से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि साइबर अपराध के प्रति जागरूकता बढ़ाने के लिए डिजिटल साक्षरता, शिक्षा और सरकारी पहल अत्यंत आवश्यक हैं। यदि समाज में साइबर सुरक्षा के प्रति जागरूकता बढ़ाई जाए तो इन अपराधों को काफी हद तक रोका जा सकता है।
इस अध्ययन का उद्देश्य समाज में साइबर अपराध के प्रति लोगों की जागरूकता के स्तर का अध्ययन करना तथा यह समझना है कि सामाजिक, शैक्षिक और आर्थिक कारक इस जागरूकता को किस प्रकार प्रभावित करते हैं। यह शोध साइबर अपराध की समस्या को समझने और इसके प्रति समाज में जागरूकता बढ़ाने के लिए महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी प्रदान करता है।

The Esophagus into GERD, Achalasia, Barrett’s, and Schatzki Rings
The human body is a masterpiece of engineering, and often, the most overlooked organs are the ones that perform their jobs flawlessly every single day. The esophagus is one such organ. It is a simple, muscular tube, a silent thoroughfare responsible for transporting food from our mouth to our stomach. We only tend to remember it when something goes wrong—when that swallow feels stuck, when fire creeps up our chest, or when a once-pleasurable meal becomes a source of dread.

Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative eye disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment, yet traditional diagnostic methods often lack the precision to detect the disease in its early stages. This study explores the use of machine learning techniques to analyze gene expression data for the accurate classification of glaucoma. Gene expression profiles were obtained from the publicly available E-GEOD-9963 dataset, which includes glaucoma and control samples. After preprocessing and selecting 14 validated glaucoma-related genes (such as IL6, ERBB2, and CAV1), the dataset was used to train and evaluate machine learning models, specifically Random Forest and XGBoost classifiers. The XGBOOST model achieved the highest accuracy (95%) and a ROC-AUC score of 0.91, making it the most effective model for glaucoma progression prediction in this study. Feature importance analysis highlighted the biological relevance of the selected genes. This research demonstrates the potential of machine learning in supporting early glaucoma diagnosis through genomic data, offering a scalable and data-driven approach to improving ophthalmic healthcare.

The novel ‘Jane Eyre’ by Charlotte Bronte is focusing on the intersection of gender, social class and the pursuit of female autonomy in Victorian England. The present paper investigates how Charlotte Brontë deconstructs the Victorian 'Angel in the House' archetype by presenting a protagonist, Jane Eyre, who navigates the intersections of gender, class and colonial power to achieve a status of radical autonomy. Through the symbolic Jane’s refusal of economic servitude, Brontë argues that a woman’s status is not a biological destiny but a social construct that can be dismantled through intellectual and moral agency. By the novel's end, Jane achieves a status of true equality not through marriage alone, but through economic independence and self-respect. The present study demonstrates Jane Eyre as a radical text that envisioned a world where a woman’s status is defined by her own agency rather than social convention.

The study aims to find out the relationship between mindfulness and coping among college students. The sample of study comprises of 266 undergraduate college students and data was collected using five facet mindfulness questionnaire (Bear et al, 2006) and Brief Cope Inventory (Carver, 1997). Descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses were employed to analyze the data. The results of correlation analysis revealed that mindfulness has inverse relationship with dysfunctional coping; whereas, it has no relationship with problem focused coping and emotion focused coping. Dysfunctional coping and problem focused coping emerged as significant predictors of mindfulness. The study highlights the importance of integrating mindfulness training and coping enhancement programs into college settings to foster resilience, reduce stress, and promote psychological well-being among students.

Brief introduction of the author:--Projjwal Mandal a Bio-Science Graduate,Vedic Shastra related topic writer in "Pranab Patrika"(Bharat Sevashram Sangha) and "Viswa Hindu Varta" (VHP Bengal) Magazine.

The word “Mathematics” means the science related to calculation. It is one of the principal branches of science. It is not possible to give an exact answer to the question of when and where mathematics began. In our ancient India, advanced mathematical practices existed, for which much evidence has been found. Therefore, according to many scholars, India is the birthplace of mathematics.

Buddy Basket is a mobile robotic system. designed to follow a person autonomously, keeping a fixed distance using ultrasonic sensing technology, the main objective of this project is to reduce manual effort for carrying loads and be cost-effective. For assistance in various environments such as shopping malls, airports, and healthcare facilities. The system is powered by a 12v battery. The location is achieved using two dc motors, which are controlled through a driver circuit will ensure reliable forward, reverse, and turning motions of the robot. The ultrasonic sensor continuously measures the distance between the robot and the human target, while the ESP32/ESP8266. The Microcontroller processes this data and generates the necessary control. signal to the motor driver. ESP32/8266 also offers the possibility of wireless connectivity and integration with IOT, making the system more flexible, modular and scalable for further developments. This design is enclosed in a compact chassis to protect the components and provide stability during motion. in general, the project contributes to the development of smart, interactive, and practical systems of robotics in everyday life applications.

Mental health is very instrumental in defining performance, consistency and well-being of athletes. In a competitive sports setting, the pressure on athletes can be shaped by the demands on performance and financial issues, as well as the impact of social media and managing their studies or personal lives. In the current research, an observation is conducted on how mental health awareness can influence the athletic performance of Indian athletes by a survey of 100 participant athletes at the state, national, and international levels. The results demonstrate that although a vast majority of athletes acknowledge the significance of mental health in sports performance, many of them possess the idea that the current mental health support systems and awareness campaigns are inadequate. Money, choice pressures, and family assumptions were cited as the major stressors which influenced the mental well-being of athletes. Also, most respondents noted that mental stress had affected their performance in competitions negatively. But those athletes who performed mental conditioning exercises, including meditation and visualisation, said that they had better concentration and performance. The researchers note that the mental health education and the availability of mental support in the Indian sports system require significant reinforcement.

Soil is a vital natural resource that supports terrestrial ecosystems and regulates environmental processes such as nutrient cycling, water movement, and pollutant retention (Brady & Weil, 2016). The physico-chemical properties of soil determine its structure, fertility, and environmental quality (Hillel, 2004). Accurate evaluation of soil properties requires systematic sampling and reliable analytical techniques in both field and laboratory conditions (Sparks, 1996). Various methods are used to determine physical properties such as soil texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity, and water holding capacity, as well as chemical parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, and nutrient availability (Piper, 2002). Standard analytical procedures such as hydrometer analysis, pycnometer method, pH meter measurement, and Walkley–Black oxidation are widely used for soil evaluation . This review paper discusses the major techniques used for determining soil physico-chemical properties and highlights their importance in environmental monitoring and soil quality assessment.

Introduction: Neurological disorders are a major cause of disability in children, affecting cognitive, motor, sensory, and behavioural functioning and significantly impacting quality of life and caregiver well-being [1,4,19]. Parenting style is a modifiable environmental factor influencing behavioural and emotional outcomes in children with neurological deficits [2,3,18]. Methods: This narrative review analyzed classical Ayurvedic texts describing Upashaya–Anupashaya, Achara, and Manas [5–8,15], along with contemporary scientific literature on parenting styles and psychosocial outcomes in children with neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders [2,3,11–14,16–18]. Results: The review found that authoritative parenting and balanced permissive parenting were consistently associated with improved emotional regulation, adaptive behaviour, social competence, and coping skills in children with neurological deficits [2,12,14,21–25]. In contrast, authoritarian and negative parenting styles were associated with increased behavioural problems, emotional dysregulation, anxiety, and caregiver–child conflict [3,11,14,22]. Discussion: Parenting style can be interpreted as a non-pharmacological Upashaya, influencing behavioural and emotional outcomes in children with neurological deficits. Integrating evidence-based parenting approaches with Ayurvedic principles provides a holistic framework for long-term child development and caregiver support.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent health condition affecting millions of men worldwide, yet its psychosocial dimensions remain underexplored in non-Western cultural contexts. In Ghana, where masculinity is closely tied to sexual performance, family leadership, and reproductive capacity, ED represents not merely a medical condition but a profound challenge to male identity, marital stability, and family cohesion. Despite its significance, there is limited understanding of how Ghanaian men experience and cope with ED, and how these experiences reverberate through family dynamics. This study investigates the lived experiences of Ghanaian men coping with erectile dysfunction and explores the associated family dynamics. Employing a qualitative interpretive phenomenological design, the study conducts in-depth interviews with 18 men diagnosed with ED and their partners, recruited from urology clinics in the Greater Accra Region. Drawing on the Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Masculinity Theory, the study seeks to understand the meanings men attach to ED, their coping strategies, and the implications for marital relationships and family functioning. By providing culturally grounded insights into the experience of ED, the study aims to inform clinical practice, counseling services, and public health interventions that address the psychosocial needs of men and their families in the Ghanaian context.

Honour-based crimes represent one of the most brutal manifestations of patriarchal control over individual autonomy resulting in thousands of victims across India annually. Despite unequivocal constitutional protection of the right to choose one's partner and consistent judicial condemnation of honour killings the Indian legal system continues to grapple with effective prevention and punishment of such offences. This paper examines the intersection between the proposed Uniform Civil Code (UCC) and the criminal justice response to honour-based crimes through the lens of preventive criminal law with particular emphasis on the newly enacted Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023 and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023. It argues that the absence of a uniform civil framework creates normative conflicts that enable honour-based violence to flourish while simultaneously hampering effective criminal law enforcement. The paper analyses the substantive and procedural provisions of the BNS and BNSS evaluates their adequacy in addressing honour crimes and proposes a integrated approach combining uniform civil norms with specialised criminal provisions to achieve meaningful prevention.

This paper examines the effectiveness of India's anti-terrorism legal framework with particular focus on the transformative changes introduced by the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023 and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023. These landmark legislations which replace the colonial-era Indian Penal Code 1860 and the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 respectively represent a significant paradigm shift in India's approach to counter-terrorism. By incorporating terrorism as a distinct substantive offence within the general criminal law for the first time the BNS marks a departure from the previous approach of relying exclusively on special legislation such as the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967. This paper evaluates whether this integration enhances the effectiveness of counter-terrorism efforts while maintaining necessary safeguards for civil liberties. Through analysis of legislative frameworks judicial interpretations implementation challenges and comparative perspectives this paper argues that while the codification of terrorism within the BNS represents progressive legal reform its effectiveness ultimately depends on robust institutional mechanisms judicial oversight and adherence to constitutional principles that protect fundamental rights.

Voltage collapse is a critical problem that impacts power system operational security. Timely and accurate assessment of voltage security is necessary to detect alarm states in order to prevent a large-scale blackout. This paper presents an on-line voltage security assessment scheme using periodically updated random forest-based decision trees.

प्रत्येक बालक में कुछ ऐसे गुण होते हैं जो जन्मजात पाये जाते हैं। यह गुण प्रायः अनुवांशिकता से सम्बन्धित भी हो सकते हैं, अथवा नहीं भी, इन्हीं गुणों के आधार पर ही बालकों का शैक्षिक स्तर निर्भर करता है। सामान्य बालकों का शैक्षिक स्तर उनकी बुद्धिलब्धि तथा क्षमताओं के आधार पर ही तय किया जाता है। ठीक इसी प्रकार वह बालक जो कि विशिष्ट बालक होते हैं उन्हें भी शिक्षा के पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त करने का अधिकार प्राप्त होता है। इन बालकों को दी गई शिक्षा अलग-अलग प्रकार की होती है क्योंकि इन बालकों का शैक्षिक स्तर अलग-अलग होता है। समावेशी शिक्षा (Inclusive Education) का अर्थ है एक ऐसी शिक्षा प्रणाली जहाँ सामान्य और विशेष आवश्यकताओं वाले (दिव्यांग) बच्चे एक ही छत के नीचे, एक ही कक्षा में साथ-साथ सीखते हैं। इसका मुख्य उद्देश्य भेदभाव को समाप्त करना और हर बच्चे की क्षमता को निखारना है। समावेशी शिक्षा वह शिक्षा होती है, जिसके द्वारा विशिष्ट क्षमता वाले बालक जैसे मन्दबुद्धि, अन्धे बालक, बहरे बालक तथा प्रतिभाशाली बालकों को ज्ञान प्रदान किया जाता है। समावेशी शिक्षा के द्वारा सर्वप्रथम छात्रों के बौद्धिक शैक्षिक स्तर की जाँच की जाती है, तत्पश्चात् उन्हें दी जाने वाली शिक्षा का स्तर निर्धारित किया जाता है। अतः यह एक ऐसी शिक्षा प्रणाली है, जो कि विशिष्ट क्षमता वाले बालकों हेतु ही निर्धारित की जाती है। अतः इसे समेकित अथवा समवेशी शिक्षा का नाम दिया जाता है। समावेशी शिक्षा के मुख्य घटक अनुकूलित पाठ्यक्रम , व्यक्तिगत शिक्षण योजना , प्रशिक्षित शिक्षक , बाधा मुक्त वातावरण ,सहायक उपकरण और तकनीक , अभिभावकों और समुदाय की भागीदारी है ।

This conceptual review take a look at the five Yamas (the social values, ethical restraints) from Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras as a foundational framework for enhancing the marital relationship harmony. By looking at some of the existing research papers in the area of Yoga, spirituality, mindfulness, couple dynamics, this paper proposes that the Yamas – Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Brahmacharya (moderation, wise use of energy) and Aparigraha (non- hoarding, non-attachment) – function as central mechanisms linking Yoga practices to Marital Harmony. Systematic integration of the 12 research papers indicates that Yama-aligned behaviors cultivate emotional regulation, empathy, authentic communication, and elevated consciousness – all these being direct or indirect influencers of Marital Harmony. This review bridges the timeless Yogic Ethics with modern psychological science, placing Yamas as practical principles for couples to flourish in their Marital Harmony.

एक समय था जब कि पृथ्वी पर कृषि व्यवस्था तथा उसमें उत्पादित होने वाले खाद पदार्थ की मात्रा अथाह थी। लेकिन आज उस स्थिति में परिर्वतन आ गया है। और वह जब पर्याप्त की श्रेणी में आ जाता है। संतोष यही है। कि यह सामग्री पुनः प्राप्त की जा सकती है। अतः यदि बुध्दि मत्ता से उत्पादन का प्रबन्धन हो तो पूरे विश्व में रहने वाले प्राणी वर्ग को उसके खाने पीने और अन्य पदार्थों की पूर्ति की जा सकेगी। पर इसके लिए प्राकृतिक विविधता का उपयोग करना होगा जिसें आज हम जैविक विविधता के नाम से नामित करते है। प्रारम्भ में विश्व में खाघान्न की कमी को पूरा करने के उद्देश्य से हरित कान्ति की कल्पना की थी जिसे 1968 में संयुक्त राज्य के कृषि विभाग के निदेशक विलियम गैड ने नाम दिया था। उन्होंने पाया कि अन्न की विशेष जाति से है भारत और पाकिस्तान में गेंहूँ तथा फिलीपाइन्स में चावल का अधिक उत्पादन हुआ है। बाद में भारत में पाँच मुख्य खाघान्न गेंहूँ, चावल, मक्का, बाजारा और ज्वार पर शोध कर अधिक उत्पादन वाली किस्म तैयार की। वस्तुतः यही कृषि क्षेत्र में विविधता कहलाई। पर शनैः शनैः यह जाना जाने लगा कि यह विविधता सभी सजीव पदार्थों व वस्तुओं में है। और प्रगति के लिए इसका सम्भव है। तभी से जैविक विविधता की उपयोग को प्रयोग में लाया जाने लगा।

Bubble Deck slab technology is an innovative voided slab system developed to reduce self- weight and material consumption in reinforced concrete floor systems without compromising structural performance. By replacing non-structural concrete in the neutral axis with hollow plastic spheres, Bubble Deck slabs achieve significant reductions in dead load, enabling longer spans, improved seismic performance, and enhanced sustainability. This review paper synthesizes existing literature on the structural behavior, serviceability, construction methods, durability, and environmental impact of Bubble Deck slabs. Key limitations related to punching shear resistance, code provisions, and dependence on plastic void formers are critically discussed. Furthermore, emerging research on alternative void materials is reviewed, highlighting the need for eco-friendly and locally available solutions. The paper identifies current research gaps and emphasizes future directions for sustainable voided slab systems in structural engineering practice.

Nigeria faces a dual environmental challenge of increasing organic-waste generation and persistent pollution of surface and groundwater systems. Poor waste collection, open dumping, weak wastewater treatment, and diffuse agricultural and urban runoff have intensified contamination of rivers, streams, wetlands, and shallow aquifers, while large volumes of biodegradable residues from cassava processing, rice milling, food markets, sawmilling, and oil-palm activities remain underutilized. This review examines the potential of valorizing organic waste into functional materials for the bioremediation of polluted water bodies in Nigeria. The paper synthesizes current evidence on major Nigerian waste streams, conversion pathways, waste-derived remediation materials, pollutant-removal mechanisms, and implementation opportunities within a circular-economy framework. Particular attention is given to biosorbents, biochar, activated carbon-like materials, and biologically active media derived from cassava peels, rice husks, sawdust, market waste, and other biodegradable feedstocks. The review shows that these materials can remove heavy metals, dyes, nutrients, suspended solids, pathogens, and selected organic pollutants through adsorption, ion exchange, surface complexation, filtration, precipitation, and microbially assisted degradation. The paper also highlights Nigeria-specific opportunities for decentralized deployment in agro-processing zones, market clusters, and pollution hotspots where feedstock availability and water-quality pressures overlap. However, major barriers remain, including poor source segregation, inconsistent feedstock quality, limited field-scale validation, weak standardization, uncertain regeneration pathways, and fragmented institutional coordination. The study concludes that organic-waste valorization offers a practical and sustainable pathway for simultaneously reducing waste burdens and improving water quality in Nigeria, but successful scale-up will require pilot-based implementation, stronger policy integration, and closer alignment between research, local enterprise, and environmental regulation.

In last decade, due to several limitations of conventional sources of energy such as high cost of fossil fuels, contribution towards pollution and environmental damage, scarcity in resources, there is an urge for the utilization of renewable sources of energy. Among several forms of renewable sources of energy, specifically wind energy conversion system is the most cost effective and technologically improvable. In variable speed operation, it is important that the generated power from PMSG should be optimized. There fore in order to capture as much power as possible from wind during change in wind speed, maximum power point tracking controller is implemented. Among several methods, the most efficient method of MPPT technique is Perturbation and observation (P&O) which has its own virtues. Here simulation evaluation is done to know the working of MPPT and successfully optimize the generated power during a step change in wind speed. In addition to power optimization, variation in load as well as wind speed during variable speed operation, results drift in system voltage and frequency which in turn leads to generation loss owing to line tripping, power swings and also black outs. Therefore in order to reduce the change in system voltage and frequency to the smallest possible value, a voltage frequency controller is required.

This paper presents an empirical study on software metrics, focusing on their visualization, predictive power for app popularity and quality, and practical application in object-oriented systems. Analyzing datasets from Qualitas.class Corpus (Terra & Valente, 2009) and a novel dataset of 200 mobile apps, we evaluated 15 metrics (e.g., LOC, cyclomatic complexity) using Python-based tools (McCabe, 1976; Watson & McCabe, 1996). Key Findings: Cyclomatic complexity and LOC predict 68% of variance in app popularity at launch (Rš=0.68, p¡0.001); visualization via arc diagrams enhances decision-making by 35% (user study, N=50) (Basili & Selby, 1987). Regression models and charts demonstrate method-level metrics’ superiority for bug-proneness (Shepperd & Ince, 1993). The paper includes original code snippets for metric computation and visualization, ensuring reproducibility. The implications presented in the paper will guide developers toward actionable metric suites for modern software (Fenton & Bieman, 2014).

For solar applications, a single-source nine-level boost inverter is created and put into use to transform low DC power into a multilevel AC output. The system generates numerous voltage levels from a single DC source and achieves voltage boosting using a switched capacitor approach. A PIC16F877The necessary switching pulses for managing the power switches are generated by a microcontroller. The stepped voltage waveform produced by the inverter has nine different levels and is more akin to a sinusoidal output. Both positive and negative output cycles are obtained by using an H-bridge arrangement. The hardware implementation shows better output waveform quality and fewer components. The technology is appropriate for small-scale renewable energy applications and offers effective performance.

भारत में जैविक खेती का इतिहास का पुराना है। हमारे प्राचीन सभ्यता और कृषि परम्परा का अभिन्न अंग के रूप में अपन भूमिका निभाता आ रहा है। आज वर्तमान समय में मानव एक विकल्प के रूप में देखते है, लेकिन वास्तव में यह प्राचीन विरासत है। हमारे यहाँ जैविक खेती का इतिहास 5000 वर्ष से अधिक पुराना है। वैदिक काल (1000 ईसा पूर्व से 600 ईसा पूर्व) में भी खेती जैविक सिद्धान्तों पर आधारित थी प्राचीन काल के वेदों और ग्रंथों में फसल चक्र (Crop Rotation), हरी खाद का प्रयोग, गोबर की खादों का उपयोग कम्पोस्ट और प्राकृतिक कीट नियंत्रण का उल्लेख मिलता है। प्राचीन काल में के कार्य के खेती साथ-साथ पशुपालन का कार्य भी होता था। भारत में कृष्ण को गोपाल तथा बलराम को हलधर कहा जाता था जो खेती तथा गो पालन के महत्व को दर्शाता है। प्राचीन काल में खेतों में कीटनाशकों तथा रासायनिक खादों का प्रयोग नहीं होता था इसके स्थान पर खेती पूरी तरह प्राकृतिक संसाधनों पर निर्भर हुआ करती थी। इसमें गोबर, गोमूत्र, फसलों के अवशेष का प्रयोग किया जाता था इससे मिट्टी की उर्वरता बरकरार रहती थी तथा इससे पर्यावरण संतुलित होती थी। मिश्रित फसल प्रणाली भी होती थी। भारत और चीन जैविक खेती के मूल स्त्रोत माने जाते हैं जहाँ 4000 वर्ष पुरानी परंपरा आज भी विद्यमान है। किसानों को विभिन्न कार्यशालाओं के माध्यम से खेती में उपयोग की जाने वाली अणु जल, जीवाणु जल, भस्म रसायन,ट्राईको डारमा तथा फलों, सब्जियों में छिड़काव की जाने वाली रसायनों को बनाने का प्रशिक्षण प्रदान किया जाता है। जैविक खेती का मुख्य सिद्धांत "मिट्टी को खिलाना है, पौधों को नहीं"

Traffic jam is a severe urban problem, which spawns long incidents of waiting time, gasoline wastage, elevated ambient contaminated air concentrations, and escalated mental tension by motorists. The traditional manner in which traffic lights are operated is based on a fixed schedule of intervals that are not dynamic to the time-varying needs of the roadway system, and thus does not permit the clearance of arterial routes in even the conditions of an inchacing distribution of traffic.The current research presents an advanced model of traffic control which utilizes real-time vehicle flows data in order to automatically adapt the circuit length. This adaptive control paradigm differs with the legacy systems in that it combines real time readings of traffic density, and proactive analytics to be used in the recalibration of signal phasing, absent human intervention.The empirical assessment of the suggested mechanism shows that the number of congestion episodes significantly reduces and that the corresponding decreases in fuel use and anthropogenic emission rates occur too. The system is directly related to the efficiency of the work of the transportation network, which is in the reduction of unnecessary idling at communications.Besides that, the adaptive signalling scheme improves the safety of the roadways by reducing the points of conflict and provides the vehicle of emergency response with the fast passage across the crucial crossings.Overall, the implementation of the smart traffic network provides more efficient, clean, and speedy traffic conditions, which brings practical benefits to the particular motorists, the quality of the environment, and the city infrastructure.

The present study evaluates the pharmacognostical characteristics and in-vitro anti-ulcer activity of Flueggea leucopyrus leaves. The plant material was collected, authenticated, and processed using standard methods. Pharmacognostical evaluation was carried out through macroscopic and microscopic analyses for proper identification. Physicochemical parameters, including foreign matter, moisture content, ash values, and extractive values, were determined according to official guidelines, and thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed to establish the phytochemical profile.Soxhlet extraction of the dried leaves was carried out using chloroform as the solvent, followed by preliminary phytochemical screening Leaf extracts were assessed for in-vitro anti-ulcer activity using acid neutralization with standard antacid as reference, DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay for determining anti-oxidant property and protein denaturation assay for anti inflammatory property. The results indicated significant acid-neutralizing and anti-ulcer potential, supporting the traditional claim and suggesting Flueggea leucopyrus leaves as a promising natural anti-ulcer agent.

Aims: To evaluate a community-led package training, behaviour change, and passive ventilation retrofits for reducing household heat and smoke exposures and strengthening climate–health capacity in Lilongwe District, Malawi. Study Design: Implementation study with pre/post household monitoring and participatory learning cycles, aligned to Malawi’s community health system. Place and Duration of Study: Lilongwe District, Malawi; 12‑month programme. Methodology: Community Health Workers (HSAs), Mother Groups, and Youth Associations will receive a Climate–Health curriculum. Youth artisans will install low‑cost passive vents; women leaders will reinforce smoke‑safe and heat‑safe behaviours through home visits. Indoor PM₂.₅ and temperature will be tracked before and after retrofits in intervention and comparison homes; monthly Climate–Health Sentinel Reports will be used to inform district reviews.

This article examines the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Morocco's Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) context, arguing for its strategic integration to address systemic educational challenges. While AI tools offer personalized learning, teacher support, and enhanced accessibility, their implementation faces significant hurdles including infrastructure gaps, cultural misalignment, and ethical concerns. The analysis critiques Morocco's current ICT-based approach and proposes a balanced framework for AI adoption that prioritizes teacher agency, localized solutions, and equitable access. The discussion contributes to broader debates about technology integration in Global education systems, advocating for context-sensitive policies that harness AI's benefits while mitigating its risks in Moroccan language classrooms.

The attainment of political independence in formerly colonized nations has frequently failed to translate into genuine social, cultural, and ethical liberation. This paradox is particularly pronounced in Algeria, where the War of Independence (1954–1962) promised revolutionary transformation yet culminated in widespread post-independence disillusionment. This article examines Ahlam Mostaghanemi’s Memory in the Flesh (Dhākirat al-Jassad) as a sustained literary critique of postcolonial failure through the theoretical lens of Frantz Fanon’s concept of the “pitfalls of national consciousness.” Drawing on close textual analysis and postcolonial theory, the study argues that the novel exposes the transformation of revolutionary sacrifice into symbolic and political capital monopolized by a postcolonial elite. Through the wounded body of Khaled, a one-armed war veteran living in exile, Mostaghanemi articulates the marginalization of those who bore the physical and psychological costs of liberation.

Mali has been plagued by prolonged armed violence and a persistent security crisis since 2012, severely compromising the education system, particularly in the central region of the country, including Douentza. This study aims to systematically examine the effects of armed violence and insecurity on schooling in Mali, paying particular attention to the specific local characteristics of these heavily affected regions. It is based on a systematic literature review, conducted according to the PRISMA protocol, and including scientific articles, institutional reports, and grey literature published between 2013 and 2024. The results reveal major and common negative effects, such as prolonged school closures, attacks on educational institutions, school dropout rates, and refusal to lead schools, as well as the increased vulnerability of teachers, students, and school administrators. The Douentza department exhibits heightened vulnerabilities linked to insecurity and weak capacities. The study also highlights significant methodological limitations in previous work, particularly that based on disaggregated local data. These findings underscore the importance of developing the resilience of education systems and directing public policy and research toward educational responses tailored to the context of conflict.

Secondary school environments play a critical role in shaping students learning experiences, wellbeing, and overall development. In Lagos, many schools face challenges related to accessibility, environmental performance, and the integration of natural elements, which can negatively affect students, particularly those with disabilities. This study explores how biophilic design principles can be applied to enhance both sustainability and accessibility in a secondary school in Imota. Findings indicate that accessibility is largely inadequate, with most areas being not or only partially accessible; environmental conditions such as ventilation and lighting are suboptimal, and green spaces are limited or insufficient. Despite these shortcomings, students and staff express strong support for incorporating natural elements, highlighting the potential benefits of integrating biophilic design. The study underscores the importance of an architectural approach that combines inclusive design strategies with nature-based interventions to create a more sustainable, accessible, and supportive learning environment for all users.

The cement industry plays an important role in infrastructure development and economic growth. Managing production costs efficiently is essential for cement companies to maintain profitability and remain competitive. This study analyses the cost structure and profitability of UltraTech Cement Limited over a period of five years. The research focuses on major cost components such as raw materials, power and fuel, employee expenses, and other operating costs. Using secondary data collected from company annual reports and industry sources, the study applies tools such as ratio analysis, trend analysis, and percentage analysis to evaluate financial performance. The findings highlight the relationship between operational costs and profitability and provide insights into how effective cost management can improve overall financial performance in the cement industry.

The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a polyherbal chewable toothpaste tablet incorporating Miswak (Salvadora persica) and Orange peel (Citrus reticulata) for effective oral hygiene and antimicrobial protection. Toothpaste tablets, known for their portability, accurate dosing, and eco-friendly nature, were selected as a sustainable alternative to conventional toothpaste tubes. Miswak extract, a well-known natural antimicrobial and antiplaque agent, and orange peel powder, recognized for its antioxidant, mild whitening, and antibacterial properties, were incorporated using suitable excipients such as calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sorbitol, sodium cocoyl isethionate, starch, and peppermint oil to ensure cleansing efficiency, foaming ability, and palatability.The prepared chewable tablets were evaluated for appearance, hardness, friability, weight variation, pH, foamability, disintegration time, antimicrobial activity, and stability studies. The results demonstrated acceptable physicochemical characteristics and compliance with pharmacopoeial standards. Among the formulations, F3 exhibited superior antimicrobial activity, better foamability, and faster disintegration time, indicating enhanced cleansing performance and effectiveness against oral pathogens. Stability studies confirmed that the optimized formulation remained stable under both room and accelerated conditions.The development of a herbal chewable toothpaste tablet using Miswak and Orange peel was found to be safe, stable, and effective, offering a promising eco-friendly alternative to conventional toothpaste for maintaining oral hygiene.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains one of the most pervasive and debilitating neurodegenerative disorders worldwide, affecting over 55 million individuals and posing a profound public health challenge. Emerging evidence has revitalized interest in the antimicrobial protection hypothesis (APH), which proposes that amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides may serve as endogenous antimicrobial agents, accumulating in response to pathogenic triggers rather than as purely pathological byproducts. Food-borne pathogens — transmitted through contaminated, undercooked, or inadequately preserved street food — represent a plausible yet underexplored environmental trigger for the neuroinflammatory and amyloidogenic cascades associated with AD. This review critically evaluates the biological plausibility of food-borne microbial infections acting as upstream inducers of Aβ overproduction, neuroinflammation, and eventual synaptic loss. Pathogens including Helicobacter pylori, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and periodontal microbes such as Porphyromonas gingivalis are examined for their roles in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, microglial activation, and tau hyperphosphorylation. The review integrates epidemiological data, molecular mechanisms, animal model findings, and clinical observations to construct a coherent pathophysiological framework. The implications for food safety policies, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where street food consumption is widespread, are underscored. Understanding how dietary microbial exposures interface with innate immune responses in the brain may open novel preventive and therapeutic avenues for AD.

The rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital platforms has engendered the emergence of connected intelligence ecosystems, where human actors, AI agents, and platform infrastructures coalesce to create synergistic knowledge networks. This study explores the dynamics of human–AI–platform interaction, emphasizing its implications for decision-making, organizational efficiency, and socio-technical resilience. Drawing upon a multidisciplinary review encompassing AI, human-computer interaction, and digital platform studies, the research investigates how interaction modalities, trust, interpretability, and adaptability influence collaborative outcomes. Findings suggest that the integration of human cognitive capabilities with AI’s predictive and analytical prowess, mediated through adaptive platforms, enhances problem-solving, innovation, and user experience. Furthermore, the study identifies challenges, including ethical considerations, algorithmic transparency, and digital inequality, which may impede the optimal functioning of connected intelligence ecosystems. The paper concludes by proposing a framework for designing human-centered AI platforms that foster collaborative intelligence, enhance system interpretability, and promote equitable participation across stakeholders. These insights contribute to advancing both theoretical understanding and practical deployment of AI-driven platforms in complex socio-technical environments.

One of the main clinical signs of coronary artery disease is angina pectoris, which results from the myocardium receiving less oxygen. Triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, and tannins are among the bioactive components of Terminalia arjuna, a well-known cardioprotective plant in Ayurveda, which together give it antioxidant and cardiotonic qualities. The creation and assessment of a herbal tablet made from standardized Terminalia arjuna bark extract for the treatment of angina pectoris is the main goal of this study.Plant material authentication, extraction and standardization, phytochemical screening, and the creation of an appropriate tablet formulation with the right excipients are all part of the research project.The prepared tablets were evaluated for flow characteristics, hardness, friability, uniformity, disintegration, and dissolution behavior both before and after compression. The extract’s capacity to enhance cardiac markers, lower oxidative stress, and maintain myocardial integrity was further shown by in-vitro antioxidant assessment and in-vivo pharmacological evaluation. Overall, the prepared Terminalia arjuna tablets demonstrated promising cardioprotective and antianginal potential along with acceptable pharmaceutical quality. These results lend credence to the use of standardized herbal formulations as more affordable, safe, and efficient long-term treatments for angina pectoris. Future research on advanced delivery systems, clinical evaluation, and bioavailability studies may improve therapeutic efficacy even more.

The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the impact that the growing trend of shopping online has had on traditional brick-and-mortar retailers. These retailers are absolutely necessary to a significant portion of the population. However, the emergence of e-stores, with their appealing financial and non-financial rewards as well as a wide range of options, has had a significant impact on small retailers and created a sense of uncertainty. The primary focus of this research is on the impact that the rise of online shopping has had on retail businesses, specifically on their profitability.

For centuries, traditional medical systems, especially Ayurveda, have made extensive use of the well-known medicinal herb Bacopa monnieri, also referred to as Brahmi. It is well known for its ability to improve memory, learning capacity, and general brain function. Brahmi has long been used to treat neurological conditions and stress-related disorders as a nerve tonic, anxiolytic, and adaptogenic. Many of its traditional claims have been confirmed by recent pharmacological research, which also highlights the presence of bioactive compounds that contribute to its therapeutic potential, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and bacosides. Numerous pharmacological actions, such as neuro protective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and anti-anxiety effects, are caused by these constituents. Additionally, Brahmi has demonstrated encouraging outcomes in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and in enhancing cognitive function in both healthy people and patients with cognitive impairments. The herb is a useful plant in contemporary pharmacological research because it also demonstrates additional therapeutic advantages like hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and antimicrobial activities. Despite its many advantages, more clinical research is needed to determine standard dosages, long-term safety, and efficacy. "Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) is a traditional medicinal herb known for its neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing pharmacological properties."

Jane Austen’s handling of plot in Pride and Prejudice is something quite new and excellent and more different from her customary method. Pride and Prejudice has a main plot admirably suited to Jane Austen’s process. She seems to be deliberately kept out the action to satisfy the exigencies of the plot. As in all her novels, character and plot are both equally important; although the characters seem to direct the plot and it is obvious, from the way they advance the action, that it is as much their duty to advance the plot, as it is the plot’s to display them. The plot of Pride and Prejudice is intricate, but it is not merely mechanical; it is morally and psychologically intricate, the plot being the manifestation of actions and states of mind. Jane Austen’s greatest skill as an artist lies in developing a carefully-planned plot, stripped of all unnecessary details, in which plot is the main interest. Maugham remarked, “By a story most of us mean a connected and coherent narrative with the beginning, a middle and an end.”

In India, every child deserves the ability to read a simple sentence and do basic addition before finishing Class III. These two abilities, i.e., reading and working with numbers, are called foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN). Together they form the base on which all further learning stands. In recent years, Technological reformation through ICT has been widely used to help children to build those foundational skills. This paper looks at how ICT is being used in Indian schools and early childhood centres to strengthen reading, writing, and number sense among young learners of Classes I to III and in pre-primary settings. The paper draws on research studies, government policy documents such as the NEP 2020, and programs like the National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding Numeracy (NIPUN Bharat) and DIKSHA to explain what is working, what challenges remain, and what teachers, school leaders, and policymakers can do to make better use of ICT for foundational learning. The paper argues that ICT is a useful tool but is not a magic solution on its own. It must be used thoughtfully, with good teaching, proper teacher training, and support from parents and the community.

As Multinational Corporations expand around the world being able to communicate with people from cultures is no longer a nice thing to have it is a must have. This study looks at the things that get in the way of good communication in todays global office and how these problems affect how well teams work together and perform.
By talking to project managers and asking diverse teams questions the research finds four main areas where communication often breaks down:
• Language problems: Issues caused by people not speaking the company language well. Digital tools making it hard to understand what people mean.
• Cultural differences: How our backgrounds, communication styles and biases change how we understand messages.
• Body language: The tension or mistrust created by physical cues and personal space boundaries during face-to-face or video calls.
• Authority and bias: How strict hierarchies and favouring people from your country can stop feedback and new ideas.
The main point is that while language differences are a problem the deeper risks to a project usually come from conflicting cultural values regarding time, authority and being indirect. Unfortunately training people to be more culturally aware is often not taken seriously. To fix this the paper suggests a way for Multinational Corporations to communicate that focuses on decentralizing communication and using "cultural bridges”. People who can help translate intent between different groups. To keep everyone on the same page. This research provides a roadmap for building a workforce that's more inclusive, connected and truly in sync.

समावेशी शिक्षा के विचार पर विश्व स्तर पर चर्चा हो रही है। यह अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर चर्चा का विषय बन गया है। प्रत्येक छात्र अलग-अलग तरीकों से सीखता है। प्रत्येक बच्चे को उसकी आवश्यकता के अनुसार कौशल विकसित करना महत्वपूर्ण है। शिक्षा हर बच्चे का अधिकार है. भारत का संविधान यह सुनिश्चित करता है की प्राथमिक शिक्षा सभी बच्चे का मौलिक अधिकार है. शिक्षा का अधिकार कानून, दिव्यांग जो 06 – 18 वर्ष तक के बच्चों को निशुल्क और अनिवार्य शिक्षा प्रदान करने की व्यवस्था करता है. वर्तमान स्वरुप में समावेशी शिक्षा के अंतर्गत दिव्यांगों की शिक्षा पर जोर दिया जाता है. सम्पूर्ण विश्व में समावेशी शिक्षा की आवश्यकता और महत्व पर चर्चा की जा रही है.

Customer satisfaction plays a crucial role in the success of the food and beverage (F&B) industry. With increasing competition in restaurants, hotels, and cafes, maintaining high levels of customer satisfaction has become essential for business growth and sustainability. This study focuses on analyzing the factors that influence customer satisfaction in food and beverage services. The research examines aspects such as food quality, service efficiency, pricing, ambiance, cleanliness, and staff behavior. Data for this study is generally collected through surveys, customer feedback, and observation methods. The findings indicate that quality of food, prompt service, and staff hospitality significantly influence customer satisfaction levels. The study concludes that improving service quality and maintaining consistent standards can enhance customer loyalty and overall business performance. catering services continuously compete to attract and retain customers. Customer satisfaction is a key factor that determines

Commercialization of agriculture refers to the shift from subsistence farming—where crops are grown primarily for family consumption—to market-oriented production aimed at sale in national and international markets. In India, this process began under British colonial rule and accelerated post-independence through the Green Revolution, liberalization, and globalization. Today, agriculture employs around 43-46% of the workforce but contributes only 17-18% to GDP, highlighting a productivity gap amid rising commercialization. This paper analyzes the historical roots, drivers, positive and negative impacts, current status (as of 2025-26), government policies, and future recommendations. Drawing on empirical data and policy documents, it argues that while commercialization has boosted exports, incomes, and diversification, it has also exacerbated inequality, environmental degradation, and farmer indebtedness. Sustainable commercialization requires balanced policies focusing on small farmers, climate resilience, and market infrastructure. The study concludes with suggestions for achieving inclusive growth aligned with India’s Viksit Bharat 2047 vision. (198 words)

Tanzania’s Vision 2050 provides a long-term roadmap for achieving sustainable economic transformation, industrialization, and inclusive growth by mid-century. This review synthesizes literature and policy documents on strategic priorities embedded in Vision 2050, including sectoral development, infrastructure, energy, human capital, digital economy, and environmental sustainability. The study highlights early case examples of strategic initiatives and policy reforms across sectors, demonstrating how these priorities support structural economic transformation. The review also identifies challenges, enablers, and lessons for policymakers to ensure the successful realization of Vision 2050 objectives.

The Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) is a major infrastructure project in Tanzania aimed at improving trade efficiency and enhancing regional connectivity. This review synthesizes existing literature on the economic impacts of the SGR, focusing on trade facilitation, logistics, regional integration, and economic growth. Drawing from government reports, World Bank and African Development Bank studies, and academic research, the review highlights the benefits and challenges associated with the SGR project. Findings indicate that while the SGR has the potential to reduce transport costs, improve trade flows, and foster regional integration, issues such as financing, maintenance, and stakeholder coordination remain critical. The study underscores the need for complementary policies to maximize the socio-economic benefits of the railway.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Currently available treatments only provide symptomatic relief and do not stop disease progression. Nanotechnology offers promising opportunities to improve AD diagnosis and therapy. This review summarizes recent advances and challenges in using nanomaterials for AD treatment. Different types of nanoparticles like liposomes, polymers, nanogels, dendrimers, and antibody-conjugated nanoparticles have been explored for targeted delivery of therapeutics across the blood-brain barrier. Combining nanotherapies that delivering multiple drugs show potential for treating AD. However, issues like reproducibility, scale-up, and chronic toxicity needs to be addressed before clinical translation. Further research on multi-functional nanoparticles and exploring novel molecular targets is warranted. Overall, nanomedicine provides optimism for improved AD management but more preclinical studies are required before its clinical potential can be realized.

Youth unemployment in Tanzania remains a persistent socio-economic challenge, constraining economic growth, social stability, and human capital development. This study synthesizes academic literature, policy documents, and institutional reports to examine the magnitude, structural causes, and consequences of youth unemployment in the country. It critically evaluates existing policy interventions including vocational training, entrepreneurship programs, labour market reforms, and public–private partnerships and assesses the roles of key institutions in implementation. The findings reveal persistent skills mismatches, coordination gaps, and structural economic constraints that limit policy effectiveness. The study offers evidence-based recommendations to enhance implementation quality, institutional coordination, and structural transformation for sustainable youth employment outcomes.

Strategic infrastructure investments are widely recognized as a catalyst for economic growth, regional integration, and industrial development. In Tanzania, initiatives aligned with Vision 2050 aim to enhance transport networks, energy systems, and urban infrastructure to support sustainable development. This review synthesizes existing literature on the economic impacts of strategic infrastructure investments in Tanzania, examining their contributions to productivity, trade, employment, and regional connectivity. The review highlights the opportunities and challenges associated with these investments, including financing, implementation efficiency, and policy coordination. Findings underscore the need for integrated planning, public-private partnerships, and effective governance to maximize the socio-economic benefits of infrastructure in advancing Tanzania’s Vision 2050 objectives.

Green computing refers to the environmentally responsible and eco-friendly use of computers and their resources. It is a practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment. This paper explores the importance of green computing, key strategies, current trends, benefits, challenges, and its role in sustainable development.

The Pill Medicator is an IoT-based smart system designed to help elderly people take their medicines easily, safely, and on time. Many senior citizens forget to take medicines or take the wrong dosage, which can lead to serious health problems. This project aims to solve this issue by using an IoT device integrated with a web application.The IoT-based pill medicator stores and dispenses medicines according to a predefined schedule. It provides alerts and reminders using sound and notification signal lights to inform the user when it is time to take the medicine. The device is connected to the internet, allowing real-time monitoring and control through a web application. Medication intake reports can also be generated for data tracking and record maintenance. The web application enables caretakers or family members to manage medication schedules, monitor medicine intake status, and receive alerts if a dose is missed. This system reduces human error, improves medication adherence, and ensures better healthcare support for elderly people.The hardware components of the IoT system include a motion sensor, Arduino Nano board, LED indicators, a buzzer, and a DC motor for dispensing tablets. The web application is developed using HTML and CSS to provide a simple and user-friendly interface for accessing and tracking patient medication data.This integrated system ensures timely medication reminders, improves patient adherence, and supports efficient health management. Overall, the proposed system offers a reliable, user-friendly, and efficient solution for medication management using IoT technology and web-based monitoring, enhancing the quality of life and independence of senior citizens

Learning the right lesson from the past India-introduced environmental ethics: India has traditionally regarded nature not as a resource to exploit, but as an object of reverence — what the Sanskrit term Prakriti (the original nature) captures well. The ancient Bharatiya worldview has a unique ability to point out that human enterprise must integrate with ecological balance, and thus provides a vital and robust strategic lens through which one can man oeuvre the interplay of industrial innovation that we witness in the modern world. However, mainstream management theory today continues to be rooted in western paradigms of resource overuse and exploitation, ignoring the rich social sustainability lessons integrated into Indian knowledge systems. Such philosophical precepts of Bhartiyata — of the ideas of Prakriti (nature as ultimate sacred entity), Dharma (duty/towards ecological balance.), Ahimsa (non-violence to the environment) and Aparigraha (non-accumulation or zero-waste) can be argued here as not mere ethical ideals but clear actionable strategic management frameworks to conduct sustainable path towards manufacturing innovation. This paper presents the PDAZ Framework as a Bharatiya strategic management model with four pillars and exemplifies it in the context of a hybrid bio-composite material involving Polylactic Acid (PLA) matrix reinforcement with Basalt fiber, Roselle plant fiber and chicken eggshell powder at micro/nano level. Each material choice has a centuries old Indian logic. Roselle is a native variety, eggshell is a waste to wealth story, PLA is biodegradable and Basalt is from Mother Earth as if acknowledging Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam in material science. Analytical tables and original framework diagrams are displayed to test the PDAZ model with the goal of assessing sustainability frameworks from the western context, and establishing the PDAZ model's relevance and better fit with the cultural, intrinsic and contextual aspects prevalent for enterprises in India. The paper finds that Indian ecological philosophy, operationalized as management strategy, is an advanced and uniquely Indian way point for sustainable modernity.

Abstract Hyperlipidemia is the greatest risk factor of coronary heart disease. Currently available hypolipidemic drugs have been associated with number of side effects Herbal treatment forhyperlipidemia has no side effects and is relatively cheap and locally available. A literature claims that flavonoids can able to reduce the hyperlipidemia. The literature available onMurrayakoenigii Leaves suggested for the presence of flavonoid content, therefore theleaves of Murrayakoenigii were selected and the present study was designed to investigatetheantihyperlipidemicactivity of extract of Murrayakoenigii fructose inducedHyperlipidemia. Murrayakoenigii was administered at a dose of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kipper day, (p.o) to fructose induced Hyperlipidemia rats. Atorvastatin was used as reference standard.The statistical analysis was carried out using one way ANOVA followed by Tukeytest. Murrayakoenigii showed a significant decrease in the levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and a gradual increase in the level of serum HDL at the dose of200mg/kg/day (pod) against fructose induced hyperlipidemia. Therefore the study concluded that the extract of leaves of Murrayakoenigii effectively suppressed the hyperlipidemia in rats, suggesting the potential protective role in Coronary heart disease.

भारत एक कृषि प्रधान राष्ट्र है। भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था की रीढ़ भी कृषि है। आजादी के बाद हरित क्रांति के कारण भारत ने खाध उत्पादन के क्षेत्र में आत्मनिर्भरता प्राप्त की और आत्मनिर्भरता प्राप्त करने की दिशा में हमारे किसानों के द्वारा रासायनिक उर्वरकों और कीटनाशी का भारी मात्रा में प्रयोग किया गया। परिणाम के रूप में प्रदूषित जल , बंजर भूमि तथा असाध्य बीमारी प्राप्त किया है। यह हमारे देश के लिए बहुत बड़ा संकट है। इस संकट से बाहर निकलने का रास्ता केवल जैविक खेती है। जैविक खेती इस संकट पूर्ण स्थिति में एक आशा की किरण बनकर उभरी है। जैविक खेती कृषि की ऐसी विधि है जिसमें रासायनिक उर्वरकों और जहरीले कीटनाशकों का प्रयोग के स्थान पर वर्मी कम्पोस्ट जैसी प्राकृतिक संसाधनो उपयोग करके भूमि की उर्वरता को बरकरार रखी जाती है। जैविक खेती करने से पर्यावरण की रक्षा के साथ मानव स्वास्थ्य की भी रक्षा होती है। परन्तु किसानों को जैविक खेती की तरफ अग्रसर करना एक चुनौती पूर्ण कार्य है। सरकारी संगठन और गैर- सरकारी संगठनों के द्वारा वृहत् स्तर किसानों को जैविक खेती करने के कौशलों को सिखाया जा रहा है। किसानों को विभिन्न कार्यशालाओं के माध्यम से खेती में उपयोग की जाने वाली अणु जल, जीवाणु जल, भस्म रसायन,ट्राईको डारमा तथा फलों, सब्जियों में छिड़काव की जाने वाली रसायनों को बनाने का प्रशिक्षण प्रदान किया जाता है। नवधान्य, सेन्टर फॉर सस्टेनेबल एग्रीकल्चर, मोरारका फॉउन्डेशन, वाटर आगनाइजेशन ट्रस्ट, बायफ डेवलपमेन्ट रिसर्च फाउंडेशन जैसे गैर-सरकारी संगठनों के द्वारा. जैविक खेती के विभिन्न आयामो पर किसानों को लाभान्वित किया जा रहा है।

The evolution of global business and the requirement to read and understand financial data uniformly across countries to get a fair assessment- this trend has given rise to new international benchmarking in finance reporting. The financial meltdown in the developed world has created a different funding problem and coping strategies for each country e.g. Greece. The objective of this paper is overall assessment and outlook for the global banking and financial services sector. In India itself various new or adapted models are coming in, to get investments and the trends of de-regulation of this industry has created more options for customers in long term investments, insurance and other areas including gold investment strategies, reverse mortgage, senior citizens homes on lease-models, rental-equity purchase model for properties etc.

Education plays a fundamental role in shaping the intellectual, emotional, and social development of children. However, adverse childhood experiences, particularly child abuse, pose significant threats to students’ learning and academic achievement. This paper provides a theoretical examination of the impact of child abuse on the academic performance of Upper Basic II students in Social Studies. Drawing from contemporary literature and psychological theories, the study analyzes how physical abuse, emotional abuse, and child neglect influence cognitive functioning, emotional regulation, classroom participation, and overall academic outcomes. Existing studies indicate that children exposed to abuse often experience trauma-related psychological distress, diminished concentration, low academic motivation and reduced engagement in classroom learning. Such conditions can significantly hinder performance in Social Studies, a subject that requires active participation, critical thinking and social interaction. The paper further discusses the role of supportive school environments, child protection policies and community awareness in mitigating the negative effects of abuse. It concludes that addressing child abuse is essential for improving educational outcomes and fostering holistic child development. The study therefore recommends stronger collaboration among educators, families, policymakers and child protection institutions to ensure safe and supportive learning environments for children.

The Bhumij tribes have a traditional identity with certain territories of community living, especially in West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha. As per the 2011 census report, the total Bhumij population is 911,349. This study has been focused on the origin, historical roots, and cultural context of the Bhumij community. The study arises from the fact that Bhumij tradition and culture need to be preserved. Bhumij are highly influenced by Hindu culture and rituals, and their traditional culture has been rapidly changed. This study explores the Bhumijs’ dress code, food habits, birth, marriage, and death, as well as their religious beliefs and practices. This study was conducted in six districts in West Bengal and Jharkhand. The researcher applied the ethnographic method and used primary and secondary both sources of data. For the collection of data, participatory observation, interviews, and household surveys were used. Bhumijs’ are the fourth largest tribal community in West Bengal, but the acculturation process has been highly prevalent in Bhumij society. Due to the effects of acculturation, they have rapidly lost their own traditional culture and language.

Swami Vivekananda, one of the most influential spiritual leaders of modern India, drew deeply from the principles of Vedanta to craft his vision for a new India. Vedanta, particularly Advaita Vedanta, with its emphasis on the divinity of the self and the unity of all existence, became the cornerstone of his philosophy. Vivekananda believed that India’s revival lay in reconnecting with its spiritual heritage while addressing contemporary social and economic challenges. He emphasized universal education, self-confidence, women’s empowerment, and social equality as practical applications of Vedantic ideals. Rejecting caste and religious divisions, he advocated for a society that upheld the dignity of every individual. This abstract examines the interplay of Vedantic philosophy and social reform in Vivekananda’s thought, highlighting how his vision sought to blend spiritual enlightenment with material progress to build a modern, inclusive, and self-reliant India.

A paradigm shift is taking place in which the role of libraries at universities is changing towards being more than mere guardians of information and becomes more of a participant in the research and innovation process. In a digital scholarly age, with data heavy research and open science, libraries are crucial in underpinning the entire research pathway and developing an ecosystem of innovation in universities. This paper contains a more thorough review and study of the changing role of university libraries in the supporting research and innovation process. The study is based on a rich amount of global literature, policy frameworks, and best practices and explores the role of the library in contributing to research productivity, scholarly communication, research data management, interdisciplinary collaboration, and knowledge dissemination of innovation. The paper also recognises structural, financial, and professional issues that affect university libraries and gives future plans of how they can enhance their place in institutional research and innovation agenda. The review states that the re-branding of university libraries as active research and innovation partners is the key to improving the quality of academics, international presence, and influence on society.

Learner autonomy has become a central concept in English Language Teaching (ELT), reflecting a significant shift from traditional teacher-centered instruction toward approaches that prioritize learner-centered education. This literature review synthesizes theoretical perspectives on learner autonomy and examines the strategies that facilitate self-directed learning in English language contexts. The review highlights how autonomy encompasses cognitive, metacognitive, social, affective, and technology-mediated dimensions. Metacognitive strategies, such as goal-setting, self-monitoring, and reflective evaluation, enable learners to regulate their learning processes. Cognitive strategies, including summarizing, inferencing, and vocabulary management, support deeper engagement with language input. Social strategies foster interaction, collaboration, and negotiation of meaning, while affective strategies address emotional regulation, motivation, and confidence. Technology-mediated strategies, such as online platforms, applications, and digital portfolios, extend opportunities for independent practice beyond the classroom. The paper also considers the critical role of teachers in promoting autonomy through scaffolding, modeling, and gradually transferring responsibility, as well as the application of autonomous strategies across the four language skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Challenges to implementing autonomy, including cultural norms, learner readiness, institutional constraints, and teacher preparation, are discussed. Finally, the review identifies gaps in research, particularly in developing EFL contexts, longitudinal studies, and technology- and AI-integrated learning environments, and provides pedagogical implications for systematically fostering learner autonomy in ELT settings.

Backyard poultry farming has emerged as an important livelihood activity in rural areas, particularly for economically weaker households. It provides an affordable source of protein through eggs and meat and generates additional income for rural families. The present study examines the role of backyard poultry farming in improving household food security and supplemental income among residents of Cherangode Panchayath in the Nilgiris district. Primary data were collected from 167 respondents using a structured questionnaire, and both descriptive and inferential statistical tools such as percentage analysis and Chi-square tests were used for analysis. The study finds that backyard poultry farming contributes significantly to household nutrition and income generation, while also empowering rural women. However, several challenges such as disease outbreaks, lack of veterinary services, high feed costs, and limited market access affect its sustainability. The study suggests that awareness programs, veterinary support, and technical training can enhance the productivity and economic benefits of backyard poultry farming.

The increasing integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare presents transformative opportunities for psychiatric social work, particularly in reimagining the traditional casework model. This conceptual study investigates how AI-mediated systems can augment or reconfigure psychiatric social work practice by 2050, with a focus on triaging, assessment, intervention planning, and follow-up management. The core research problem addresses the limitations of current manual-intensive casework processes, which often result in delayed interventions, high caseload burdens, and inconsistent outcomes in psychiatric settings. The objective of this study is to propose a future-oriented framework that embeds AI technologies-such as predictive analytics, natural language processing (NLP), and intelligent decision-support systems-into casework practice, without displacing the critical human elements of empathy, judgment, and ethical care. The significance lies in offering a scalable, responsive, and personalized approach to mental health case management, aligning with global efforts to democratize access and improve efficiency in mental health services. Methodologically, the study adopts a conceptual and analytical lens, drawing on systems theory, the technology acceptance model, and human-AI collaboration literature. Through synthesis of interdisciplinary insights, it constructs a prototype model for AI-integrated casework and critically examines the ethical, professional, and relational implications of its implementation. Key findings suggest that while AI has the potential to enhance the speed, accuracy, and continuity of psychiatric interventions, its integration must be guided by robust ethical frameworks, professional upskilling, and active client consent. The study concludes that AI should be positioned not as a replacement, but as a transformative ally in psychiatric social work, enabling practitioners to focus more on complex human needs while supported by intelligent systems.

The paper explores psychological realism in the fiction of Mulk Raj Anand, particularly focusing on Untouchable, Coolie and Two Leaves and a Bud (Anand 1935; Anand 1936; Anand 1937). Although Anand is best known as a godfather of social realism in Indian English literature, this study indicates that his novels also display great psychological richness (Naik 1982; Iyengar 2001). Kumar (2000) explains that Anand, owning to its realistic fiction is not limited to external description of social conditions but also; through internal consciousness transcends the social visibility and individual pain of oppressed people. By employing narrative devices like interior monologue, symbolic representation, and acute psychological observation, Anand demonstrates topologically how caste discrimination, colonial domination, poverty and industrial exploitation are not merely material conditions but also a form of identity construction and imagination (Barry 2017; Eagleton 2008). His protagonists Bakha, Munoo, and Gangu aren’t passive witnesses but sensitive human beings grappling with degradation, ambition, fear and revolt in repressive social systems (Cowasjee 1977; Singh 1999) This article locates Anand’s psychological realism in relation to the paradigm of subaltern discourse, and argues that his fiction anticipates Dalit and postcolonial literature (Guha, 1982; Spivak, 1988; Nayar, 2008) which articulates the historical psychology of social exclusion. Anand’s writing, in the end, is a synthesis of social and psychological concerns, and his novels are enduring meditations on human suffering, dignity and resistance.

This study systematically reviewed the relationship between Human Resources Accounting (HRA) and Strategic Workforce Planning (SWP), with particular emphasis on the Nigerian context. The study synthesized conceptual, theoretical, and empirical literature to examine how the valuation and measurement of human capital can enhance long-term workforce planning and organizational sustainability. Using an exploratory library-based research design, the study relied exclusively on secondary data obtained from peer-reviewed journals, scholarly publications, and institutional reports. The review highlights that effective HRA practices, including the measurement of hiring and recruitment cost, employee turnover cost, human investment cost, and retention cost, provide critical financial insights that support strategic workforce forecasting, succession planning, employee development, and diversity management. The findings indicate that organizations that systematically account for human capital investments are better positioned to align workforce capabilities with strategic objectives, reduce talent shortages, and improve organizational resilience. The study also identified key barriers to the adoption of HRA in Nigeria, such as weak regulatory frameworks, lack of standardized reporting models, inadequate HR data systems, and limited managerial awareness of the strategic value of human capital accounting. By integrating insights from Human Capital Theory, Stewardship Theory, and Contingency Theory, the study demonstrated that the incorporation of HRA into workforce planning frameworks can significantly strengthen evidence-based decision making and improve workforce sustainability. The study therefore recommended the institutionalization of standardized human resource accounting systems and stronger collaboration between HR professionals, accountants, and strategic managers to enhance workforce planning effectiveness in Nigerian organizations.

यह अध्ययन राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 (NEP 2020) का संक्षिप्त विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है, जिसका उद्देश्य भारतीय शिक्षा व्यवस्था को 21वीं सदी की आवश्यकताओं के अनुरूप आधुनिक, समावेशी और गुणवत्तापूर्ण बनाना है। NEP 2020 शिक्षा को केवल डिग्री-आधारित प्रणाली से आगे बढ़ाकर ज्ञान, कौशल, नैतिक मूल्यों, नवाचार तथा रोजगारपरकता से जोड़ने पर बल देती है। इस नीति की प्रमुख विशेषता 5+3+3+4 की नई शैक्षिक संरचना है, जो बाल विकास के चरणों के अनुसार सीखने की प्रक्रिया को अधिक प्रभावी बनाने का प्रयास करती है।
नीति में प्रारंभिक बाल्यावस्था शिक्षा (Early Childhood Care and Education) को औपचारिक शिक्षा का आधार बनाते हुए भाषा, गणित और जीवन कौशल पर विशेष ध्यान दिया गया है। साथ ही, मातृभाषा/क्षेत्रीय भाषा में शिक्षा को प्राथमिकता देकर सीखने को सहज और स्वाभाविक बनाने की अवधारणा प्रस्तुत की गई है। NEP 2020 बहुविषयक शिक्षा, व्यावसायिक एवं कौशल आधारित प्रशिक्षण, तथा डिजिटल तकनीक के उपयोग को बढ़ावा देती है, जिससे छात्रों की रचनात्मकता, आलोचनात्मक सोच और व्यावहारिक दक्षता का विकास संभव हो सके।
उच्च शिक्षा में बहु-प्रवेश और बहु-निर्गमन प्रणाली, क्रेडिट ट्रांसफर तथा अनुसंधान को प्रोत्साहित करने हेतु राष्ट्रीय शोध प्रतिष्ठान (NRF) जैसी पहलें शिक्षा की गुणवत्ता सुधारने की दिशा में महत्वपूर्ण हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त, नीति शिक्षा में समानता और समावेशन पर बल देकर वंचित वर्गों, ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों और विशेष आवश्यकता वाले छात्रों के लिए अवसर बढ़ाने का प्रयास करती है।
हालाँकि, नीति के सफल क्रियान्वयन में वित्तीय संसाधनों की उपलब्धता, डिजिटल असमानता, संस्थागत क्षमता तथा शिक्षक प्रशिक्षण जैसी चुनौतियाँ भी विद्यमान हैं। निष्कर्षतः, NEP 2020 भारत को ज्ञान-आधारित समाज बनाने की दिशा में एक सशक्त आधार प्रदान करती है, बशर्ते इसका क्रियान्वयन योजनाबद्ध, चरणबद्ध और प्रभावी रूप से किया जाए।

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh resiliensi terhadap kesejahteraan psikologis pada Generasi Z serta menguji peran dukungan sosial sebagai variabel mediasi dalam hubungan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain korelasional. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 400 orang Generasi Z yang berusia 15–24 tahun dan berdomisili di Surabaya. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling dengan kriteria tertentu yang sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan instrumen psikologis yang mengukur resiliensi, dukungan sosial, dan kesejahteraan psikologis. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan analisis mediasi untuk menguji hubungan langsung dan tidak langsung antarvariabel penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa resiliensi memiliki pengaruh langsung yang positif dan signifikan terhadap kesejahteraan psikologis. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa dukungan sosial berperan sebagai mediator yang signifikan dalam hubungan antara resiliensi dan kesejahteraan psikologis. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa individu dengan tingkat resiliensi yang tinggi cenderung memiliki kesejahteraan psikologis yang lebih baik, terutama ketika didukung oleh lingkungan sosial yang suportif. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya peran faktor internal dan eksternal dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan psikologis pada Generasi Z.

Accreditation of academic program is a mechanism for ensuring quality in colleges of Education. It is a system designed to promote quality standards in education in general. In the Nigeria public colleges of Education, the NCCE is vested with the power to handle these accreditation. These exercise has brought the management of education institution to seat up to their responsibilities posed on them. The present system of accreditation is face with numbers of critiques to name but a few. These include Appointment and Competence of teaching staff, inadequate funding, Accreditation of Administrative staff, Appointment and Competence of non-teaching staff, poor preparation, Assessment of practical work, inadequate infrastructural facilities, Assessment of methods of teaching, insecurity, the products of the various programmes, strike actions, corruption and the host of other. In addition, the activities of some accreditation agencies where examine, a typical organogram of the Department of psychology, Guidance and counseling structure was presented for assessment. In conclusion, a question of interest was raise for the National Commission for College of Education (NCCE) for response.

Searching algorithms are fundamental techniques in computer science used to retrieve specific information from datasets efficiently. Over time, several researchers have proposed different searching methods to improve computational efficiency and reduce search complexity. This review paper analyzes various searching techniques including Linear Search, Binary Search, Jump Search, Interpolation Search, Exponential Search, Hashing, and Binary Search Tree search. The study discusses the authors who introduced or analyzed these methods, their motivations, limitations, and improvements proposed by later researchers. A comparative analysis based on time complexity, applicability, advantages, and disadvantages is also presented. Furthermore, real-world applications, research gaps, and future directions are discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of searching algorithms in data structures.

This paper presents a novel deep learning framework designed to enhance intelligent decision-making across high-dimensional, noisy, and temporally dynamic data environments. By integrating multi-layered neural architectures — including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent networks (RNNs/LSTMs), and transformer-based attention mechanisms — the proposed framework addresses key limitations of conventional machine learning approaches. We demonstrate its efficacy across three benchmark domains: financial market prediction, clinical diagnostics, and autonomous navigation. Experimental results show a 23.7% improvement in classification accuracy and a 31.2% reduction in inference latency compared to existing state-of-the-art baselines. The framework additionally incorporates explainability modules to support trust and accountability in high-stakes decision environments. We release the full codebase and pre-trained models for community use.

Youth is a critical stage of life characterized by rapid physical, emotional and psychological changes. During this period, young people often experience confusion and anxiety related to sexual and reproductive health due to inadequate knowledge and limited access to reliable information. Rural youth, particularly those who are out of school, are more vulnerable because of lack of awareness, social restrictions and poor access to reproductive health services. The present study aims to assess the influence of socio-economic and demographic characteristics on patterns, prevention and potentiality related to sexual and reproductive health among rural male youth in Andhra Pradesh. The study was conducted in selected rural mandals of Chittoor and Srikakulam districts of Andhra Pradesh. A total sample of 1080 male youth aged 15–24 years was selected using a multistage random sampling technique from thirty-six villages across six revenue divisions. Primary data were collected through a pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule consisting of 125 questions covering socio-economic background, reproductive health knowledge, awareness of female reproductive system, family planning methods, sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS, sexual behaviour, reproductive health rights, social media use, youth potentiality and self-efficacy.
The collected data were coded and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Non-parametric statistical tests such as the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were applied to test the hypotheses. The findings of the study provide important insights for policymakers, educators and programme planners to develop effective reproductive health awareness programmes and need-based services for rural youth.

This study focuses on examining the use of Unified Payments Interface among low-income individuals in selected districts. The study is based on primary data collected from the sample size of 117 respondents using a structured questionnaire. The research applies descriptive research design and simple percentage analysis to understand usage patterns, awareness levels, and user perceptions. The study also explores factors influencing adoption, security concerns, and difficulties faced while using UPI. The overall analysis provides insights that help understand digital payment behavior among low-income users.

Middle age is often characterized by increasing professional responsibilities, family commitments, and the onset of lifestyle-related stress, which can lead to both physical and emotional imbalance. This study emphasizes the role of everyday physical activity as a pathway to enhance spiritual well-being among middle-aged individuals. Regular engagement in simple forms of exercise—such as walking, yoga, cycling, or recreational sports—provides not only physical fitness benefits but also opportunities for mindfulness, self-reflection, and emotional renewal. Physical activity stimulates endorphin release, reduces anxiety, and fosters a sense of inner calm that contributes to spiritual growth. By incorporating movement into daily routines with conscious awareness, middle-aged individuals can reconnect with their inner selves, develop gratitude, and strengthen their sense of purpose and life satisfaction. The findings suggest that physical fitness is not only a tool for maintaining bodily health but also a meaningful practice that supports holistic development and spiritual wellness during the midlife stage.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly become a cornerstone of innovation across various sectors globally, with higher education being no exception. In Nigerian higher education, AI holds the potential to revolutionize the teaching, learning, and administrative processes, offering novel solutions to long-standing challenges. AI can streamline university administration by automating routine tasks such as admissions, grading, and scheduling, thereby freeing up time for more critical academic functions. This paper aims to analyze the opportunities and threats associated with AI in Nigerian higher education by exploring its potential applications, benefits, and the challenges to its widespread adoption. Some of the benefits of AI include enhanced students experience, eliminating bias and personalized recommendations. Challenges that were identified in this paper include insufficient infrastructure, limitation of available funds etc. it was suggested among others for a significant improvement in Power supply and dependable internet connectivity, government and non-governmental organization should invest more in AI research and development and also Institutions should train staffs on the use of AI tools.

Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis in humans, with case-fatality rates ranging from 40% to 75%. Its epidemic potential, broad host range, and lack of licensed therapeutics or vaccines have led to its prioritization in global research and development agendas. Current management relies on early diagnosis, intensive supportive care, strict infection-prevention strategies, and a One-Health surveillance approach. Experimental antivirals, monoclonal antibodies, and multiple vaccine platforms are under development, but none are yet approved for routine clinical use. This review critically synthesizes the current evidence on caregiving practices, hospital and community precautions, therapeutic interventions, and vaccine prospects, with emphasis on practical clinical and public-health management strategies.

This work provides a comprehensive overview of the selected plant species covering its introduction, distribution and morphological characteristics. Both macroscopic and microscopic features are described to aid in identification and classification. The extraction methods employed for bioactive compounds are discussed along with the identified major phytochemical constituents. The pharmacological activities of the plant are highlighted supported by relevant studies while its toxicity profile and toxicological classification are outlined to ensure safe usage. Traditional applications in various cultural and medicinal contexts are also presented offering insight into its ethnobotanical relevance.

Diabetes Mellitus, which is described through persistent hyperglycaemia that ultimately results in multi-organ failure, is a leading international health burden. Current knowledge of diabetes complications, their pathophysiological mechanisms, and their therapeutic implications is summarised in this review. Through oxidative stress, the manufacturing of advanced glycation end products, and inflammatory pathways, persistent hyperglycemia sets in a sequence of metabolic and vascular disruptions. Microvascular sequelae consist of retinopathy, nephropathy, and Neuropathy, whereas important microvascular and macrovascular problems include peripheral artery disorder, cerebrovascular accidents, and cardiovascular ailments. About 38 million Americans have diabetes, in keeping with current epidemiological information, and 1 in 5 go untreated, which will extensively increase morbidity and mortality. Between 50-80% of deaths from diabetes are because of cardiovascular issues, which stay the main motive of death. Diabetic nephropathy impacts 20-40% of patients, representing the primary cause of end-stage renal disorder in advanced international locations. About one-0.33 of patients have diabetic retinopathy, which is still the most common preventable cause of blindness in people of working age. Up to 50% of diabetes patients have peripheral Neuropathy, which dramatically raises the risk of foot ulcers and the need for amputation. With the addition of newly developed focused treatments, modern-day treatment approaches prioritise chance thing control, in depth glycemic management, and early identification. Developing successful preventative measures and improving metabolisedults in diabetes treatment requires information on these outcomes.

भारत युगों से अपनी सांस्कृतिक संतृप्ता के लिए सम्पूर्ण विश्व में प्रसिद्ध है। विभिन्न संस्कृतियों और विचारधाराओं में विविधता होने के बावजूद भी उसकी अखंडता और एकनिष्ठा ज्यों की त्यों बनी हुई है। समय के साथ जैसे आधुनिकता की होड़ बढ़ती गई इसमें भी कुछ विकृतियों ने जन्म ले लिया हम अपनी मूल संस्कृति और परंपरा से दूर हो गए इस कारण देश की युवा पीढ़ी में अनुशासनहीनता, सतही मानसिकता और आत्मबल की शून्यता देखने को मिल रही है। भारत सरकार द्वारा प्रस्तावित इस राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति की परिकल्पना है कि वो देश के युवाओं में अपनी संस्कृति, सभ्यता तथा आध्यात्मिक दर्शन के प्रति उत्सुकता जागरूक करें और उन्हें इस बात का विश्वास दिलाएं की एक व्यक्ति तभी एक परिपूर्ण नागरिक बन सकता है जब वह अपने देश की संस्कृति और परंपरा को समझे तथा उसे अपनी विचारधारा में समाहित कर देश की उन्नति के लिए सदैव तत्पर रहे। शोधपत्र में NEP 2022 द्वारा सांस्कृतिक अवधारणा को विश्लेषित किया गया है कि हम किस प्रकार अपनी मूल संस्कृति को शिक्षा का अभिन्न अंग बनाए ताकि युवाओं में इसका ज्ञान इस प्रकार समाहित हो की वो इससे कभी विलग न हो पाएं। राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 इस तथ्य पर भी बल देती है की शिक्षा केवल किताबी ज्ञान तक सीमित न रहकर कला, भाषा और लोक-परंपराओं के एकीकरण के माध्यम से समग्र शिक्षा के लक्ष्य को प्राप्त कर सकें। इसमें भारतीय ज्ञान प्रणालियों के पुनरुद्धार की चर्चा की गई है, जिससे विद्यार्थी अपनी भाषाई अस्मिता और क्षेत्रीय विरासत पर गर्व करना सीख सकें। राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति में वर्णित सांस्कृतिक अवधारणा के विश्लेषण से यह स्पष्ट है कि सांस्कृतिक बोध किस प्रकार विद्यार्थियों में सहिष्णुता और 'वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्' जैसे भारतीय मूल्यों को जागृत करता है।

Transformational leadership has emerged as one of the most extensively studied and influential leadership paradigms in organizational psychology and management science. This article examines the multidimensional relationship between transformational leadership practices and employee productivity, synthesizing theoretical frameworks, empirical evidence, and practical applications. Through an analysis of key dimensions — including idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration — this article demonstrates how transformational leaders create the conditions necessary for sustained productivity gains. The findings reveal that organizations led by transformational leaders experience measurably higher levels of employee engagement, intrinsic motivation, creative output, and organizational commitment, all of which directly and indirectly enhance productivity outcomes.

शिक्षा एक ऐसा शिक्षा तत्व है, जो मानव का सर्वांगीण विकास करती है, यह नैतिक चरित्र का भी गठन करती है। रविन्द्रनाथ ठाकुर ने कहा है कि सवोच्य "शिक्षा वह है, जो हमें केवल सूचनाएँ नहीं देती वरन् हमारे जीवन और सम्पूर्ण सृष्टि में तादाम्य स्थापित करती है। हमारे भारतीय समाज में ष शिक्षा को सदैव ही महत्वपूर्ण स्थान दिया गया है। स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के बाद देश की आवश्यकताओं तथा जनताओं की इच्छाओं के अनुरूप देश की शिक्षा व्यवस्था में परिवर्तन लाने की दिशा में समय-समय पर अनेक सही प्रयास किए गए है। देश के सभी लोगों को बिना किसी भेदभाव के समान गुणवत्ता वाली शिक्षा प्राप्त करने के समान अवसर प्राप्त हो सकें इसके लिए देश कृत संकल्पित है। अतः उसकी विद्यालयी शिक्षा ऐसी हो कि उसके समग्र व्यक्तित्व का विकास हो सके। वर्तमान षिक्षा का उद्देष्य सिर्फ उपाधियों देना, विद्यार्थियों को नौकरी के योग्य तैयार करना या किसी व्यापार से जोड़ना ही नहीं है, बल्कि उसे जीवन रूपी सागर में जूझने के लिए तैयार करना है। जिससे विद्यार्थी अपने अस्तित्व की रक्षा के लिए संघर्ष और प्रयास कर सके तथा अपने को परिवार, समाज और देश के लिए उपयोगी व सुपात्र बना पाए, इसकी महती आवश्यकता है। विद्यार्थियों की समस्त अंतर्निहित क्षमताएँ खिले एवं उजागर हो यह अनिवार्य है। जिसके कारण सभी राष्ट्रों में शिक्षा पर बहुव्यापक निवेश करना शुरू कर दिया। जिसके परिणामस्वरूप शिक्षा एक स्थानीय उद्योग के रूप में विकसित होने लगी। इस प्रकार शिक्षा का बढ़ता विकास तथा इसे प्राप्त करने की होड़ ने षिक्षा में लगातार विभिन्न नीतियों, कार्यक्रमों तथा गुणात्मक विकास की मांग को बढ़ावा दिया।समुचित चिकित्सा सेवाएं व अन्य सुविधाओं के कारण मानव के जीवन स्तर में चमत्कारिक सुधार तथा इनके साथ-साथ जनसंख्या की लगातार वृद्धि होती जा रही है। इस प्रकार जनसंख्या के लगातार वृद्धि के कारण षिक्षा की मांग भी प्रथम जरूरत बनती जा रही है। दिन-प्रतिदिन शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में हो रही अधिक वृद्धि शिक्षा की गुणवक्ता पर एक प्रष्न चिन्ह लगाती है। क्योंकि यह एक सामान्य अवधारणा है कि यदि एक वस्तु की मात्रा अधिक बढ़ोत्तरी हो जाती है. तो उसकी गुणवक्ता में निरंतर कमी आती रहती है। यह स्थिति भारतीय शिक्षा की होती जा रही है। भारत में अनपढ़ लोगों की दशा सोचनिए है। 2011 की जनगणना के अनुसार लगभग 35 प्रतिशत लोग निरक्षरता का शिकार है और जो शिक्षित है उनमें भी बहुत से लोग शिक्षा के उचित स्तर को प्राप्त करने में किसी न किसी वजह से असक्षम है।विद्यालय में सिर्फ मात्र नामांकन लेने या कुछ महिने तथा कुछ वर्ष विद्यालय में बिताने से अपेक्षित मानव संसाधनों का विकास संभव नहीं है। अतः इस बात का महत्व बढ़ जाता है कि सभी छात्रों में योग्यता के अनुसार उन सभी दक्षताओं का अवश्य विकास हो जो उनकी आयु एवं स्तर के अनुसार उनके व्यवहार में अपेक्षित परिवर्तन लाने में सहायक हो। प्रत्येक विद्यार्थी "न्यूनतम आधारभूत दक्षताओं" में पूर्ण रूप से पारंगत या निपुण हो जाए यह हम सभी का दायित्व है।
कूट शब्द- गणित विषय, न्यूनतम अधिगम स्तर, ए.एस.ई.आर. रिपोर्ट I

This article examines how shame and honour operate as disciplinary mechanisms within Indian literary narratives, arguing that gendered moral economies regulate female sexuality through symbolic violence rather than overt coercion alone. Beyond the idea of “respectability,” this paper examines how honour politics generate regimes of shame, which internalise social control in women’s bodies and subjectivities. Engaging feminist theories of moral economy, symbolic violence, and gendered nationalism, the paper examines The God of Small Things, Sangati, Difficult Daughters, and certain Dalit feminist literature to reveal how women’s desire, movement, and voice are regulated through collective norms of purity and reputation. This paper also engages literature on sexual violence, as well as media culture, to contextualise literary culture within broader cultural anxieties of honour. It reveals how shame is not only an affective state but also a social technology that reifies caste and patriarchal social hierarchies. By centring honour politics, this paper contributes to feminist literary studies in India, moving from domestic confinement to the broader domain of moral economy. These narratives reveal that gender justice requires dismantling honour-based moral economies that equate women’s sexuality with communal legitimacy.

Adikavi Pampa (c. 902–955 CE), the foundational poet of Kannada literature, exemplifies civilizational literature through his epics Ādipurāṇa and Vikramārjuna Vijaya (Pampa Bharata), composed under Rashtrakuta patronage. This comprehensive literature review synthesizes historical, thematic, linguistic, and contemporary scholarship, tracing Pampa's role from 10th-century Deccan courts to 2026's global discourses on decolonial canons, digital humanities, and multilingual world literature. Spanning Rashtrakuta bilingualism, Jain philosophical infusions, and modern reinterpretations, it identifies gaps in eco-criticism, gender studies, and AI poetics while projecting Pampa's relevance amid post-Booker Kannada resurgence.

Onion is one of the most important vegetable crops, widely cultivated and consumed across the world. However, a substantial amount of onion produce is lost every year due to improper storage conditions and late detection of spoilage. Factors such as excess humidity, temperature variations, poor ventilation, and microbial activity accelerate decay, resulting in the release of harmful gases and significant economic losses. Traditional spoilage detection methods rely on manual inspection, which is inefficient and unable to detect early-stage deterioration. The proposed work integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) based system for sustainable onion storage and early spoilage detection. The proposed system employs low-cost IoT components such as Arduino Uno, gas sensors (MQ series), and environmental sensors to continuously monitor storage conditions. Gases released during onion spoilage, along with temperature and humidity data, are collected and transmitted to a cloud platform for real-time analysis. When sensor readings exceed safe threshold levels, the system generates instant alerts to notify users, enabling timely corrective actions such as improving ventilation or isolating spoiled onions. To enhance accuracy and predictive capability, proposed AI-based machine learning algorithms as integrated K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) with Logistic Regression are applied to the collected data and made comparison with other existing methods such as Decision tree, KNN and Logistic Regression. These models classify onion conditions into fresh, warning, and spoiled categories, allowing early intervention and reducing large-scale losses. The use of AI also enables pattern recognition and prediction of spoilage trends over time. The proposed techniques aintegrated K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) with Logistic Regression provides an efficient and reliable approach for modern agricultural storage management.

The ruling in Shah Samir Bharatbhai v. State of Gujarat is an influential judicial ruling at the borders of labour law, constitutional governmental regulations, and the regulatory framework of educational establishments. The case creates intricate issues regarding the rights of the temporary or contractual workers in the institutions of the state regulated education and the possibility of a claim regarding the regularization to be raised when the time of service is extended. It also interacts with the fundamental constitutional principles, especially the principle of equality in the employment of officials of the state in Article 14 and 16. The decision is indicative of the ongoing judicial endeavor to maintain a balance between equity-based business in labour relations and constitutional discipline in the employment recruitment matters. The case comment critically analyzes the legal issues, the facts behind, submissions by both parties, the reasoning of the judge, and the general implication of the ruling. It also gives a critical examination on the doctrines but at the same time the concerned institution respects the judicial system.

Pendidikan berperan penting dalam membentuk kualitas sumber daya manusia sekaligus menentukan arah kemajuan bangsa. Pada abad ke-21, tujuan pendidikan tidak terbatas pada transfer pengetahuan, tetapi juga mencakup pengembangan kemampuan berpikir kritis, adaptabilitas, dan karakter tangguh yang dibutuhkan untuk menghadapi perubahan global. Perkembangan teknologi digital telah mempercepat transformasi sistem pembelajaran, sehingga menuntut peserta didik memiliki kemandirian serta fleksibilitas dalam belajar. Proses pendidikan idealnya tidak hanya menekankan aspek kognitif, melainkan juga memperkuat aspek afektif dan psikologis agar siswa mampu beradaptasi terhadap dinamika kehidupan modern. Kualitas pendidikan yang baik tercermin dari keberhasilannya menumbuhkan daya lenting, semangat pantang menyerah, dan kemampuan reflektif pada diri peserta didik. Tekanan akademik, kompetisi, serta perubahan kurikulum dapat menjadi sumber stres yang menantang kesiapan mental siswa. Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan pendidikan bergantung pada kemampuan individu, khususnya peserta didik usia remaja dalam mengelola tuntutan akademik secara adaptif dan seimbang (Banarsari dkk., 2023; Ziatdinov & Cilliers, 2022).

Throughout history, various diseases have adversely affected human health, prompting continuous efforts to develop new drug molecules and delivery methods. The selection of a drug's route of administration depends on several factors, including the severity and type of the disease, the urgency of treatment, and the location of the affected area. Each drug delivery system and route of administration has its own advantages and limitations. Topical drug delivery refers to the application of a drug formulation—such as a cream, gel, lotion, emulsion, or suspension—directly to the skin for localized action. The skin, being the largest organ of the human body, accounts for approximately 10–15% of total body weight. It is composed of four distinct layers, each with unique cellular structures and compositions. Most topical preparations are meant to be applied to the skin, so basic data on the skin and its physiological functions are very important for designing topical dosage forms. The skin of an average adult body covers a surface area of approximately 2m² and receives about one-third of the blood circulating through the body. When a drug is applied to the skin for localized therapeutic effect, it is classified as a topical route. However, when the same formulation is intended to deliver the drug into the systemic circulation through the skin, the route is referred to as transdermal. The skin is readily accessible and convenient for drug administration, and once a formulation is applied, the drug permeates the skin depending on its physicochemical properties and permeability. On average, human skin contains 40-70 hair follicles and 200-300 sweat ducts per square centimetre. The pH of the skin varies from 4 to 5.6, influenced by sweat and fatty acids secreted from sebum. The skin can be considered to have four distinct layers of tissue

Women-led elderly meal services have emerged as an important form of care-based micro-entrepreneurship, addressing both livelihood generation and the growing nutritional needs of an ageing population. However, these services often operate informally and face sustainability challenges due to limited resources, lack of institutional support, and operational inefficiencies. Anchored in cooperative theory and human development perspectives, this conceptual paper proposes a women-led cooperative model for elderly meal services and strategically analyses its feasibility and sustainability. The study has two key objectives: first, to propose a structured women-led cooperative model for delivering elderly meal services; and second, to strategically analyse the proposed conceptual framework using established strategic analysis tools. A conceptual research design is adopted, supported by an extensive review of literature on women entrepreneurship, cooperative models, and elderly care services. The proposed conceptual framework positions the women-led cooperative model as the independent variable influencing the sustainability and effectiveness of elderly meal services through mediating cooperative mechanisms such as shared procurement, standardization of operations, joint branding, and collaborative training. External environmental factors, including policy, economic, technological, legal, and social conditions, are incorporated as moderating variables. The framework is analysed using PESTLE analysis, SWOT analysis, Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model, and Value Chain Analysis. The findings suggest that the cooperative framework enhances operational efficiency, service quality, and institutional resilience while promoting women’s economic empowerment and community-based elderly care. The study contributes theoretically by integrating cooperative and strategic management perspectives within care-based women entrepreneurship.

Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic henipavirus, causes severe and often fatal disease in humans characterized by encephalitis, acute respiratory distress, and systemic vasculopathy. Two major phylogeographic lineages—NiV-Malaysia (NiV-M) and NiV-Bangladesh (NiV-B)—demonstrate striking differences in transmission dynamics, clinical phenotype, immune response, and tissue tropism. The concept of a “brain–lung–vasculature axis” provides a unifying framework to understand the multi-organ pathogenesis of NiV and the strain-specific divergence in disease outcomes. NiV-M is classically associated with neuroinvasion, endothelial inflammation, and relapsing encephalitis, whereas NiV-B shows enhanced respiratory replication, rapid systemic dissemination, and higher case-fatality rates. Endothelial infection and ephrin-B2/B3 receptor tropism position the vasculature as the central conduit linking pulmonary entry to cerebral pathology. Differences in viral shedding, immune kinetics, cytokine storm intensity, and coagulopathy further shape organ-specific injury patterns. This review synthesizes current knowledge on molecular virology, host–pathogen interactions, animal models, and clinical observations to decode how strain-level variation remodels the brain–lung–vascular axis. Understanding these mechanistic divergences is essential for developing targeted therapeutics, vaccines, and predictive biomarkers for future outbreaks.

The stability of pharmaceutical drugs at temperatures under stress indicates severe mismatches between declared storage parameters (e.g., 25 C per IP/CDSCO) and the real-life conditions in Bihar Zone IVB (peak temperatures of 32-48 C) and ratified degradation by Arrhenius equations (Q10=2-4) and synergy of 75-90 percent of RH. The surveillance of NIPER/CDSCO (1,200 outlets) and IMD, and frameworks (ICHs) are synthesized in this review to disaggregate chemical ( -lactam hydrolysis), physical (paracetamol polymorphism), and biological (insulin aggregation) pathways, which documents 20-50% potency degradations in amoxicillin, OPV and generics, contributing to PvPI 35% summer ADRs, 25,000 crore discards Pharmacy excursions, non-refrigerated trucking and rural ambient failures are revealed in field audits with HPLC/DSC-validated effects such as 25% amoxicillin loss in 2 months. Gaps are filled using analytical (ICH Q2-validated HPLC-MS) and emerging (92% predictive accuracy) IoT/AI, but 20% adoption is low. It is recommended to switch to labeling according to Zone IVB and use solar cold chains and blockchain tracking to protect the $30B generic exports of India under the influence of 1.2 C warming.

The proposed One Nation, One Election policy seeks to synchronize elections for the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies to streamline governance and reduce election-related costs. While proponents argue that it enhances administrative efficiency and curbs electoral disruptions, this paper critically examines its adverse effects on Indian democracy. The policy risks undermining federalism by diminishing the autonomy of state governments, leading to a centralization of power. Additionally, it may weaken electoral accountability, as simultaneous elections could reduce the frequency of voter engagement with governance issues. The disproportionate advantage to national parties over regional ones may further erode political diversity, disrupting India’s multiparty system. Through a detailed analysis of constitutional, political, and logistical challenges, this study highlights the policy’s potential to weaken democratic decentralization and electoral fairness. The paper concludes that while electoral reforms are necessary, a One Nation, One Election framework may pose significant risks to India’s democratic fabric.

"In the digital age, the role of the teacher is not to compete with technology, but to master it, transforming themselves into guides who help students navigate a complex world with wisdom and ethical judgment."
Adapted from UNESCO

Milk oligosaccharides (MOs) represent a structurally diverse group of complex glycans that have emerged as highly promising bioactive molecules in modern therapeutics. Naturally abundant in human milk and present in varying concentrations in bovine, caprine, and other mammalian milks, these indigestible carbohydrates exert multifaceted biological functions. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) selectively promote the growth of beneficial gut microbiota, particularly Bifidobacterium spp., while inhibiting pathogen adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells through receptor mimicry. Beyond their prebiotic role, MOs modulate immune responses by influencing cytokine production, Toll-like receptor signaling, and NF-κB pathways, thereby contributing to anti-inflammatory and immunoprotective effects. Recent studies also indicate their involvement in neurodevelopment via the gut-brain axis and in reducing the risk of allergies, necrotizing enterocolitis, and metabolic disorders. Advances in enzymatic synthesis, microbial fermentation, and glycoengineering have facilitated scalable production, accelerating their incorporation into functional foods, nutraceuticals, and targeted pharmaceutical formulations. Collectively, milk oligosaccharides hold strong potential as next-generation therapeutics for precision nutrition and disease prevention.

Mulk Raj Anand's Literature does not only signify a Literary contribution but in correlation with the pressing social issues existing at the time namely, highly hierarchical caste systems and economic disparity entrenched in Indian society whose ill effects were widely visible among indigenous people. To expose how personal experiences help expose the inherent brutality of social structures in Indian society, Anand's novels like Untouchable (1935) and Coolie (1936) focus on the lived realities of these dispossessed people through characters Bakha and Munoo. Untouchability is not merely a cultural or religious practice: it represents an entrenched economic and mental architecture for the maintenance of social hierarchy. Through Bakha's daily trials and the fraudulent moral verdicts Nevertheless, Anand's representation of class wars is broader than only caste-based jobs; it also tells the story of a wider colonial framework that uses workers. Through Munoo's various it helps, Anand challenges claims of the caste system being valid in traditional Indian society. to serving as a Coolie demonstrate how to be ostracized based on your caste strongly corresponds with being discriminated against due to your class, which creates an ongoing feeling of financial precarity. By placing his characters in a rapidly modernizing and economically but paradoxical world, Anand calls out the problem in trying to develop without equity for all unaltered India. If we are going to truly understand the lives of those less fortunate, we’ve got to look at his commentary on class instead of serendipity.

This research article examines the growth pattern of the Indian economy during the post- liberalization period by analyzing GDP growth trends from 1990–91 to 2023–24. The main objective of the study is to understand the changes in India’s economic performance after the economic reforms introduced in 1991. The study uses secondary data collected from reliable sources such as the World Bank, Reserve Bank of India, and Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Graphical tools such as line charts, pie charts, and bar charts are used to analyze and interpret the data. The analysis shows that India has experienced steady economic growth over the past three decades, although there have been fluctuations due to global economic crises and domestic challenges. The study also highlights the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused a temporary decline in economic growth in 2020–21, followed by a strong recovery in subsequent years. The findings suggest that economic reforms, increased investment, expansion of the services sector, and globalization have played a key role in supporting India’s economic development. The study concludes that continued policy support, infrastructure development, and investment in human capital will be important for ensuring sustainable and inclusive economic growth in the future.

Skeeter syndrome is an exaggerated localized inflammatory reaction following mosquito bites, mediated by hypersensitivity to mosquito saliva. It clinically mimics other inflammatory and allergic dermatoses such as erythema nodosum, urticaria, and cellulitis, often leading to diagnostic confusion. This case report presents a 28-year-old female with acute onset of reddish-purple, tender, pruritic nodular eruptions over both lower limbs following mosquito bites. The case was managed successfully with the homoeopathic remedy Apis Mellifica 200C, selected based on characteristic symptoms and modalities. Marked improvement was observed within a week, with complete resolution of lesions without complications. This case demonstrates the effectiveness of individualized homoeopathic treatment in managing acute hypersensitivity reactions such as Skeeter syndrome.

This study explores the pedagogical potential of Padarañjinī, a digital platform that uses crossword puzzles to support vocabulary acquisition and communication skills in Sanskrit. Grounded in principles of classical Sanskrit pedagogy and contextual learning, the platform reimagines traditional methods through a gamified, interactive interface. Using a qualitative case study design, data was collected through learner observations and feedback during 50 crossword-solving sessions. Thematic analysis revealed that learners showed improved vocabulary recall, increased motivation, and early signs of active language use. Despite some challenges related to input methods and clue complexity, participants (learners) reported high engagement and a sense of playful and meaningful learning. The findings suggest that digital crosswords can serve as effective tools for Sanskrit education, bridging classical pedagogy with modern e-learning strategies. The study offers implications for educators, platform designers, and researchers interested in the intersection of gamification, classical languages, and digital pedagogy.

The advent of autonomous artificial intelligence systems has fundamentally challenged the traditional architecture of criminal liability particularly the doctrine of mens rea. When an AI system acts independently to cause harm, the question of who possessed the guilty mind and whether such a concept can even apply to non-human actors exposes significant gaps in existing legal frameworks. This paper examines the tension between classical principles of criminal intent and the reality of AI-driven offences with specific reference to the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023 and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023. It argues that while the BNS represents a progressive step toward digital-age criminal law it remains anchored in anthropocentric notions of culpability that struggle to accommodate autonomous machine behaviour. The paper explores whether traditional mens rea principles can be applied when AI systems act autonomously and investigates the necessity of redefining intent for the AI era and proposes a hybrid framework combining strict liability and corporate criminal liability models and potential juristic personhood for advanced AI systems. Through comparative analysis and examination of emerging Indian jurisprudence the paper concludes that incremental reform rather than wholesale abandonment of mens rea offers the most viable path forward though this requires legislative clarification and judicial innovation under the BNS framework.

The death penalty occupies a unique and paradoxical position in Indian constitutional jurisprudence. While Article 21 guarantees the right to life as inviolable except through “procedure established by law,” the Supreme Court in Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980) upheld capital punishment’s constitutionality by introducing the “rarest of rare” doctrinea framework premised on the assumption that judicial discretion, guided by broad principles, would prevent arbitrary sentencing. Forty-five years hence, this paper argues that the Bachan Singh framework has manifestly failed to deliver on its promise. Drawing upon empirical data, judicial inconsistencies, and comparative analysis with the United States’ statutory guideline model, this research demonstrates that the current system produces arbitrary, crime-centric, and mitigation-blind sentencing outcomes. With over 95% of trial court death sentences reversed or commuted on appeal, and with trial courts imposing 139 death sentences in 2024 alone while awarding the punishment on the same day as conviction in over one-third of cases, the evidence of systemic failure is overwhelming. This paper contends that the solution lies not in further judicial refinement of the Bachan Singh framework, but in a fundamental shift toward statutory sentencing guidelines. Such guidelines, enacted by Parliament, would mandatorily require consideration of enumerated aggravating and mitigating factors, establish clear procedural safeguards, and create institutional mechanisms for pre-sentencing investigation reports. By channeling judicial discretion within defined parameters, statutory guidelines would enhance transparency, ensure consistency, and restore constitutional legitimacy to capital sentencing in India.

Background: Low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints encountered in clinical practice and is a leading cause of discomfort, reduced mobility, and work limitation worldwide. Homoeopathy, through individualized prescription, may offer symptomatic relief and improvement in quality of life in such cases. Methods: A case of non-specific low back pain of two weeks’ duration was managed with Cinchona officinalis based on characteristic symptomatology. The pain was worse from touch, exertion, and motion, and better by sitting. Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and follow-up was carried out for two weeks. Results: The patient presented initially with a pain score of 8/10. Over two weeks of treatment with Cinchona officinalis, pain intensity gradually reduced to 2/10, with marked improvement in tenderness, functional movement, and daily activity. Conclusion: This case suggests that Cinchona officinalis, when prescribed on the basis of individualizing pain modalities, may be useful in the management of non-specific low back pain. Further systematic clinical studies are needed to substantiate such observations.

The mutual fund industry in India has experienced remarkable growth during the last two decades due to increasing financial awareness, digital investment platforms, and regulatory support from the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Despite this growth, a significant portion of Indian household savings is still allocated to traditional investment avenues such as fixed deposits, gold, and real estate. Understanding investor perceptions and preferences toward mutual funds is therefore essential for improving participation in capital markets. This study aims to analyze investor preferences, perceptions, and investment behavior toward mutual funds in India. The research examines how demographic variables such as age, gender, income, and investment experience influence investor decisions. A descriptive research design was adopted, and both primary and secondary data were used in the study. Primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire distributed among 200 respondents across different demographic groups. Secondary data was collected from academic journals, research articles, AMFI reports, and industry publications. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test of independence to examine relationships between demographic variables and investment behavior. The results indicate that age has a statistically significant relationship with mutual fund participation, while gender, income level, and investment experience show no significant association with investment behavior. The findings also reveal that most investors prefer small systematic investments through Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs), and many investors perceive mutual funds as providing higher long-term returns compared to traditional investment instruments.
The study further highlights that factors such as brand reputation of fund houses, tax benefits through Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS), and professional fund management play a significant role in influencing investor decisions. However, a lack of financial literacy and limited awareness among certain demographic segments continue to act as barriers to mutual fund adoption. The research concludes that improving investor education, increasing transparency, and expanding digital investment platforms can significantly enhance investor participation in mutual funds. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers, asset management companies, and financial advisors to develop strategies aimed at strengthening investor confidence and promoting mutual fund investments in India.

This study focuses on understanding the behaviour of investors towards Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs) in mutual funds. In today’s changing financial environment, more individuals are shifting from traditional saving methods to modern investment options like mutual funds. SIP has become a popular choice because it allows investors to invest small amounts regularly while reducing the impact of market fluctuations. The main objective of this research is to analyse investor awareness, preferences, and behavioural factors that influence their decision to invest in SIPs. The study is based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire from 130 respondents belonging to different age groups, occupations, and income levels. The findings of the study indicate that most investors are aware of SIPs and prefer them due to their convenience, affordability, and long-term benefits. However, factors such as risk perception, market volatility, and level of financial knowledge still affect investor decisions. It is also observed that many investors rely on digital platforms and financial advisors for investment-related information. The study concludes that while SIPs are gaining popularity among investors, there is still a need to improve financial literacy and provide better guidance to encourage more participation. Overall, SIPs are considered an effective tool for disciplined investing and long-term wealth creation.

Plastic waste has become one of the major environmental concerns across the world. At the same time, the demand for durable and long-lasting roads is increasing rapidly. This study focuses on the utilization of waste plastic as a partial replacement for bitumen in flexible pavement construction. In this research, shredded plastic waste such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) is added to hot bitumen in different percentages and tested for its effect on strength, durability, and performance characteristics of the road mix. Tests such as penetration test, softening point test, ductility test, and Marshall stability test are conducted. The results indicate that the addition of plastic improves the binding property of bitumen, increases stability, and enhances resistance to water damage. Hence, the use of plastic in road construction not only improves road quality but also helps in solving the problem of plastic waste disposal.

Medication adherence is a critical determinant of effective diabetes management and long-term clinical outcomes. This study aimed to assess medication adherence and its associated factors among patients with diabetes mellitus. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 207 diabetic patients in and around Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, between August and December 2025. Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical profiles, lifestyle practices, and treatment patterns were collected using a structured questionnaire. Medication adherence was evaluated using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), and the collected data were analyzed descriptively.The results showed that the majority of participants demonstrated medium medication adherence (86%), while 10.62% exhibited low adherence and only 3.38% showed high adherence. Adherence patterns were generally consistent across most sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, education, income, and residence. Similarly, clinical factors including disease condition, comorbidities, disease onset, and treatment duration showed minimal variation in adherence levels. Lifestyle behaviors such as regular medication intake, physical activity, dietary practices, and frequency of medical check-ups showed slight differences, with somewhat higher adherence observed among patients who practiced regular walking and attended frequent follow-ups. Forgetfulness, perceived side effects, and inconvenience of daily medication were identified as the main reasons for reduced adherence.Overall, the study indicates that while most diabetic patients maintain moderate adherence, optimal adherence remains limited. Strengthening patient education, improving follow-up care, simplifying treatment regimens, and enhancing patient self-management may improve long-term diabetes outcomes.

Growing population, increased economic activity and industrialization has not only created an increased demand for fresh water but also resulted in severe misuse of this natural resource. Reusing wastewater by effective treatment can contribute to counter the water scarcity. Natural macromolecular coagulants show bright future and are concerned by many researchers because of their abundant source, low price, multifunction and biodegradation. The present study deals with the evaluation of treatment efficiency of orange peels as natural coagulant . The experiments were conducted at various proportions of dosages of the Orange peel power. The physio-chemical parameters of waste water are measured before and after the treatment to evaluate the removal efficiency on the major pollutants of concerned in waste water treatment, such as pH, Turbidity, COD, Total Dissolved and Suspended Solids. Then, the experimental studies were carried out to find out the optimum dosage of natural coagulant. In the present study, The optimum dosage of orange peels was indicated at 90 mg/L, respectively for Chitravathi river water. The Turbidity removal efficiency was 70% to 98% after treatment for dosage 70 to 100 Mg/L, respectively. From this study, high turbidity removal indicates that orange peels powders has the potential for wastewater treatment application.

The present study explores how staff management practices influence the work culture of academic institutions in Surat District. The focus is on understanding the relationship between administrative approaches, institutional environment, and employee experience. Using a survey-based method, data were collected from teaching and non-teaching staff across selected institutions. The findings indicate that supportive leadership, clear communication, and fair workload distribution contribute positively to work culture and staff satisfaction. The study also highlights areas where improvement is needed, particularly in workload management and participatory decision-making.

This paper demonstrates the state-of-the-art Amazon e-commerce logistic in supply chain management from a practical standpoint. This study compares and investigates the various logistic distribution modalities that Amazon Sellers must deal with in order to determine the of challenges and benefits associated with different logistic management practices. Different types of neo Logistic practices exist: (1) Fulfillment by Amazon, (2) Third-Party Logistic Distribution, (3) Self-Established Logistic Distribution (4) Amazon Prime Fulfillment (5) Easy Ship (6) Seller Flex. Nowadays, Amazon sellers are facing the problem for making their product cost effective, how to increase their product visibility, Inventory management, provide the product to customer in least time with concern of Distribution quality, for this they need best supply management practice. To explore the best logistic mode, this study has been carried out. Analytic Hierarchy Process and Technique for order performance by similarity to Ideal Solution have been used to making decision among various logistic practices. It's a concerted endeavor to discover the finest logistical methods for an ever-changing world while simultaneously enhancing efficiency. Consumers now rely on online retail enterprises and prefer to purchase for items and services online, according to changing trends. By analyzing the data it has been concluded that Fulfilled by Amazon Prime is best logistic model.

Background: Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are widely used pharmacological agents for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These medications provide effective glycaemic control along with demonstrated cardiovascular and renal benefits. However, post-marketing pharmacovigilance data have increasingly identified rare but clinically significant adverse events associated with these drug classes. Objective: This short communication aims to highlight emerging metabolic and pancreatic safety signals associated with SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors and to emphasize the importance of early recognition and pharmacovigilance monitoring. Clinical Perspective: Pharmacovigilance reports and clinical observations in the literature have described cases of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis associated with SGLT2 inhibitor therapy and episodes of acute pancreatitis linked to DPP-4 inhibitor use. Discussion: Although uncommon, these adverse events represent clinically important safety concerns. SGLT2 inhibitors may promote ketogenesis through alterations in insulin-to-glucagon balance and increased fatty acid oxidation, whereas prolonged incretin activity from DPP-4 inhibitors may influence pancreatic physiology and inflammatory pathways. Conclusion: Clinicians prescribing modern antidiabetic agents should remain vigilant for atypical metabolic and pancreatic complications. Early recognition and appropriate clinical management are essential for improving patient safety and minimizing morbidity.