This paper is an evaluation of the use of the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm to optimize photovoltaic power generation and electrification with a technical and economic feasibility approach. One of the most significant limitations to continuity in academics in Nigeria is the constant power supply, most institutions rely on the expensive production of diesel. The paper uses a Demand-First optimization model, which reduces the demand in the baseline campus by 10 percent through strategic demand-side management (DSM) and resizing the hardware. This study used MATLAB-based ACO model to arrive at an optimal configuration of 1.3 MWp photovoltaic (PV) array with a 1.0 MWh Lithium Iron Phosphate battery energy storage system (BESS). The economic performance identifies Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of $0.244/kWh (57 of the 0.562/kWh of the diesel-heavy performance). The Net Present Value (NPV) of this work is $1.457 million, and it’s payback period is 9 years which demonstrates that metaheuristic optimization is extremely important in sustainable institutional electrification.

Background: The Coimbatore–Erode–Salem corridor, one of South India's most economically dynamic urban agglomerations, has undergone rapid spatial expansion over the past two decades, converting large tracts of its highly productive Vertisol and alluvial agricultural land to residential, industrial, and infrastructure uses. This transformation threatens regional food security, soil ecosystem services, and the livelihoods of smallholder farm communities. Objective: This systematic review synthesises peer-reviewed evidence published between 2017 and 2026 on the spatial extent, biophysical consequences, and socio-economic impacts of urban expansion-driven agricultural land loss in this corridor, with particular emphasis on geospatial analytical methods, soil quality trajectories, and policy responses. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 114 peer-reviewed studies were identified from Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar after screening 3,214 initial records. Studies were appraised using the GRADE framework and categorised by analytical type. Results: Evidence consistently documents a corridor-wide agricultural land loss of approximately 118,000 ha between 2000 and 2025, representing a 28.3% reduction in cropland. High-value Vertisol tracts and peri-urban paddy lands bear the greatest conversion pressure. Documented consequences include significant soil organic carbon depletion (−21 to −41%), groundwater depth increases of 8–13 m, urban heat island intensification (up to +5.1°C by 2025), and cumulative displacement of over 134,000 farm households. Conclusions: Existing evidence overwhelmingly establishes the urgency of spatially differentiated land-use governance reform, inclusive of agricultural land classification, greenbelt zoning, and digital monitoring platforms, to arrest the irreversible conversion of the corridor's most productive agricultural soils.

Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) can be classified as an exclusive type of deep learning models where all of the weights and activations are fixed to the binary values of {−1, +1}. In turn, the mentioned characteristics help achieve a significant reduction in storage memory requirements, computing expenses, and power consumption of these artificial intelligence models. Therefore, BNNs are highly applicable for utilization in limited resources settings, including medical diagnostic devices. The current research provides a detailed review of the use of BNNs for image processing in the case of pediatric chest X-ray pneumonia detection. The presented study involves building and training a BNN on the basis of Larq package within TensorFlow 2.13 framework using the publicly accessible dataset consisting of 5,216 training images and 624 test images categorized into two classes, namely, NORMAL and PNEUMONIA. The developed neural network uses the quantized convolutional and fully connected layers and incorporates the straight-through estimator (STE) sign quantization and weight clipping for mimicking binarization through forward and backward passes. As a result, the BNN demonstrated 62.98% testing accuracy, with the excellent recall rate for the class of PNEUMONIA of 0.98. The paper adds value to the growing literature on efficient artificial intelligence for medicine by showing both the strengths and weaknesses of binary neural networks in clinical image classification.

The proximate composition and sensory acceptability of tiger-nut milk as influenced by addition of freshly harvested Moringa oleifera seeds was investigated. 1.5 gram (5 seeds), 3 grams (10 seeds) and 6 grams (20 seeds) of freshly harvested moringa seeds were washed and milled with soaked, washed tiger nuts (200 g) respectively. Water (500 ml) was added respectively during milling. The slurries were sieved using clean sieving cloth to extract the milk. The filtrates were homogenized and corked respectively in 30 ml sterilized bottles. These corked blends of tiger-nut/moringa milk were pasteurized at 72°C for 15 s. The control sample (no moringa seed) was also prepared. The samples were labelled TM1 (control), TM2, TM3 and TM4 respectively. The samples were subjected to proximate analysis using standard analytical methods while the sensory acceptability of the products was evaluated using a 9-Point Hedonic Scale. The results obtained showed that addition of freshly harvested moringa seeds had significant (p<0.05) effect on the proximate composition of tiger-nut milk. There was significant increase in the moisture (88.20–89.10%), ash (2.83–4.93%), fibre (0.12–0.97%), fat (1.01–1.98%) and protein (0.93–1.98%) contents while the carbohydrate content of the samples decreased from 6.82% in TM1 to 1.15% in TM4. Sensory evaluation showed that increasing Moringa oleifera seed addition improved aroma but significantly reduced taste and overall acceptability. The appearance, colour, and consistency were unaffected across all treatments.

Background: Anaemia in pregnancy remains a major public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where it contributes significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Despite routine antenatal care (ANC) interventions, the burden of anaemia remains high in rural Nigerian settings.
Objective: This study assessed the prevalence, severity, and determinants of anaemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Cottage Hospital Fufore, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
Methods: A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using 420 antenatal records with documented haemoglobin values. Data were extracted using a structured tool and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics summarized prevalence and severity, while chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with anaemia. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results: The prevalence of anaemia was 65.5%, with 51.6% mild, 38.9% moderate, and 9.5% severe cases. Significant determinants included low educational status (AOR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.7–4.6), high parity (AOR = 3.4, 95% CI: 2.0–5.8), poor dietary intake (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5–4.1), malaria infection (AOR = 4.1, 95% CI: 2.4–7.0), late ANC booking (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.3–3.7), and fewer than four ANC visits (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.7–4.8). Conclusion: Anaemia in pregnancy is highly prevalent in this setting and is influenced by multiple socio-demographic, obstetric, nutritional, and clinical factors.

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training intelligent agents capable of decision-making in dynamic environments. This paper presents a study on the application of Deep Q- Networks (DQN) for developing a game-playing agent. DQN combines Q-learning with deep neural networks to approximate value functions, enabling agents to learn optimal policies in high-dimensional state spaces. The agent is trained on classic environments such as CartPole and Atari games, with performance evaluated in terms of convergence speed, reward maximization, and policy stability. Results demonstrate that DQN effectively balances exploration and exploitation, achieving human-level performance in certain tasks. The study highlights the importance of replay memory, target networks, and reward shaping in stabilizing training and improving agent performance.

Sustainability has become an essential focus within the aviation sector, prompting airports to integrate environmentally responsible practices into their operations. This study examines passenger perceptions and satisfaction regarding green practices and sustainable initiatives implemented at Cochin International Airport. The research aims to assess passengers’awareness of sustainability measures, identify key factors influencing airport selection, evaluate satisfaction levels, and explore opportunities for enhancing sustainable practices. Primary data were gathered through a structured questionnaire administered to passengers and analysed using statistical techniques such as descriptive analysis, percentage analysis, Chi-square test, and Kruskal–Wallis test. The findings reveal that passengers exhibit a favourable perception of sustainability initiatives, including solar power utilization, digital and paperless services, electric mobility options, and water conservation efforts. While these initiatives are generally well acknowledged and appreciated, the study highlights the need for further improvements in infrastructure, service efficiency, and communication strategies to strengthen passenger satisfaction. Overall, the study underscores the importance of continuous enhancement in sustainable practices to support effective and environmentally responsible airport management.

This study investigated the Impacts of Government Regulation Compliance on Project Delivery Performance in Yobe State, Nigeria. The study was guided by two research objectives. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. A sample size of 200 respondents was selected using the Taro Yamane formula. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire divided into four sections: background information, level of regulatory compliance, factors inhibiting compliance, and project delivery performance. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency distributions, mean scores, and percentages, while findings were presented in tables and charts for clarity. The findings revealed that the level of compliance with government regulations among construction stakeholders in Yobe State was moderate to high, particularly in areas such as building plan approval, adherence to zoning regulations, and the engagement of registered professionals. However, compliance was relatively weak in aspects related to environmental protection, on-site health and safety, and soil testing. The study concluded that effective compliance with government regulations is essential for improving project delivery performance in the Nigerian construction industry. It recommended that the Yobe State Government should strengthen enforcement capacity, simplify approval procedures through digital systems, enhance public awareness, and provide regular training for regulatory officers and construction professionals. These measures will promote transparency, reduce corruption, and ensure sustainable project delivery in the state.

This study examined the effect of unemployment on Nigeria’s economic and human development, using Per Capita Income (PCI) and the Human Development Index (HDI) as key indicators. Secondary data covering the period 2013–2024 were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), and World Bank databases. The study employed an explanatory research design and utilized multiple regression analysis to investigate the relationship between unemployment, inflation (as a control variable), PCI, and HDI. The descriptive analysis revealed moderate variations in PCI and HDI, while unemployment and inflation exhibited higher fluctuations over the period. Empirical findings showed that unemployment had a statistically significant and negative impact on PCI, implying that rising joblessness reduces average income levels and weakens economic well-being. Conversely, unemployment demonstrated a statistically significant positive effect on HDI, suggesting that rising unemployment may trigger increased welfare spending, social interventions, or delayed human development responses. Inflation was found to have an insignificant effect on both PCI and HDI. The results indicate that unemployment plays a critical role in determining both income-based and welfare-based development outcomes in Nigeria. The study concludes that reducing unemployment is essential for enhancing economic prosperity and sustaining human development. It recommends the implementation of employment-centered policies, promotion of human capital development, expansion of labor-intensive sectors, and improved private sector participation as strategic measures for strengthening economic and welfare outcomes.

Biological lubrication is fundamental in physiological systems such as synovial joints, ocular tear films, mucosal surfaces, and cartilage contact. Thin-film hydrodynamics provides a powerful framework for modeling lubrication phenomena in biological contexts, where film thickness is small relative to characteristic length scales. This study presents a rigorous asymptotic analysis of thin-film lubrication equations derived from the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations under biological rheological assumptions. We formulate the governing equations for Newtonian and non-Newtonian biofluids, nondimensionalize the system, and derive reduced lubrication models via long-wave asymptotics. Analytical and semi-analytical solutions are developed, and stability and parametric sensitivity are examined. The results reveal critical dependencies of film thickness, pressure distribution, and shear stress on rheology, surface compliance, and capillarity. This work provides a mathematically robust framework for advancing biomechanical lubrication modeling.

Plagiarism detection and AI-generated content identification have become essential in maintaining academic integrity in the era of advanced natural language processing systems. This paper presents a comprehensive study on detecting both plagiarized and AI-generated text using machine learning and deep learning techniques. A multi-model framework is developed that integrates Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest, XGBoost, Bidirectional LSTM, and fine-tuned BERT to classify text into genuine, plagiarized, and AI-generated categories. The system is trained on a dataset of academic text samples, paraphrased content, and outputs generated by modern language models to evaluate how each model influences detection accuracy and classification performance. Experimental results demonstrate that ensemble methods improve detection capability, semantic coherence and perplexity features enhance classification, and transformer-based models provide robust contextual understanding. Feature importance analysis, confusion matrices, and performance comparisons are used to provide deeper insight into model behavior beyond traditional accuracy metrics. The study highlights that combining statistical, linguistic, and semantic features is crucial for designing reliable and interpretable content authenticity detection systems.

Eduquest is a smart learning platform designed to enhance student engagement and improve knowledge retention through interactive and game-based learning techniques. The system integrates educational content with gamification elements such as points, levels, rewards, and leaderboards to motivate learners. It provides a user-friendly interface for students and educators, enabling effective learning experiences. The platform aims to make education more engaging, accessible, and efficient by combining technology and pedagogy.

Background and Purpose: Standardized skill assessment tools are fundamental to talent identification and evidence-based coaching in field hockey. Despite the growing participation of school-level female hockey players across Tamil Nadu, no validated, age-stratified skill assessment test exists for this population. This study aimed to construct and standardize a Hockey Skill Assessment Test (HSAT) encompassing five fundamental hockey skills for school-level female players in three age groups: Under-14, Under-17, and Under-19.
Methods: A purposive sample of 1,500 school-level female hockey players from Tamil Nadu (500 per age group) was recruited. Five skills dribbling, push pass, flick, shooting, and dodging were integrated into a continuous time measured circuit. Validity was established via the subjective rating method; reliability and objectivity were determined through test-retest procedures. Percentile norms and T-score qualitative categories were developed using descriptive statistics.
Results: Validity coefficients were 0.85 (Under-14), 0.87 (Under-17), and 0.88 (Under-19); reliability coefficients were 0.90, 0.92, and 0.94; and objectivity coefficients were 0.89, 0.91, and 0.93 (all p < 0.001). Mean composite scores were 53.20 ± 4.90, 48.70 ± 4.20, and 45.10 ± 3.80 seconds for Under-14, Under-17, and Under-19 groups respectively. Age-stratified percentile norms and five-tier qualitative grading categories (Very Poor to Very Good) were developed.
Conclusion: The HSAT is a valid, reliable, and objective instrument for school level female hockey assessment in India. It can be directly applied for performance monitoring, talent identification, and evidence based training planning across three age categories.
Keywords: Hockey skill assessment, Female hockey players, Test construction, Standardization, Dribbling, Push pass, Flick, Shooting, Dodging, Tamil Nadu, School level sports.

3D object recognition using point cloud data has gained significant importance with the rise of LiDAR and 3D sensing technologies. Traditional methods rely on voxelization or multi-view projections, which introduce computational complexity and loss of geometric information. This paper presents an efficient deep learning approach using the PointNet architecture for direct processing of raw point cloud data. The system is trained on the ModelNet dataset and incorporates transformation networks (T-Net) to achieve invariance to geometric transformations. The model extracts global features using symmetric functions and performs classification with high accuracy. Experimental analysis includes accuracy evaluation, loss convergence, and visualization of predicted outputs. The results demonstrate that PointNet provides efficient, scalable, and robust performance for 3D object classification tasks.

Nigeria's education system has historically prioritized certification over skills, resulting in a surplus of graduates with college degrees but lacking practical skills. This paper argues that prioritizing skills-based education is crucial for driving innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth in Nigeria. A critical review of existing literature reveals that Nigeria's education system is characterized by a focus on rote learning, inadequate infrastructure, and limited industry-academia partnerships. In contrast, countries like Singapore, Finland, and Germany have successfully implemented skills-based education systems, with significant benefits for their economies and societies. The paper proposes a framework for reimagining Nigeria's educational policy and practice, emphasizing the need for curriculum reform, teacher training, and industry-academia partnerships. The paper also highlights the importance of skills-based education in promoting entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic growth, and provides recommendations for policymakers, educators, and stakeholders.

Purpose: The present study aimed to examine the Role of Sequential Progressive Training in Enhancing Football Players’ Performance.
Methodology: In order to accomplish the objectives of the study thirty subjects (N=30) were randomly selected as participants from Koviloor Andavar College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Koviloor, Karaikudi. The age of the subjects ranged between 17 to 25 years. From among the thirty subjects, two equal groups comprising of fifteen (n=15) subjects each were constituted, namely Experimental Group & Control Group. Subjects in the control group would not receive any type of training other than their regular activities. The experimental group was subjected to sequential progressive training regime for four alternate days every week for a duration of twelve weeks. Data obtained from both the groups before and after the period of training was statistically analyzed for significance using dependent &#39;t&#39; test. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05.
Result: It can be said that the results show that there is a significant improvement in the experimental group due to twelve weeks of training. Also, there were highly significant differences between the experimental and control groups.
Conclusion: The conclusion is that sequential progressive training leads to optimum levels of skill performance variables over twelve weeks of training.

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources into modern power systems poses significant challenges to frequency stability due to their intermittent and uncertain nature. This study focuses on enhancing frequency regulation in a two-area interconnected power system using advanced control strategies. A detailed Load Frequency Control (LFC) model was developed, incorporating the dynamics of the governor, turbine, generator, and tie-line to evaluate system response under load disturbances. Three control schemes were investigated: the conventional Integral controller, the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller, and a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based PID controller. The PSO algorithm was employed to optimally tune the PID parameters by minimizing the Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE), thereby improving the dynamic performance of the system. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink revealed significant performance differences among the controllers. The Integral controller recorded an overshoot of 0.0164, a settling time of 29.22 seconds, and an ITAE value of 2.2190, indicating slower response and poor damping characteristics. The conventional PID controller improved system performance with a reduced overshoot of 0.0026, a settling time of 29.98 seconds, and a lower ITAE value of 0.5194. However, the PSO-optimized PID controller demonstrated superior performance, achieving a minimal overshoot of 0.0007, the fastest settling time of 29.21 seconds, and the lowest ITAE value of 0.0557. These results indicate a substantial reduction in oscillations and improved system stability when PSO is applied. The PSO-PID controller provided the best dynamic response, exhibiting enhanced damping, faster stabilization, and improved robustness against disturbances. The study concludes that PSO-based optimization is an effective approach for tuning controllers in multi-area power systems, particularly in the presence of renewable energy sources, and is recommended for practical implementation in modern power grid control.

Handwriting recognition is an important application of pattern recognition and artificial intelligence that focuses on converting handwritten text into machine-readable format. Traditional machine learning approaches often struggle to handle variations in handwriting styles and noise in images. With the advancement of deep learning techniques, especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), the performance of handwriting recognition systems has significantly improved. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of handwriting recognition methods, including both traditional and deep learning approaches. The system processes handwritten images, extracts relevant features, and applies classification models to recognize characters or words. Experimental observations indicate that deep learning models outperform traditional methods in terms of accuracy and robustness.

North America represents one of the world’s most deeply integrated economic regions, yet it remains characterized by significant institutional and cultural diversity across Canada, the United States, and Mexico. This study examines how firms can strategically navigate this duality by linking the macroeconomic effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with firm-level market entry strategies. Using a qualitative, literature-based approach, the paper synthe- sizes evidence from academic research, policy reports, and institutional analyses.The findings show that NAFTA substantially increased trade and foreign direct investment, with Mexico experiencing the most pronounced gains, while labor market outcomes in the United States and Canada were dri- ven primarily by technological change rather than trade liberalization. Crucially, the study demon- strates that successful market entry depends not only on leveraging regional integration but also on adapting to country-specific institutional and cultural environments. By integrating macroeconomic and strategic perspectives, this article contributes a framework for understanding how firms can align regional opportunities with localized strategies, offering practical implications for both mana- gers and policymakers operating in North America.

The concept of ecosystem services, which emerged in the 1970s from the convergence of ecology and economics, refers to the benefits that human societies derive from ecosystems. Since its formalization within the framework of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), it has become a central paradigm for nature management, integrating four main categories: provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural services. This article presents a synthesis of the concept, its historical emergence, different scientific perspectives, and associated assessment methods. It highlights the ongoing debates about its boundaries, particularly the distinction between ecological functions and services rendered, as well as the tensions between utilitarian, naturalist, and pluralist approaches.

This study examined the relationship and influence of parenting styles — authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful — on the emotional and social development of Grade 6 learners in Districts 1 and 2 of Columbio, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines for school year 2025–2026. Using a quantitative descriptive-correlational design, data were gathered from 255 Grade 6 learners through a validated survey questionnaire administered via stratified random sampling. Descriptive statistics (mean, weighted mean), Spearman rank correlation, and multiple linear regression were employed for data analysis. Results revealed that authoritative parenting was the most practiced style (WM = 3.53), while authoritarian (WM = 3.36), permissive (WM = 3.15), and neglectful (WM = 3.35) styles were moderately practiced. Children demonstrated developed levels of emotional development (emotional recognition: WM = 3.64; emotional regulation: WM = 3.61; self-esteem: WM = 4.01; empathy: WM = 3.89) and social development (peer relationships: WM = 3.82; communication skills: WM = 3.86; cooperation and conflict resolution: WM = 3.79; social participation: WM = 3.83). Spearman rho analysis confirmed highly significant relationships between parenting styles and both emotional and social development. Multiple regression revealed that authoritative parenting was the strongest positive predictor of children's outcomes, while authoritarian and neglectful parenting demonstrated significant negative influences. Findings affirm that the quality of parenting practices is a critical determinant of children's developmental well-being.

The study examined Problem-based learning Strategy on senior secondary school two (SS11) physics students’ academic performance in Obio Akpor Local Government Area. In line with the aim of the study, four objectives, four research questions and four hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study adopted quasi experimental design. The population of the study consists of 240 senior secondary school two (SS11) physics students. Stratified random sampling techniques was used to select a sample size of 110 senior secondary school two (SS11) physics students to represent the entire population. The instrument for data collection was Physics Performance Test (PPT)the instrument was validated by the researcher’s supervisor and two other research expects from the department of Curriculum Studies and Instructional Technology, the reliability coefficient of 0.85 was derived using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and regarded to be adequate and acceptable for the study. Mean (x) and standard Deviation (SD) were used to answer the research questions while Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) statistics was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study showed that there was a significant difference between the mean achievement scores of SS11 physics students taught using PBLS and those taught using lecture method. Based on the findings, the study recommended that Seminars and workshop should be organized by school administrators and other educational stakeholders on how to use Problem-based learning strategy especially for physics teachers. Textbook writers should incorporate problem related to the topics in the text for teachers to conduct classroom exercise and for personal evaluation for students.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme involved in prostaglandin synthesis during inflammatory conditions and is a major therapeutic target for anti-inflammatory drugs. Although selective COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib are widely prescribed, their long-term use has been associated with cardiovascular complications. Therefore, identification of safer natural alternatives remains an important research objective. The present study evaluates the molecular docking interactions and pharmacokinetic properties of selected phytoconstituents—Quercetin, Curcumin, Kaempferol, and Resveratrol—against the COX-2 enzyme (PDB ID: 5IKR). Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Vina to estimate binding affinity and interaction patterns within the active site. Among the studied compounds, Quercetin exhibited the highest binding affinity (−9.2 kcal/mol) with stable hydrogen bonding interactions involving key active site residues. ADME prediction using SwissADME indicated favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics, including compliance with Lipinski’s Rule of Five, high gastrointestinal absorption, and acceptable bioavailability scores. The findings suggest that these phytoconstituents, particularly Quercetin, possess promising COX-2 inhibitory potential and may serve as candidates for further in vitro and in vivo investigations aimed at developing safer anti-inflammatory therapies.

This study examined the extent of ARAL (Academic Recovery and Accessible Learning) Program components and their relationship to and influence on pupils' reading fluency in the three districts of Arakan, North Cotabato, Philippines, for School Year 2025–2026. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, the study surveyed 188 teachers randomly selected from a population of 470 ARAL-implementing public elementary school teachers in Arakan East, Arakan North, and Arakan West Districts. A validated questionnaire measured four ARAL Program components—purpose, tutoring, timeline, and flexibility—and three reading fluency dimensions: accuracy, speed, and expression. Results revealed that ARAL Program components were rated at a high extent and pupils' reading fluency was at a high level. Pearson correlation analysis showed highly significant positive relationships between all ARAL Program components and all dimensions of reading fluency. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that ARAL Program components collectively and significantly influenced reading accuracy (R²=0.618), reading speed (R²=0.657), and reading expression (R²=0.441). Flexibility and timeline emerged as the strongest predictors of reading fluency outcomes. The null hypotheses were rejected. The findings affirm that effective implementation of ARAL Program components significantly improves pupils' reading fluency, with implications for educational policy, teacher training, and resource allocation in public elementary schools.

This paper presents a placement-driven physical implementation and optimization of a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) core integrated with embedded SRAM using a complete ASIC design flow. The design is described at the Register Transfer Level (RTL) using Verilog HDL and functionally verified through FSDB waveform analysis using Verdi. The verified design is synthesized using Synopsys Design Compiler and physically implemented using Synopsys IC Compiler II.
A placement-driven methodology is adopted to improve timing closure, reduce congestion, and optimize area utilization. Experimental results demonstrate a total area of 422.73 µm², total power consumption of 24.56 µW, and a positive slack of 7.60 ns, indicating successful timing closure. The results highlight that placement-aware optimization significantly enhances design performance and reliability, making the approach suitable for modern low-power VLSI systems.

The training of deep neural networks is often affected by the vanishing gradient problem, where gradients become extremely small during backpropagation, resulting in ineffective learning in earlier layers. This issue leads to slow convergence and reduced model performance. In this work, an experimental study of different weight initialization techniques is presented to address this challenge. The techniques considered include Random initialization, Xavier initialization, He initialization, and Orthogonal initialization. A feedforward neural network is implemented and trained on the MNIST dataset of handwritten digits to evaluate the impact of these initialization methods. The performance of each method is analyzed using training loss and test accuracy. The experimental results demonstrate that appropriate weight initialization significantly improves gradient flow, accelerates convergence, and enhances model accuracy. Among the evaluated methods, He initialization provides the best performance, particularly for networks using ReLU activation functions.

The banking sector is changing fast with digital technology. This has made an increase in the digital tracks that customers leave behind when they do things online. These tracks come from things like using the internet to do banking, mobile banking apps paying bills online and talking to automated customer service systems. These digital tracks are very important for banks because they can use them to understand their customers make things more personal and manage risks. At the same time, they also make people worry about their privacy if their information is safe and if banks are being fair, with their data. This study looks at how these digital trackers growing in the banking world and what it means for how banks operate make big decisions and follow rules. The study looks at how people use banking and what happens with all the data that is generated. It uses information and checks for patterns and trends. The study also uses tables and charts to help understand what is going on. What the study found out is that when people use banking more it helps companies make better decisions and talk to customers better. It also means that companies need to be careful, with all the data they get and make sure they use it in a good way. The study helps us understand banking better and gives ideas for what to study next about banking and data. Digital banking is very important. The study looks at how digital footprints are changing and what this means for the future.

Autonomous agents powered by tool integration represent an emerging paradigm in artificial intelligence systems. This paper presents the design and implementation of a deterministic autonomous agent capable of executing predefined Python-based commands and interacting with system tools such as time retrieval and controlled computation. Two agent architectures are explored: a fixed-action deterministic agent and an interactive user-driven agent with extended command capabilities. The system ensures safety by restricting arbitrary code execution and replacing it with controlled command mappings. Experimental demonstrations show that the agent can perform tasks such as random number generation, structured responses, and dynamic command execution while maintaining predictable behavior. This study highlights the importance of controlled tool invocation, modular design, and safety constraints in building reliable autonomous systems modular design, and safety constraints in system.

Deep neural networks have achieved significant success in various domains such as image processing, natural language processing, and pattern recognition. However, training deep networks is often hindered by the vanishing gradient problem, where gradients become extremely small during backpropagation, slowing or completely stopping learning. One of the major factors influencing this issue is the choice of activation function. This survey paper analyzes the effect of different activation functions, such as Sigmoid, Tanh, ReLU, and their variants, on the vanishing gradient problem. It highlights how traditional activation functions lead to gradient decay, while modern activation functions help maintain gradient flow. The study also reviews recent advancements in hybrid activation functions designed to overcome these limitations. The results indicate that selecting appropriate activation functions significantly improves training efficiency, convergence speed, and overall model performance.

This study examined parents’ awareness in the reduction of drug abuse among youth in Mbeya District Council, Tanzania. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews and document reviews, with quantitative data analyzed using SPSS and qualitative data analyzed thematically. Findings indicated that parents possess a substantial level of awareness regarding youth drug abuse, with 87% identifying cannabis sativa as the most prevalent drug in the area. Respondents perceived youth aged 19–21 years as the most vulnerable group due to unemployment, peer influence and inadequate parental supervision. Parents also demonstrated awareness of behavioral signs of drug involvement and acknowledged their social and economic responsibilities in prevention through supervision, communication and provision of basic needs. The study concludes that although parental awareness was relatively strong; enhanced community education, improved family engagement and coordinated prevention strategies are still needed. The study recommends that strengthened parental training, youth-focused awareness initiatives and collaborative efforts among government institutions, health officials, schools and NGOs to curb rising trends of youth drug abuse in Mbeya District Council.

The performance of machine learning models is highly dependent on their ability to generalize to unseen data. One of the key challenges in achieving this is managing the bias–variance tradeoff, which represents the balance between underfitting and overfitting. High bias leads to simplistic models that fail to capture underlying data patterns, while high variance results in overly complex models that are sensitive to noise in the training data. This paper focuses on the role of L2 regularization, also known as Ridge regularization, in addressing this tradeoff. L2 regularization introduces a penalty term proportional to the square of model weights into the loss function, effectively controlling model complexity. By shrinking large weights, it reduces variance and prevents overfitting while maintaining model stability. Although it slightly increases bias, it significantly improves generalization performance. The study highlights how appropriate tuning of the regularization parameter enables the development of robust and reliable machine learning models.

Nutrismart is a diet planning app that users can access on the web.The system is meant to help people live a healthy life by keeping track of what they eat. It lets people make an account and log in safely with their email address. People can enter information about themselves, like their age, height, weight, gender, and fitness goals. The app uses this information to figure out how many calories you need each day. It also gives a list of the important nutrients, such as protein, fat, and carbs. The app has a modern red and black neumorphism user interface that makes it easier to use. The dashboard uses charts to show nutritional data in a way that is easy to understand. Nutrismart is a good choice for personalized diet planning because it works well and is easy to use.

This study examined the social, economic, and cultural problems that might be affecting the effective implementation of food safety regulations in Nigeria. The research addressed four key questions, employing a descriptive survey design. A population of 2,850 Environmental Health Officers from state ministries of health across the six geopolitical zones was considered, with a sample of 600 selected via purposive sampling technique. Data collection utilized a researcher-developed questionnaire, validated and tested for internal consistency using Cronbach Alpha. Mean scores and standard deviations analyzed the collected data. Findings indicated that social, economic, and cultural problems significantly affect the effective implementation of food safety regulations and that these challenges undermine public health outcomes and consumer protection in Nigeria. The study concluded that social, economic, and cultural barriers pose a substantial obstacle to food safety regulation in the country. It was recommended among others that the government should prioritize targeted public enlightenment, establish a dedicated food safety compliance support fund, and review regulatory guidelines to be culturally feasible. This includes community-based health education, subsidizing basic compliance infrastructure, and certifying traditional food practices under supervised conditions. This would provide a supportive regulatory environment for vendors and enhance consumer protection.

Urban heat islands (UHIs) are no longer merely a physical climate phenomenon: they are increasingly recognised as a dimension of urban social inequality. In India’s rapidly expanding metropolitan regions, the spatial coincidence of intense UHI heat, concentrated urban poverty, and elevated crime rates constitutes an emerging and inadequately studied nexus with profound implications for public health, urban security, and climate justice. Heat stress disproportionately burdens low-income communities occupying dense informal settlements with minimal green cover, poor ventilation, and negligible adaptive capacity—conditions that simultaneously elevate physiological heat exposure and psycho-social stress, with documented consequences for both violent and property crime incidence.
This systematic review synthesises 77 peer-reviewed studies published between 2017 and 2025, supplemented by 14 foundational references, to critically examine the spatial correlations among UHI intensity, poverty concentration, and crime dynamics across six major Indian metropolitan regions: Delhi-NCR, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata, and Hyderabad. Drawing on studies employing MODIS and Landsat thermal remote sensing, Google Earth Engine (GEE)-based land surface temperature (LST) analysis, ward-level crime data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), census-derived social vulnerability indices, and spatial econometric methods including Moran’s I, Getis-Ord Gi*, and bivariate LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association) analysis, the review provides the first comprehensive synthesis of the heat–poverty–crime nexus in the Indian urban context. Key findings demonstrate that summer UHI intensity exceeds 4.5 °C in high-density informal zones of Delhi-NCR; that violent crime rates increase by 8–15% per 1 °C rise above a 35 °C threshold; that slum area share explains approximately 60–72% of spatial variance in UHI intensity at the ward level; and that the spatial co-location of high heat, high poverty, and high crime constitutes a compound vulnerability cluster affecting an estimated 80–120 million urban residents in the six studied cities. Governance failures—including absent Heat Action Plan integration with crime prevention, the marginalisation of informal settlement residents from cooling infrastructure, and the absence of compound risk mapping in urban planning frameworks—are identified alongside a structured five-pillar policy framework and research agenda.

This study examines how female directors strategically employ familiar pop culture aesthetics to embed feminist critique within mainstream cinema. While conventional films often reinforce patriarchal values through genre conventions and visual codes, this research demonstrates how women filmmakers subvert these same tools to challenge gender norms. Through qualitative textual analysis of four contemporary films, i.e., Clueless (1995), Jennifer's Body (2009), Promising Young Woman (2020), and Barbie (2023), the study reveals how elements such as colour palettes, costume design, music, humour, and casting function as deliberate feminist interventions. Drawing on feminist film theory (Mulvey, Beauvoir, Butler) and Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model, the analysis shows that these directors use aesthetic familiarity to create viewer comfort, then introduce disruption from within that space of recognition. The findings indicate that popular culture aesthetics enable feminist ideas to reach broader audiences while encouraging critical engagement with gendered expectations. This research contributes to feminist film studies by foregrounding aesthetic strategy as a primary mechanism of ideological critique, demonstrating that visual style, genre conventions, and casting choices are not decorative elements but central sites of feminist meaning-making in contemporary cinema.

Financial fraud detection has become increasingly challenging due to the complex and interconnected nature of financial transactions. Traditional machine learning approaches often fail to capture relational patterns between entities. This paper proposes a Graph Neural Network (GNN)-based approach for detecting fraudulent activities in financial transaction networks. Transactions are modeled as a directed graph, where nodes represent accounts and edges represent transactions. Node features such as transaction frequency, in- degree, out-degree, and transaction amounts are extracted. A Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) is employed to learn structural and feature-based patterns. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively identifies fraudulent nodes and improves detection performance compared to conventional methods.

Disk failures in cloud platforms cause severe data loss, downtime, and financial repercussions. This study develops a predictive model using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) combined with Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) for feature selection. The objectives were: (1) to develop an ANFIS-based hard drive failure prediction model, (2) to investigate the impact of different SMART attributes on predictive performance, and (3) to evaluate ANFIS against existing prediction techniques. Using Backblaze SMART telemetry data, eight critical attributes were selected, including reallocated sector count (SMART 5), seek-error rate (SMART 7), and temperature (SMART 231). The ANFIS model achieved 89.4% accuracy, 91.2% precision, 87.8% recall, and an AUC of 0.934, outperforming Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Neural Networks, and SVMs. Results demonstrate that ANFIS provides superior predictive accuracy and interpretability, supporting proactive maintenance strategies in cloud environments.

Background: Adenoid hypertrophy is a leading cause of upper airway obstruction in the pediatric population, often presenting with mouth breathing, snoring, and recurrent infections. While surgery is a standard conventional option, there is an increasing demand for non-invasive interventions like individualized homeopathy.
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of individualized homeopathic medicines in reducing the size of hypertrophied adenoids and improving associated clinical symptoms in children.
Materials and Methods: This was a single-arm, prospective pilot study involving 30 children (aged 3–14 years) diagnosed with symptomatic adenoid hypertrophy. Participants received individualized homeopathic remedies based on their unique symptom totality. Treatment effects were assessed over 12 months using:
• Nasal Endoscopy to grade adenoid size.
• Four-Point Clinical Rating Scale (FPCR) for obstructive symptoms (snoring, mouth breathing).
• Frequency of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTI) episodes.
Results: At the conclusion of the 12-month follow-up, a statistically significant reduction in the FPCR scale was observed (p < 0.001). Nasal endoscopy showed that 63% (19/30) of cases experienced no further increase in adenoid size, while the average frequency of URTI reduced from six episodes in six months to fewer than four episodes in twelve months. Commonly indicated medicines included Tuberculinum, Calcarea Phosphorica, and Baryta carbonica.

English occupies a central position in Indian higher education as a language of instruction, academic discourse, and global communication. Despite its importance, the teaching and learning of English as a Second Language (ESL) in Indian universities and colleges face numerous challenges. These challenges arise from linguistic diversity, socio-economic disparities, inadequate pedagogical practices, examination-oriented systems, and varying levels of student proficiency. This research paper examines the major challenges encountered in teaching English as a Second Language in Indian higher education institutions. It highlights learner-related, teacher-related, curricular, and institutional constraints that hinder effective language acquisition. Drawing upon classroom observations, existing scholarly studies, and practical teaching experiences, the paper suggests learner-centered and communicative pedagogical strategies to enhance ESL instruction. The study concludes that a context-sensitive and skill-oriented approach is essential to address these challenges and to promote meaningful English language learning in Indian higher education.

Artificial Intelligence-based tutoring systems are fundamental in enhancing the learning experience by providing context-aware and personalized assistance to students. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the development of a subject-specific AI tutor using Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) for answering questions based on uploaded academic documents. The system integrates semantic search and transformer- based models to improve the accuracy and relevance of generated responses.
A structured pipeline is implemented where PDF documents are processed, segmented into smaller text chunks, and converted into embeddings using a sentence transformer model. These embeddings are stored in a FAISS vector database to enable efficient retrieval of relevant information. A transformer-based language model, FLAN-T5, is used to generate answers based on the retrieved context. The system is evaluated to analyze how different components influence response quality, latency, and contextual accuracy.

This project is about using steganography to improve secure communication in the area of cybersecurity. Steganography is a technique used to hide secret information inside digital files such as images, so that no one can easily notice the hidden data. The main goal of this project is to protect confidential messages by embedding them inside images without changing the image’s visible quality. This makes sure that the original image looks the same to normal users. The project uses simple and basic steganography methods to hide and retrieve secret messages when needed. Only authorized users who know the correct method can extract the hidden information. This helps prevent sensitive data from being seen or stolen by attackers. By hiding data inside normal looking images, the system allows secure communication over public or open networks without creating suspicion. Through this project, it is shown that steganography can be a useful and effective way to improve data security and privacy. It provides an extra layer of protection and helps reduce the risk of data leakage in digital communication systems.

This study presents the development of eco-friendly paint formulated using agricultural waste and natural materials. Tamarind seed extract served as a natural binder, turmeric powder as a pigment, and neem extract as an antimicrobial agent. Agricultural waste was utilized as a filler to enhance texture and coverage. The paint was applied on wooden surfaces to evaluate coating performance. Characterization tests including pH, drying time, and ash content indicated acceptable physical and chemical properties. The results demonstrate that the prepared paint is biodegradable, low-cost, and environmentally safe, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional synthetic paints.

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have emerged as a powerful tool for solving complex problems across domains such as computer vision, speech recognition, and natural language processing. Their ability to learn hierarchical representations from raw data has significantly improved the performance of machine learning systems. However, as neural networks grow deeper, they encounter several optimization challenges that hinder effective training. One of the most prominent issues is the vanishing gradient problem, which occurs during the backpropagation phase when gradients diminish as they are propagated through multiple layers. This leads to minimal weight updates in earlier layers, thereby restricting the learning capacity of the model.

This work provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the vanishing gradient problem by examining its mathematical foundations, the role of activation functions, and its impact on deep learning architectures. It further explores modern techniques that have been developed to mitigate this issue, including improved activation functions, normalization strategies, and architectural innovations. By understanding the underlying causes and solutions, this study contributes to the design of more efficient and scalable neural network models.

The rapid growth in global cooling demand has resulted in a significant increase in electricity consumption and environmental concerns associated with conventional refrigeration technologies. Vapor compression refrigeration systems are widely used in residential and industrial applications; however, these systems require substantial electrical energy and utilize refrigerants that contribute to global warming and environmental pollution. Consequently, the development of sustainable and energy-efficient refrigeration technologies has become an important research focus in recent years.

Solar driven absorption refrigeration systems have emerged as promising alternatives because they can operate using renewable thermal energy instead of mechanical compression. These systems utilize solar thermal collectors to supply heat energy to the generator of the absorption refrigeration cycle, thereby reducing dependence on conventional electricity-based cooling technologies.

In this study, a thermodynamic performance analysis of a solar driven absorption refrigeration system using lithium bromide–water (LiBr–H₂O) as the working fluid pair is presented. A mathematical model of the system is developed using mass and energy balance equations applied to different components of the absorption refrigeration cycle. The system performance is evaluated using key parameters including coefficient of performance (COP), refrigeration effect, heat input to the generator, and solar collector efficiency.

Parametric analysis is carried out to investigate the influence of operating parameters such as generator temperature, evaporator temperature, condenser temperature, and solar radiation intensity on system performance. The results indicate that the coefficient of performance increases with increasing generator temperature and evaporator temperature, while higher condenser temperatures reduce overall system efficiency.

The findings of this study demonstrate that solar driven absorption refrigeration systems possess significant potential for sustainable cooling applications by utilizing renewable solar energy and reducing environmental impact.

This communication focuses on determining distinct integer solutions to non-homogeneous polynomial equation of degree four with three unknowns given by . Substitution technique and factorization method are employed to obtain the same.

The article discusses issues related to the theoretical aspects of the formation of tourist and recreational complexes in Tajikistan with the aim of organizing and ensuring the development of tourism in the country. It also notes that Tajikistan stands out among other Central Asian countries for its majestic, diverse and colorful nature. The country is home to the mighty Pamir and Tien Shan mountain ranges, the highest mountain peaks with beautiful ice caps, blooming mountain gorges and plains where cities and agricultural production are concentrated. The authors note that tourists can explore ancient monuments, works of art, places where famous historical events took place, places where great people lived, participate in entertainment events and festivals, and visit exhibitions of various kinds located within tourist and recreational complexes.

As digital threats evolve, the traditional username/password standard is becoming increasingly inadequate, necessitating the integration of robust biometric authentication. This study investigates the development of a face recognition system tailored for enhanced security applications using deep learning and traditional machine learning frameworks. Two primary methodologies were evaluated: a custom 8-layer Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and the Local Binary Pattern Histogram (LBPH) framework. Using a dataset of 1,500 images across five individuals, the system was tested under varying conditions of lighting, pose, and expression. Results demonstrate that the CNN model achieved a superior accuracy of 95%, outperforming the LBPH model’s 92%. While LBPH proved computationally efficient and suitable for low-power, real-time systems, the CNN’s topological feature extraction showed greater resilience to environmental variations such as "brightening" and expression changes. This research underscores the transition from classical texture-based methods to deep learning architectures as a critical step in achieving high-precision biometric security in unconstrained environments.

The persistent depreciation of the Nigerian naira in recent years has raised serious concerns regarding its implications for inflation and the rising cost of living. This study examines the relationship between naira devaluation and the cost of living crisis in Nigeria, with particular emphasis on the role of inflation as a transmission mechanism through which exchange rate depreciation affects household welfare. Using secondary time-series data covering the period 2018–2025, the study adopts an econometric approach to analyze the relationship between exchange rate movements, inflation, and living costs. The analysis employs regression techniques to evaluate the extent to which changes in the exchange rate influence inflationary pressures and consequently affect the purchasing power of Nigerian households.The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between naira depreciation and inflation, indicating that exchange rate instability contributes substantially to rising domestic prices. The results further suggest that increased inflation driven by currency depreciation has intensified the cost of living crisis by reducing the real income and purchasing power of households. The study concludes that Nigeria’s heavy dependence on imported goods and limited domestic productive capacity amplify the adverse effects of exchange rate depreciation on consumer prices and living standards. Based on these findings, the study recommends policy measures aimed at stabilizing the exchange rate, strengthening domestic production, promoting export diversification, and implementing effective inflation control strategies. These measures are essential for mitigating the negative welfare effects of currency instability and promoting sustainable economic development in Nigeria.

The rapid expansion of digital financial services and internet connectivity has significantly transformed Nigeria’s economic landscape. While these technological developments have improved financial inclusion and transactional efficiency, they have simultaneously increased the vulnerability of digital systems to cybercrime and financial fraud. This study examines the emerging trends of cybercrime and digital fraud in Nigeria and evaluates their implications for the country’s digital economy. The research adopts a quantitative research design using secondary data obtained from institutional sources including the Central Bank of Nigeria, Nigeria Inter-Bank Settlement System, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, and the National Bureau of Statistics, covering the period from 2018 to 2024. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression techniques were employed to analyse the relationship between cybercrime incidents and key indicators of digital financial expansion, including electronic payment transactions, internet penetration rate, and digital banking adoption. The empirical results reveal a significant upward trend in cybercrime incidents during the study period, corresponding with the rapid growth of electronic payment systems and digital banking platforms in Nigeria. Correlation results indicate strong positive relationships between cybercrime incidence and electronic payment transactions (r = 0.921), internet penetration (r = 0.874), and digital banking users (r = 0.903). The regression analysis further demonstrates that electronic payment transactions, internet penetration, and digital banking adoption are statistically significant predictors of cybercrime trends, with the model explaining approximately 87 percent of the variation in cybercrime incidents. These findings suggest that the expansion of Nigeria’s digital financial ecosystem has inadvertently increased exposure to cyber threats. The study concludes that while digital financial innovations have enhanced economic development and financial accessibility, they also necessitate stronger cybersecurity frameworks to mitigate emerging risks. The research therefore recommends the strengthening of cybersecurity regulations, improved cybercrime investigation capacity, increased public awareness on digital security practices, and enhanced collaboration between regulatory authorities and financial institutions. Addressing cybercrime effectively will be critical for sustaining trust in Nigeria’s digital financial systems and ensuring the long-term stability of the country’s digital economy.

The present study aims to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics of soil in the Chando region of Kusmi Block, Balrampur District, Chhattisgarh, to assess its fertility status and agricultural suitability. Soil samples were collected from different locations following standard sampling procedures and analyzed for key parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, macronutrients (N, P, K), sulphur, and selected micronutrients. The results indicate that soil properties vary across sampling sites due to differences in land use and environmental conditions. The pH of the soil ranged from slightly acidic to neutral, which is generally favorable for nutrient availability. Electrical conductivity values were low, indicating non-saline soil conditions. Nutrient analysis revealed moderate to adequate levels of essential elements, supporting crop growth. The study highlights the importance of regular soil assessment to maintain soil health, optimize fertilizer application, and promote sustainable agricultural practices in the region.

Regularization techniques are important in machine learning to reduce overfitting and improve model performance. This project compares Dropout, L1 Regularization, and L2 Regularization. Dropout randomly deactivates neurons during training to improve robustness, while L1 and L2 add penalty terms to control model complexity, with L1 enabling feature selection and L2 improving stability. The comparison is based on accuracy, overfitting control, and efficiency. The study concludes that each method is effective in different scenarios, and the choice depends on the model and dataset.

In the 21st century, nanotechnology has experienced significant growth, thanks to its numerous applications in the field of quantum physics. It has become a highly advanced field of study, with significant efforts focused on researching to apply this technology in practical ways. It shows great potential due to its impressive effectiveness and environmentally friendly characteristics. Nanomaterials are incredibly tiny particles, measuring between 1 and 100 nanometres. Their size grants them unique chemical and physical characteristics, which come with advantages and disadvantages. Their classification can also be done on their composition such as organic, inorganic, and metal. Various techniques are employed to synthesise nanomaterials, including both the "top- down" approach, which starts with bulk materials and breaks them down into nanoparticles, and the "bottom-up" approach, which begins with individual atoms and builds them up into nanoparticles. Among the top-down approaches are “mechanical milling”, “nanolithography”, ablation”, “sputtering”, “laser and “thermal evaporation” while the bottom-up approaches are “sol-gel”, “biosynthesis”, “spinning”, “chemical vapour deposition (CVD)”, and “pyrolysis”. These techniques are highly influenced by factors such as temperature, pressure, time, size and shape, preparation cost, pore size, pH value, and environment. This study examines different methods of synthesizing nanomaterials along with their applications in different fields such as cosmetics, electronics, medicine, food, and the environment.

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of functional strength training on selected strength parameters and skill performance variables of men volleyball players. To achieve the purpose of the study, thirty volleyball players (N = 30) were selected from the Department of Physical Education, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The age of the selected volleyball players ranged between 21 and 25 years. The selected subjects were divided into two groups: Group I, designated as the functional strength training Group (FSTG), and Group II, designated as the Control Group (CG). Each group consisted of fifteen volleyball players (n = 15). Prior to the intervention, a pre-test was administered to record the baseline values of the selected variables. The strength parameters selected were shoulder strength and core strength, and the selected skill performance variable was serving ability and spiking ability. Following the pre-test, the functional strength training Group (CTG) underwent a structured functional strength training programme for a period of eight weeks, while the Control Group (CG) continued with their regular physical activities without any exposure to the specific training protocol. Upon completion of the eight-week training period, a post-test was administered to both groups. Data collected from both groups before and after the training period were statistically examined for significant improvement using the dependent 't' test. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. The results revealed that the functional strength training Group (SBTG) demonstrated statistically significant improvements in all selected strength parameters and skill performance variables when compared to the Control Group (CG) at the p ≤ 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the present study conclude that the eight-week functional strength training programme had a significant positive effect on the selected strength parameters and skill performance variables of men volleyball players.

The integration of AI in higher education and teacher education is transforming the teaching learning process in several ways, personalized learning, intelligent tutoring, enhanced engagement, efficient assessment and data-driven insights.
It also impacts on teacher education in several ways, new skills for teachers AI as a tool, not a replacement, shifting roles. Teachers may take on new roles like AI literacy coaches, helping students develop critical thinking and problem solving skills. The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of AI on higher education, investigate its impact on the teaching and learning process, examine its effect on assessment and grading, and predict its influence on graduate’s future careers.
The results of this study demonstrate the crucial role of AI in the future of higher education. The study reveals that higher education intuitions need to integrate AI more extensively in their programs to prepare graduates for the future workforce.
On the one hand, AI can enhance learning experiences, automate grading, and provide personalized feedback to students. It can also help teachers with administrative tasks, freeing up time for more hands on, human interaction with students.
In the context of teacher education, AI can help prepare future, teachers to integrate technology into their practice, but it also raises questions about the role of human teachers in an AI-driven classroom. The study finding suggest that AI should be more extensively integrated into higher education curriculum, and that institutions need to consider the ethical implications of AI in the development and implication of their programs.

Background and Aims: An Implementation of Professional Security and Fortification using Six Sigma among Nurses. Six Sigma at hospitals is a methodically used background that advances by OHS among Nurses. To understand Professional Security and Fortification using Six Sigma among Healthcare Nurses. To describe Professional Security and Fortification using Six Sigma among Healthcare Nurses. To analyze the implementation of Professional Security and Fortification using Six Sigma among Healthcare Nurses. To factor the implementation of Professional Security and Fortification using Six Sigma among Healthcare Nurses. Methods and Materials: An approach of research known as quantitative research is applied, and a sample of 151 people from five private hospitals located in various areas of Tamil Nadu is used. The information was gathered through the use of a self-administered questionnaire starting in May 2024 and continuing through July 2024. The sampling method used was convenience sampling. To determine the relationship between nurses' demographics and perceived quality upgrading, a one-way analysis of variance was performed using SPSS software. Results: Nurses have high positive thoughts towards the Six Sigma for OHS among nurses scores for personal details. Conclusion: This study is an understanding the Professional Security and Fortification using Six Sigma by Healthcare Nurses. Nurses have high positive thoughts towards the Six Sigma for Professional Security and Fortification among nurses scores for personal details.

Persistent gender disparities in mathematics achievement continue to restrict female participation in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education globally and particularly within sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigated the impact of a gender-responsive teaching intervention on secondary school girls’ achievement in mathematics in Ogun State, Nigeria using a quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group design involving three experimental schools and one control school (N = 91). Students in the experimental schools received structured instructional support across six curriculum topics: Set Theory, Bearing, Construction, Graph, Probability, and Trigonometry. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, paired-sample t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed large and statistically significant achievement gains in two intervention schools—NUD Obantoko (mean gain = 10.00, t = 9.31, p < .001) and Salawu Secondary School (mean gain = 8.35, t = 10.93, p < .001)—while MHS Isolu recorded a smaller non-significant improvement (mean gain = 1.76, p > .05) and the control school showed a decline in performance (mean gain = −1.45). ANOVA results further confirmed a significant difference among schools (F = 31.28, p < .001). The findings demonstrate that gender-responsive instructional strategies significantly enhance mathematics learning outcomes among secondary school girls and support improved participation in STEM pathways.

This quantitative cross-sectional study investigates the psychosocial impact of recurrent pregnancy loss on women and their marital relationships in Ghana. Using a quantitative correlational design grounded in the Biopsychosocial Model of reproductive trauma and Attachment Theory, the study surveyed 220 women aged 22–45 years recruited from three fertility clinics and two teaching hospitals in Accra and Kumasi. Participants included 110 women with a history of two or more consecutive pregnancy losses (RPL group) and 110 women with uncomplicated pregnancy histories (comparison group). Participants completed validated measures including the Perinatal Grief Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Marital Satisfaction Scale, Perceived Social Support Scale, and Coping Self-Efficacy Scale. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that RPL significantly predicted elevated grief (β = .52, p < .001), depression (β = .44, p < .001), and anxiety (β = .41, p < .001) after controlling for age, education, parity, and duration of marriage. Women with RPL reported significantly lower marital satisfaction (β = -.38, p < .001) and higher perceived marital instability (β = .35, p < .001). Social support emerged as a significant moderator, buffering the effects of RPL on psychological distress (interaction β = -.24, p < .01). Coping self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between RPL and depression (indirect effect β = -.19, 95% CI). The full regression models explained 48% of the variance in grief, 41% of the variance in depression, and 39% of the variance in marital dissatisfaction. These findings inform reproductive mental health services, couple-based interventions, and psychosocial support programmes for women experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss in Ghana.

The performance assessment of OTEC heat exchanger has been conducted. The data was sourced from the World Seawater Temperature for the surface sweater temperature and the map of Nigeria coastal depth in order to ascertain the deep seawater temperature. A reference surface seawater temperature of 270C and 60C for colder deep seawater temperature with corresponding pressures of 9.78bar and 6.0bar respectively. Simulations were performed utilizing MATLAB software, with input conditions including seawater surface temperatures, pressures, mass flow rates, and cooling seawater temperatures. The key performance indicators were analyzed as follows: a mass flow rate of 1.694 x 103m3/s, heat rejected at the condenser of
2.01 x103kJ, an evaporator heat transfer area of 2.2702 x 106m2, and 42,412 tubes in the condenser and 70,148 tubes in the evaporator. OTEC systems need an extensive number of long tubes to achieve the necessary heat transfer surface area. These tubes make up some of the largest components of the system. The substantial number of tubes is a direct result of the very small temperature gradients available in the ocean, which necessitate a large heat transfer area to transfer sufficient heat. Consequently, optimizing the LMTD becomes a crucial task for achieving an economically viable OTEC plant and it also recommended that the use of chromium alloys should be employed in the manufacturing of OTEC heat exchanger because of the corrosive nature of ammonia refrigerant commonly used.

The metaverse — an immersive, persistent virtual environment integrating augmented reality, virtual reality, and blockchain technologies — presents transformative possibilities for human resource management across recruitment, onboarding, training, performance management, and employee engagement. This research paper examines the dual landscape of challenges and opportunities arising from metaverse implementation in HR practices within contemporary organizations. Through analysis of secondary data from technology industry reports, HR practitioner publications, academic literature, and organizational case studies spanning 2022 to 2025, the study maps the current state of metaverse adoption in HR contexts, identifies the principal barriers impeding implementation, and evaluates the strategic opportunities available to forward-thinking HR departments. Findings reveal that while metaverse technologies offer unprecedented potential for immersive learning experiences, geographically distributed team collaboration, and data-enriched talent analytics, significant challenges persist around technological infrastructure costs, digital equity, data privacy risks, and workforce readiness. The paper concludes that organizations investing in phased metaverse integration strategies, aligned with robust change management frameworks, are best positioned to derive sustainable competitive advantages from this emerging paradigm shift in human resource practice.

This project presents an advanced AI-powered image editing and analysis platform that seamlessly integrates traditional editing tools with modern intelligent features into a unified and user-friendly system. The application allows users to perform essential image adjustments such as brightness, contrast, saturation, exposure, and color tuning, enabling precise control over image quality. Alongside these basic functionalities, the system offers powerful advanced features such as automatic background removal, which simplifies object isolation, and prompt-based image editing, where users can describe desired modifications using natural language and receive instant, AI-driven results. This significantly reduces manual effort and enhances accessibility for users with different levels of technical expertise.In addition to editing and generation capabilities, the platform incorporates an AI detection module that analyzes uploaded images and provides a percentage-based estimation of whether the content is AI-generated or real. This feature adds an important layer of transparency and helps users assess the authenticity of digital content in an era of increasing AI-generated media. The system is built on a scalable and efficient architecture using REST APIs, which ensure smooth communication between the frontend and backend components. This design enables the platform to handle multiple concurrent user requests while maintaining performance and reliability. Furthermore, the platform emphasizes usability, responsiveness, and real-time processing, offering an interactive editing experience with features such as live previews, edit history tracking, and easy export options. By combining creative editing tools, intelligent automation, and analytical capabilities within a single integrated environment, the project aims to simplify complex image processing tasks, enhance productivity, and provide a comprehensive solution for modern digital image editing and analysis needs.

Because of their function in intercellular communication and potential for regeneration, exosomes have become a promising Nano vesicular system in cosmetic pharmaceutics. These spontaneously occurring extracellular vesicles include lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that have the ability to alter the physiology of the skin. The function of exosomes in anti-aging, skin regeneration, and cosmetic delivery systems is examined in this paper. It also emphasizes advantages over traditional delivery methods, formulation techniques, and modes of action, safety issues, and regulatory obstacles. Cosmeceuticals based on exosomes are a state-of-the-art development with enormous potential for use in skincare products in the future.

The rapid proliferation of digital banking services has significantly increased the volume and velocity of financial transactions, while simultaneously expanding the attack surface for sophisticated fraud schemes. Conventional security mechanisms, predominantly reliant on static authentication techniques, are increasingly inadequate in mitigating evolving and context-aware cyber threats. This study proposes an intelligent, multi-layered fraud prevention framework that integrates Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), behavioural analytics, and machine learning–driven risk assessment to enhance transaction security in dynamic environments. The proposed system employs behavioural profiling techniques to continuously monitor user interaction patterns, including device usage, transaction behaviour, and temporal activity, enabling the detection of deviations indicative of fraudulent intent. A Random Forest–based classification model is utilized to analyse transactional and contextual features, generating a dynamic risk score for each activity. This risk-adaptive approach facilitates real-time decision-making, including step-up authentication or transaction blocking based on the assessed threat level. Additionally, the framework incorporates continuous learning mechanisms to address concept drift and evolving fraud patterns, thereby maintaining model robustness over time. Real-time monitoring and adaptive thresholding contribute to improved detection accuracy while minimizing false positives. The architecture is designed to ensure scalability, operational efficiency, and minimal impact on legitimate user experience. The proposed system demonstrates the effectiveness of combining authentication, behavioural intelligence, and ensemble machine learning techniques in delivering a resilient and practical solution for modern digital banking fraud prevention.

The increasing reliance on email communication in both personal and professional domains has led to a significant rise in phishing attacks, which aim to steal sensitive information such as login credentials and financial data. Traditional rule-based email filtering techniques are no longer sufficient to detect sophisticated phishing attempts that mimic legitimate communications. This project proposes an intelligent phishing email detection system using machine learning techniques to enhance email security.The system analyzes email content, metadata, and embedded links to identify malicious patterns. A Random Forest–based classification model is employed to distinguish between legitimate and phishing emails based on extracted features such as URL characteristics, sender behavior, and textual patterns. The model generates a prediction score indicating the likelihood of phishing.Additionally, the system incorporates feature engineering techniques such as Natural Language Processing (NLP) and URL analysis to improve detection accuracy. Real-time email classification enables immediate identification and prevention of phishing attacks. The proposed solution is scalable, efficient, and adaptable to evolving phishing strategies. This project proposes a machine learning–based phishing email detection system that leverages advanced data analysis techniques to enhance email security. The system utilizes supervised learning algorithms, particularly the Random Forest classifier, to analyze multiple features extracted from email content, metadata, and embedded hyperlinks. Feature engineering techniques such as Natural Language Processing (NLP) are applied to process textual data, identify suspicious keywords, and detect semantic patterns associated with phishing attempts. Additionally, URL-based analysis examines structural characteristics such as domain age, URL length, and the presence of abnormal symbols.The model is trained on labeled datasets containing both phishing and legitimate emails, enabling it to learn complex patterns and relationships within the data. Once trained, the system performs real-time classification of incoming emails, assigning a probability score that indicates the likelihood of phishing. Based on this score, the system can take appropriate actions such as allowing safe emails, issuing warnings, or blocking malicious messages.

The current study examines how soil polluted with nickel and lead affects the growth and seed germination of Coccinia, Mentha, and Trigonella plant species. This was done in a lab setting using a general phytotoxicity test and an evaluation of growth inhibition. The ability of three plant species—Coccinia (Coccinia indica, Cucurbitaceae), Mentha (Mentha viridis, Lamiaceae), and Trigonella (Trigonella foenum-graecum, Fabaceae)—to germinate and survive in a gradient of soil contaminated with heavy metals like lead (Pb) was examined. The technique makes advantage of these plants' seed germination and early seedling growth in the presence of different concentrations of Pb (1 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg). The concentration of these metals, the metal itself, and the type of plant all affected the inhibition they caused. As metal concentrations increased, the species' tolerance index, percentphyto-toxicity, root and shoot lengths, and seed germination all decreased.

A descriptive and factor analysis of awareness among hospital nurses. Hospital amenities provide a ‘Workplace Well-being and Protection’ issue affecting caregivers and patient care quality. Healthcare personnel experience bodily, living, element, and emotional threats while performing their duties, which require knowledge and awareness to manage. Determine the primary component of operating knowledge of workplace health and safety among nurses. Learn about nurses' attitudes toward occupational health and safety. Consider the awareness of workplace well-being and protection among nurses. Create a paradigm for educating nurses about workplace health and safety. It is a quantitative research type, using a descriptive study of the awareness of Workplace Well-being and protection among nurses. Surveys are used to accumulate specific, and truthful evidences that describe a current condition. A comprehensive survey was undertaken of hospitals and nursing in Tamil Nadu. Overall 150 responders were selected among hospitals and nurses in Tamil Nadu. The current study used appropriate primary and secondary data to achieve its objectives. The study found possibilities for improving understanding of ‘Workplace Well-being and Protection threats to promote standards of excellence in the workplace.

In today’s digital learning environment, access to quality education remains unequal due to financial barriers, lack of trust in teaching quality, and limited collaboration among users. SkillSwap is a web-based platform designed to overcome these challenges by introducing a credit-based, contribution-driven model that eliminates the need for monetary payment. Each user receives one bonus learning credit upon registration and can earn additional credits by teaching, mentoring, or supporting the community, ensuring fairness and sustainability. The platform ensures security through mandatory profile photo upload and private data storage for identity verification. Teaching quality is maintained through a structured verification process that includes a micro-exam and a “teach-to-prove” demonstration, allowing only qualified users to teach. A pre-session interaction phase enables learners and teachers to assess compatibility and cancel sessions without losing credits if needed. Learning outcomes are validated through mutual confirmation, feedback-based evaluation, and contribution records rather than traditional attendance tracking. Additionally, AI-assisted mechanisms ensure unbiased matching and continuous quality monitoring without relying on public rating systems. The platform also encourages peer-to-peer learning through group discussions and collaborative sessions. Users can build their profiles by showcasing skills, achievements, and contributions over time. A transparent credit history helps track learning and teaching activities effectively. SkillSwap supports diverse skill domains, making it accessible to users from different backgrounds. It is designed to be scalable and adaptable to growing user needs and technological advancements. Overall, SkillSwap promotes an inclusive, ethical, and collaborative learning ecosystem where knowledge is shared freely, and users grow together through active participation.

The design and evaluation of a herbal mouthwash with antibacterial properties for oral hygiene is the major objective of this study. Natural ingredients with therapeutic qualities, like peppermint, tulsi, neem, and Liquorice, were used to make the mouthwash. The formulation was assessed for organoleptic properties, stability, pH, and appearance. When tested against common oral infections, antimicrobial activity demonstrated effective inhibition. The findings imply that the herbal mouthwash is a cost-effective, safe, and efficient substitute for traditional mouthwashes with chemical bases for enhancing oral health.

Urban life has increasingly led to higher stress levels and emotional issues among people, affecting mental health and overall productivity. This paper presents MindEase — a Multi-Agent Based Autonomous Emotional Wellbeing Companion powered by machine learning — designed to monitor, understand, and support users’ emotional health through real-time interaction and personalized assistance. The system allows users to enter text or voice data reflecting their emotional state, tracks emotional trends over time, and offers proactive coping strategies through a responsive web interface. By leveraging a multi-agent AI architecture comprising emotion detection, trend tracking, recommendation, feedback, and escalation agents, the platform predicts stress patterns and suggests suitable interventions while ensuring safety and ethical standards. The system integrates transformer-based emotion classification using DistilRoBERTa, affinity-based coping strategy recommendation, adaptive feedback learning, and large language model response generation via the Google Gemini API. Results demonstrate accurate real-time emotion detection, reliable crisis safety screening, and contextually aware conversational support, making MindEase a practical, stigma-free approach to preventive mental healthcare.

Ram Rajya, an idea promulgated by Goswami Tulsidas ji envisions a society having the sense of equality, righteousness and harmony The Ramcharitmanas, is a cornerstone of religious and cultural life, offers a detailed portrayal of ideal society i.e. Ram-Rajya.. The aim of this study is to integrate the concepts such as, lord Rama's interaction with Nishad Raaj, Shabari and the government's initiative of ‘Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas'. An analysis of western ideal state and Ram-Rajya will also be conducted. The paper tries to fill a significant gap by offering a unique comparative perspective that bridges the traditional ethical frameworks of the ‘Ramcharitmanas’ with contemporary policy analysis.

The bakery industry in India is rapidly growing, with market competition intensifying as consumer expectations evolve. This study explores how product quality, service quality, and pricing strategies act as determinants of customer purchase intention in the context of OJIN Bakes, a leading regional bakery brand in Calicut, Kerala. Using a descriptive research design, primary data were gathered from 100 customers through structured questionnaires employing convenience sampling. Statistical analysis via percentage analysis revealed that product quality dimensions — including taste (74%), freshness (74%), and ingredient quality (73%) — consistently influence customer purchase decisions. Service quality variables such as staff behaviour (73%), speed of service (73%), cleanliness and hygiene (73%), and overall service quality (73%) further emerged as significant predictors of purchase intention. Pricing was perceived as reasonable by 71% of respondents, indicating price sensitivity among OJIN Bakes' customers. Promotional pricing through discounts and offers also influenced 73% of respondents. These findings confirm that an integrated approach combining product excellence, superior service, and fair pricing is essential for sustaining and growing customer purchase intention in the competitive bakery market. Implications for bakery management, marketing practitioners, and future researchers are discussed.

Driver distraction is a major cause of road accidents and poses a serious threat to road safety. This project presents a deep learning–based system for detecting distracted driver behavior using both images and video inputs captured from a vehicle’s dashboard camera. The system aims to automatically analyze driver actions and classify them as safe or distracted driving behaviors in real time. The proposed approach processes input data by resizing and normalizing images, while video clips are handled by extracting frames at regular intervals using OpenCV. Each frame is preprocessed to match the training conditions before being passed into the model. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is implemented using transfer learning with a pre-trained VGG16 model to improve classification accuracy and reduce training complexity. The model classifies driver behavior into multiple categories such as safe driving, texting, phone usage, drinking, and other distractions. For video-based prediction, frame-wise classifications are aggregated using a majority voting technique to determine the final driver state. The system is integrated into a full-stack web application using Next.js for the frontend and Flask for the backend, enabling users to upload inputs and receive instant predictions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves reliable performance with efficient real-time detection, highlighting its potential for enhancing road safety through intelligent driver monitoring.

Concrete is a primary construction material extensively used in reinforced concrete (RC) beams, which are essential structural elements responsible for load transfer and overall stability. However, the use of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is associated with high energy consumption and significant CO₂ emissions. To address these environmental concerns, alternative cement types such as Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Portland Slag Cement (PSC), and blended cement have been increasingly adopted.This study presents a comparative experimental evaluation of RC beams cast using OPC, PPC, PSC, and blended cement, with emphasis on load–deflection behavior, flexural strength, crack development, and durability performance. The results indicate that OPC beams exhibit higher early strength, while PPC and PSC beams demonstrate improved long-term strength and durability due to pozzolanic and latent hydraulic reactions. Blended cement beams show enhanced overall performance by combining the benefits of multiple supplementary cementitious materials.Furthermore, beams made with PPC, PSC, and blended cement exhibit reduced crack width, improved stiffness, and better resistance to aggressive environmental conditions compared to OPC beams. The incorporation of these alternative cements also leads to reduced permeability and enhanced microstructural properties, contributing to longer service life. Among all the cement types, blended cement demonstrates a balanced and optimized performance in terms of strength, durability, and sustainability. This study highlights the importance of selecting suitable cement types for RC beam applications to achieve improved structural efficiency and reduced environmental impact.

Online auction systems play an important role in modern digital marketplaces by enabling users to buy and sell products through competitive bidding. In traditional auction methods, participation is limited due to physical presence and manual processes, which reduce efficiency and accessibility. With the advancement of web technologies, automated auction platforms have become essential for managing auction activities effectively. This project presents a Web-Based Auction Management System that allows users to register, create auctions, place bids, and monitor auction activities in a structured and transparent manner. The system uses technologies such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, and MySQL to provide a responsive and user-friendly environment. It implements an English Forward Auction mechanism where users compete by placing bids, and the highest bid is automatically selected as the winner at the end of the auction. The platform maintains accurate records of users, auction listings, and bidding history to ensure fairness and reliability. Administrative control is provided to manage users and monitor system activities efficiently. Features such as real-time bid updates, secure authentication, and session management enhance system performance and user experience. By reducing manual effort and improving accessibility, the proposed system provides an efficient and practical solution for managing online auction transactions.

Regularization techniques are fundamental in improving the generalization capability of neural networks by mitigating overfitting. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the impact of different regularization strategies—L1 regularization, L2 regularization, and dropout—on neural network weight distribution and classification performance. A fully connected neural network is trained on the MNIST dataset to evaluate how each technique influences model convergence, accuracy, and internal parameter structure. Experimental results demonstrate that L1 regularization promotes sparsity in weights, L2 regularization stabilizes weight magnitudes, and dropout enhances robustness by reducing neuron co-adaptation. Weight histograms, heatmaps, and confusion matrices are analyzed to provide deeper insight into model behavior beyond traditional performance metrics. The study highlights that understanding weight distribution is crucial for designing efficient and interpretable neural networks.

This study examined the effectiveness of integrating digital multimedia in instruction and its relationship to learners’ reading skills in District VI of the Malaybalay City Division during the School Year 2025–2026. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, it evaluated five instructional aspects: multimedia presentation modality, coherence between visuals and text, pacing and segmentation, alignment of content and images, and the frequency of guided practice sessions. Data were collected from Key Stage 1 teachers through a researcher-developed survey and from learners’ Comprehensive Rapid Literacy Assessment (CRLA) scores, and were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r. Results indicated that teachers perceived the implementation of multimedia integration as very highly effective across all indicators. Despite this, most learners were still classified under the needs practice reading level in the CRLA, suggesting limited fluency and automaticity. The analysis also revealed no significant relationship between the perceived effectiveness of digital multimedia and learners’ actual reading performance. This implies that although multimedia tools can enhance engagement and help manage cognitive load, they do not necessarily lead to improved reading proficiency. The study therefore concludes that digital multimedia serves as a supportive instructional aid, but its impact depends on factors such as learner readiness and proper instructional alignment. It recommends that teachers incorporate explicit teaching strategies and repetitive practice rather than relying solely on technology for engagement, and that school leaders provide professional development on digital pedagogy to help educators effectively use multimedia tools to support the development of foundational reading skills and achieve grade-level reading competence.

This study examined the work-life balance of public elementary school teachers in Kibawe West District through their self-care practices. Specifically, it assessed teachers’ self-care across four dimensions: physical, emotional, psychological/mental, and social, and evaluated their work-life balance in terms of personal well-being, job satisfaction, and professional performance. The study further investigated the relationship between self-care practices and work-life balance and identified which aspects of self-care significantly predict teachers’ work-life balance.
The findings revealed that teachers consistently practice self-care, with overall means of 4.68 for physical, 4.63 for emotional, 4.64 for psychological/mental, and 4.60 for social self-care, demonstrating a strong commitment to holistic well-being. Teachers also exhibited a very high level of work-life balance, with overall means of 4.59 for personal well-being, 4.61 for job satisfaction, and 4.61 for professional performance, indicating their ability to effectively integrate personal and professional responsibilities.
Correlational analysis showed that physical and emotional self-care were not significantly related to work-life balance, whereas psychological/mental self-care and social self-care had significant negative relationships with certain dimensions of work-life balance. Regression analysis confirmed that psychological/mental self-care (β = -0.180, p = 0.013) and social self-care (β = -0.289, p = 0.000) significantly predicted teachers’ work-life balance, accounting for 12.2% of the variance.
The study concludes that while teachers maintain consistent self-care and high work-life balance, certain types of self-care may interact with professional demands in ways that require careful attention. Recommendations were provided for school heads, teachers, students, stakeholders, and policymakers to foster well-being, balance, and effective professional performance.

This study investigated the perceptions of public-school teachers in Impasug-ong District II regarding the Department of Education’s Career Progression Program, with particular emphasis on teachers’ readiness, motivation, and perceived barriers to career advancement. Specifically, the study aimed to describe the teachers’ demographic profile in terms of age, years in service, career stage, and educational qualification; determine their level of readiness, motivation, and perceived barriers; examine differences in perceptions when grouped according to selected profile variables; and analyze the relationships among readiness, motivation, perceived barriers, and overall perceptions of the Career Progression Program. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, data were collected from 108 teacher-respondents through a structured survey questionnaire and analyzed using means, standard deviations, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation.
Results revealed that most respondents were young and early-career teachers, predominantly aged 25–40 years, with 1–10 years of service, and mostly holding Teacher I positions. More than half had earned master’s units or higher, indicating strong graduate-level preparation. Overall, teachers demonstrated positive perceptions of the Career Progression Program, with readiness rated High (M = 4.02), motivation Very High (M = 4.30), and perceived barriers High (M = 3.76). Intrinsic motivators such as personal growth, improved teaching effectiveness, and peer inspiration were the strongest drivers of motivation, while time constraints, distance to universities, and financial costs emerged as primary barriers.

The paper shows a smart hydroponic lettuce growing machine that will be based on the Internet of Things (IoT) architecture, and it will resolve the resource inefficiencies and uncertainty of the traditional soil-based agriculture. The system cultivates lettuce in a nutrient-charged water culture - completely without soil - and makes use of an assortment of internal sensors to keep a steady check on key growth parameters. At its core is an ESP32 microcontroller that gathers measurements of dissolved oxygen readings, electrical conductivity measurements, temperature, and ambient light measurements in real-time. The data obtained is wirelessly sent to the Blynk cloud platform where growers can view, analyze and act on plant data live via a smartphone interface regardless of their location. The automated signals inform users whenever measurements fall within the predetermined safe limits, and physical monitoring is thus eliminated virtually. The closed-loop nutrient delivery system saves water by returning the solution at the end of the growing cycle, which significantly saves water as opposed to the conventional irrigation. The results obtained by the experimenters prove that the yields of lettuce, evenness of growth, and use of resources are significantly increased compared to the manual system of hydroponics. The results locate this IoT-ized system as a real-world, scalable system in precision agriculture and urban food production.

The growing demand for intelligent human–computer interaction has increased interest in systems that can understand human emotions from speech signals. Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) plays a significant role in applications such as virtual assistants, mental health monitoring, and smart communication systems. This project presents an LSTM-based Speech Emotion Recognition system that analyzes acoustic features extracted from speech audio to classify emotional states. The system utilizes audio feature extraction techniques including Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC), Chroma features, and Mel Spectrograms to capture important speech characteristics. A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) deep learning model is used to learn temporal patterns in speech and classify emotions such as happy, sad, angry, calm, neutral, fearful, disgust, and surprised. The model is trained and evaluated using the RAVDESS emotional speech dataset, achieving an accuracy of approximately 80–85%. This system demonstrates an effective and scalable approach for emotion-aware applications in modern artificial intelligence systems.

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has enabled the transformation of traditional campuses into smart, intelligent environments. This paper presents a comprehensive Campus AI system that integrates IoT devices, machine learning algo- rithms, and cloud-based platforms to enhance campus operations, security, and user experience. The proposed system focuses on smart attendance, surveillance, energy management, and predictive analytics. The results demonstrate improved efficiency, automation, and decision-making capabilities.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between teachers' attributes, which encompassed communication skills, classroom management, and teaching attitude, and their productivity in terms of instructional planning, learner achievement and assessment, professional development, and school and community engagement. This study used a descriptive-correlational research design. The subjects were 121 teachers from the Don Carlos District III, Division of Bukidnon, for the School Year 2025-2026. The data gathering tool used was a validated survey questionnaire.
The results showed that the teachers have a very high level of attributes in all the areas studied. It implies that the teachers have high professional qualities, which are important for effective teaching. In addition, the teachers have a very high level of productivity in all the areas studied. It implies that the teachers have the capacity to be productive in all the areas studied. The correlation study showed that there was a positive relationship between the teachers' communication skills, teaching attitude, and their productivity. However, there was no significant relationship between the teachers' classroom management and their productivity.
The study concluded that teachers' attributes play a vital role in enhancing productivity, and teachers' attitude was found to be a significant factor affecting teachers' performance. The study has also emphasized that quality teachers transcend their technical competence, which includes positive professional attributes.
In line with the findings, a recommendation may be made that the attributes of the teachers should be maintained and improved upon, especially communication skills and the attitudes of the teachers. Moreover, collaborative and community-based strategies should be encouraged to sustain a high level of productivity.

Modern high-rise buildings are major consumers of energy, water, and construction materials, making sustainability a critical aspect of their design and operation. This study presents an integrated approach to sustainable design strategies for modern high-rise buildings, focusing on energy efficiency, resource optimization, and environmental performance. The research emphasizes the incorporation of passive design techniques, efficient building systems, water conservation methods, sustainable materials, and renewable energy integration within a unified design framework.
A representative G+10 storey high-rise building model is considered to demonstrate the application of these strategies. The study outlines how building orientation, natural ventilation, daylight utilization, and high-performance building envelopes contribute to reducing energy demand. In addition, advanced HVAC systems, smart energy management, rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling, and the use of eco-friendly materials are integrated to enhance overall building efficiency. Renewable energy systems such as solar photovoltaic panels further support the reduction of dependence on conventional energy sources.
The findings indicate that an integrated design approach can achieve significant reductions in energy consumption, water usage, and carbon emissions while improving indoor environmental quality and occupant comfort. The study highlights that sustainable strategies are most effective when implemented collectively rather than individually. This integrated framework provides practical guidance for architects, engineers, and policymakers in designing energy-efficient, resource-optimized, and environmentally responsible high-rise buildings suitable for modern urban development.

This study examined the impact of awareness of waste management practices on waste management implementation in Delta State, Nigeria. The study was motivated by the persistent challenges associated with poor waste disposal and ineffective waste management systems despite existing policies and institutional frameworks. Anchored on the Environmentally Responsible Behaviour theory, the study specifically investigated the extent to which awareness influences the implementation of waste management practices among residents. A descriptive survey research design was adopted to capture the perceptions and experiences of respondents across selected areas in Delta State. The population of the study comprised 4,098,291 residents of Delta State and 580 staff of the Delta State Waste Management Agency. Using the Taro Yamane formula, a sample size of 290 respondents was determined, while a systematic sampling technique was employed in selecting households. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, and averages were used to summarize the data, while the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMCC) was used to test the hypothesis. The findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between awareness of waste management practices and their implementation in Delta State. This supports earlier studies which identify poor environmental awareness as a major constraint to effective waste management in developing countries. The study concluded that inadequate awareness and environmental education among residents significantly contribute to poor waste management practices, resulting in environmental and health challenges such as indiscriminate waste disposal, drainage blockage, and flooding, particularly in urban centres. Based on the findings, the study recommended intensified public awareness campaigns and environmental education programmes across all local government areas in Delta State. It also emphasized the need for stronger government commitment through adequate funding, effective compliance strategies, and regular waste collection services. Residents are equally encouraged to take responsibility for their waste and comply with established waste management practices.

Relationships between brands and consumers have altered as a result of the digital revolution, necessitating community creation and active engagement. The study looks at how customer engagement is impacted by digital marketing and what strategies and kinds of content are most effective in fostering brand loyalty. The study looks at how consumers perceive brand content on social media, where users actively participate in online communities by leaving comments and interacting with pertinent content. Outside of social media, the study also looks at how email and content marketing sustain customer engagement. Digital technologies are used by brands to tailor experiences according to customer behavior and demographics.

This research paper examines the influence of social media platforms on consumer adoption of green marketing initiatives, addressing a critical gap in understanding how digital environments facilitate the translation of environmental attitudes into actual purchasing behavior. Despite growing consumer awareness of sustainability issues, a persistent attitude-behavior gap continues to challenge green marketing effectiveness. Social media platforms offer unique affordances—visibility, interactivity and social validation—that may bridge this divide.
The rapid proliferation of social media platforms has significantly transformed the landscape of marketing communication, particularly in the context of sustainability and environmentally responsible consumption. This study examines the influence of social media platforms on consumer adoption of green marketing initiatives, with a focus on how digital engagement, content credibility and peer influence shape pro-environmental purchasing behavior. Drawing upon theories of planned behavior, social influence and digital consumer engagement, the research develops a conceptual framework linking social media exposure to consumer awareness, attitudes, trust and ultimately adoption of green products and practices.
The study employs a mixed-method approach, integrating quantitative survey data with qualitative content analysis of leading social media platforms. Empirical findings indicate that interactive and user-generated content significantly enhances consumer awareness and positively influences attitudes toward green products. Additionally, factors such as influencer credibility, electronic word-of-mouth (e WOM) and perceived authenticity of brand communication play a critical role in reducing skepticism associated with green washing. The results further reveal that social media platforms act not only as information dissemination channels but also as participatory ecosystems that foster community-driven sustainability advocacy.

The textile industry is a key contributor to India’s economic growth, exports, and employment. This study examines the export competitiveness of the Indian textile sector over a ten-year period (2014–2023). Using secondary data, the study analyses export performance across major international markets such as the USA, Europe, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and others. Statistical tools including Mean, Coefficient of Variation (CV), and Linear Growth Rate (LGR) are used to evaluate trends, stability, and growth. The findings reveal strong growth in markets like the USA, Bangladesh, and Vietnam, while regions such as the UK and China show declining trends. Product-wise analysis indicates that cotton and synthetic textiles dominate exports, while silk and woollen segments show slower growth. The study concludes that India has strong export potential but must focus on innovation, infrastructure, and market diversification to sustain competitiveness.

This study examines the impact of global gold price volatility on export competitiveness, with a specific focus on the Indian gold industry. Gold, being a significant commodity in international trade, is highly sensitive to fluctuations in global markets, which in turn affects export performance and market stability. The research aims to analyse the relationship between price volatility and the competitiveness of gold exports using appropriate statistical and analytical tools. Furthermore, the study highlights key challenges faced by exporters, such as exchange rate fluctuations, global competition, and changing demand patterns. It also emphasizes the need for effective risk management strategies and policy support to enhance stability and competitiveness in the gold export market. The research contributes to a better understanding of how global economic factors impact the gold industry and provides insights for policymakers, traders, and stakeholders in improving export performance.

The present study investigated the relationship between good governance and employee performance among the Municipal Agriculture Offices. The study focused on sub-dimensions of good governance practices, including transparency, accountability, fairness, and responsibility towards employee performance measures, which assessed task performance, contextual performance, counterproductive work behavior, and adaptive performance. Quantitative-descriptive design was used, and the purposive sampling technique was employed to collect data from Municipal Agriculture Office employees. Descriptive analysis was conducted to assess the level of good governance and employee performance, while Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient was used to identify the relationship between good governance and employee performance. The study showed that good governance practices were commonly practiced in Municipal Agriculture Offices. The good governance indicators that were commonly practiced included responsibility and accountability, next to transparency and fairness. The study concluded that governance practices were greatly inculcated in the operation and practices of the offices. Performance-wise, respondents were shown to have high task performance, contextual performance, and adaptive performance. On the other hand, counterproductive work behaviors were practiced seldom by the respondents. The correlation analysis showed that there was a statistically positive relationship between good governance and employee performance. Responsibility and fairness were found to be the best predictors of good governance and employee performance. The results of this study may suggest that ethical governance practices that are fair and responsible improve and motivate employee performance, resulting in discretionary behavior.

This study examined the relationship between MAPEH teachers’ classroom management practices and student participation among junior high school learners in public secondary schools in District VIII, Division of Valencia City. The investigation was anchored on Marzano’s Classroom Management Theory and the behavioral engagement framework of Fredricks, Blumenfeld, and Paris.
A descriptive–correlational research design was employed to determine the level of classroom management practices and the level of student participation, as well as the relationship between the two variables. The respondents were public secondary school teachers teaching MAPEH in the district, selected through purposive sampling. Data were gathered using an adopted questionnaire measuring five dimensions of classroom management practices, rules and procedures, behavior management, classroom organization and physical arrangement, teacher–student relationships, and motivational strategies, and four indicators of student participation: active involvement, on-task behavior, attendance and preparedness, and cooperative participation. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the levels of the variables, while Pearson’s Product–Moment Correlation was applied to determine the relationship between them.
Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated a high level of classroom management practices and that student participation in MAPEH was generally very high. The analysis further indicated a significant relationship between classroom management practices and student participation, suggesting that well-structured classroom environments contribute to higher levels of learner engagement in performance-based activities. The study highlights the importance of effective classroom management in promoting active participation and meaningful learning experiences in MAPEH classes.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of teachers’ financial literacy, financial management practices, and job engagement, and to explore the interconnections among these dimensions. The research design used for this study is descriptive-correlational. The respondents of this study consisted of 131 teachers from the Integrated Schools in District VI, Division of Valencia City, Bukidnon, during the school year 2025–2026. This study utilized a rigorously validated self-assessment instrument to examine teachers’ levels of financial literacy, financial management practices, and job engagement. Descriptive statistics, including weighted mean and standard deviation, were utilized to determine the levels of the variables, while Pearson’s r was employed to examine the relationships among them.
The findings showed that teachers were very highly literate financially, as well as financially, in terms of attitude and behavior. The level of financial management practices was found to be high, with budgeting identified as the most frequently practiced activity, followed by spending and credit management. Teachers saved for essential needs, and investments were low-risk. Teachers demonstrated a very high level of job engagement, with absorption emerging as the most dominant dimension, followed by vigor and dedication.
Despite this positive outcome, correlation analysis revealed that financial literacy and financial management practices were not significantly correlated with job engagement. It implies that financial capacity does not directly impact the engagement levels of teachers.
It concludes that teachers are financially capable and highly engaged in their work. It is recommended that more attention be given to financial training, workplace systems, and further exploration of other factors that impact teacher engagement.

This research used a quantitative, descriptive-correlational study to evaluate the effects of empowerment strategies on the ways that school leaders in Malaybalay City lead and make decisions. The study evaluated the degree to which the school leaders are implementing various types of empowerment strategies and quantified their leadership behavior and decision-making. This study also examined the relationships between empowerment strategies and leadership and empowerment strategies and decision-making.
Ninety-one (91) school principals participated in this study by purposive sampling. Data were collected using a 90-item Likert scale questionnaire, which has previously been shown to be both valid and reliable. Additionally, ethical standards were followed; all participants voluntarily participated in the study and were assured of confidentiality. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to calculate the levels of the variables, using Pearson’s product-moment correlation to test for relationships among the variables.
The analysis showed that school leaders used a variety of empowerment strategies, and that the two most used strategies were effective management and information sharing. Among the various dimensions of leadership practice (strategic, administrative, collaborative, and instructional), all practice dimensions ranked equally highly, showing overall leadership effectiveness. The results also showed that the school leaders made decisions with high collaboration and reliance upon data, consistent with the goals of their schools/companies. The study revealed a significant relationship between empowerment strategies and leadership, whereas no relationship was found between empowerment strategies and decision-making.

The present study was designed to explore the relationship of proactive personality, 21st century skills, and career decision-making among Senior High School learners. The study employed a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design to answer the research questions.
The respondents of the present study were the Grade 11 and 12 students of the following Senior High Schools in the Division of Valencia City, Bukidnon: Guinuyoran National High School, Immaculate Concepcion High School Inc., and Lourdes Integrated School. The self-assessment survey questionnaire was employed as the research instrument in the present study to gather the necessary information from the respondents. The mean, standard deviation, Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple regression analysis were employed to analyze the gathered data.
The results showed that students generally have a high level of proactive personality, 21st-century skills in terms of critical thinking, collaborating, communicating, and creativity, and their decision-making in terms of vigilance and moderate levels of procrastination and buck-passing. The results also showed that proactive personality and 21st-century skills have significant relationships with the students&#39; decision-making. The results of the regression analysis showed that the variables have significant predictive power in predicting the career decision-making of the respondents.
The study concludes that enhancing proactive personality and 21st-century skills can lead to more effective career decision-making. It is recommended that schools should promote proactive personality and 21st-century skills to support students in making informed decisions in their career.

This study aimed to determine the efficiency of classroom management in reducing Students’ stress. A descriptive correlation design was used in this study. Descriptive designs aimed to describe the current state of the identified variables, whereas correlational designs attempt to use statistical data to determine the magnitude of the relationship between two or more variables. This research was conducted in the selected secondary schools in Impasug-ong Bukidnon. The result revealed that level of preparation needed to do the classroom management to reduce students’ stress in terms of work environment, pupils’ outcome and instructional supervision was categorized as always. Moreover, classroom management that can cause stress to students in terms of class rules, class activities and model behavior was labeled as always. Another result revealed that classroom management variables indicate a moderate positive correlation between the overall level of preparation for classroom management and reducing student stress, and this relationship is statistically significant. So, we reject the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant relationship between the level of preparation needed to do the classroom management to reduce student stress and classroom management that can cause student stress. This suggests that teachers may be given regular training and professional development opportunities to learn effective classroom management techniques. This can include workshops, seminars, and online courses. The training should cover topics such as creating a positive learning environment, managing student behavior, and promoting positive relationships with students. These may improve the level of preparation needed to do the classroom management to reduce students’ stress in terms of work environment, pupils’ outcome and instructional supervision.

Nardostachys jatamansi DC. Is an endangered, primitive and therapeutic herbal agent belonging to family Valerianaceae. The rhizomes of this hairy, perennial, dwarf and herbaceous plant are used for therapeutic effect in Ayurvedic and unani system of medicine. Nardostachys jatamansi has been reported to have many therapeutic activities like antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and cardio protective properties. It is used in the treatment of insomnia and CNS disorders. The vasodilator, bronchodilator, spasmolytic and platelet aggregation inhibition activities of the plant have also been reported. Jatamansone, nardostachone and actinidine are the major secondary metabolites present in the plant.
In light of this, natural substances like Jatamansi offer a safer alternative for beautification. Nardostachys jatamansi, renowned for its extensive health benefits, beauty- enhancing properties, and medicinal applications, has been a cornerstone of the Indian medicinal system for centuries. It is also applied locally in some skin problem by traditional healers in Himalayan region. It has antioxidant property, antifungal as proved by various research articles, ethanolic extract used for making various formulation1.

The construction industry often faces challenges in material tracking and information management due to the use of traditional systems that rely on centralized databases such as Excel sheets and registers. These systems can lead to problems such as lack of transparency, data modification, delays, and trust issues among project stakeholders. To overcome these limitations, integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) with blockchain technology has been proposed as a secure and transparent solution for managing construction data.
The aim of this study is to demonstrate a simple integration of BIM and blockchain for secure material tracking in construction projects. In this project, a building model is created using Autodesk Revit, and a material schedule is generated to extract details such as material ID, name, and quantity. The extracted material information is then stored on a blockchain ledger using a smart contract developed in Solidity and compiled using Remix IDE.
The results of the study show that the material data obtained from the BIM model can be successfully recorded and retrieved from the blockchain ledger. This ensures that the stored information is transparent, traceable, and resistant to unauthorized modification. Therefore, the project demonstrates that integrating BIM with blockchain can improve the security and reliability of material information in construction projects.

Obesity has evolved into a global health epidemic, traditionally monitored through Body Mass Index (BMI). However, BMI functions primarily as a lagging indicator, failing to capture the underlying behavioral precursors that drive weight gain. This research introduces B-ORAF (Behavioral-Obesity Risk Assessment Framework), an intelligent predictive system designed to evaluate obesity risk by quantifying lifestyle patterns. Leveraging a comprehensive dataset of 2,111 records, the study conducts a rigorous comparative evaluation of three distinct supervised learning paradigms: Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Through systematic feature engineering and performance benchmarking, the results reveal that the XGBoost model achieves an optimal classification accuracy of 95.56%, significantly outperforming other ensemble and kernel-based techniques. Crucially, feature importance analysis identifies sedentary technological engagement and dietary frequency as the most significant predictors of risk. By shifting the focus from static physical measurements to dynamic behavioral analytics, this framework offers a robust, non-invasive computational tool for early clinical intervention and the development of personalized preventative healthcare strategies.

Buccal route of drug delivery has significant attention to the systemic circulation through the jugular vein bypassing the first pass hepatic metabolism leading to high bioavailability. Such routes have expanded important notice due to their presystemic metabolism or instability in the acidic environment associated with the oral administration. Lercanidipine can be release and permeated through buccal mucosa rapidly at the first and then continuously for prolonged period. Lercanidipine tablets were prepared by direct compression. HPMC, Carbopol, sodium alginate were used as a release retarding agents in Lercanidipine tablets formulation. Drug content of all formulation was in the range of 98.00 to 100 % which passed the official requirement as per I.P. of all batches of preliminary trial batches was performed. Weight variation indicated that they were in range of official standards and no significant difference between individual weights of tablets from the average value. Dissolution of Lercanidipine tablet was carried out in USP type –II apparatus with some modification. Dissolution data for trial batches 1, 2,3,4,5 shown that drug release were found to be decreased as compared to trial batch 6 containing sodium alginate and HPMC combination. Similarity factor also calculated for batches 1 to 5 were F2 value in the range of 25 to 40% which suggested that there was dissimilarity between theoretical drug release profile and trial batch using different polymer concentration.

This study was conducted to find the relationship between the extent of stakeholders&#39; support and participation in wash-in-school (WINS) implementation and learners’ health status. It applied the descriptive-correlational research design. It was conducted in the public elementary schools in Quezon III District, Division of Bukidnon, School Year 2022-2023.The study&#39;s respondents were all the public-school teachers and parents of the said locale. It is a researcher-made instrument used to gather the needed information. The data were analyzed using statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, frequency count, percentage, and Pearson r Product Moment Correlation Coefficient.
The subsequent research unveiled the following results: There was a High Extent of Wash-In-School (WINS) participation among stakeholders in Kipolot Integrated School. The majority of learners are categorized as Normal in terms of their health status. It suggests that a significant portion of the student population maintains a standard level of health and well-being. There was no significant relationship between the extent of WINS participation among stakeholders in Kipolot Integrated School and learners’ health status.
Considering the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are proposed: Teachers may persist in prioritizing and reinforcing hygiene and sanitation behaviors among learners. Parents should continue fostering and endorsing their children&#39;s health and well-being. Parents must prioritize good habits such as maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and ensuring appropriate relaxation to support their children&#39;s ideal health. Parents are urged to consider other aspects affecting their children&#39;s health and prioritize comprehensive strategies to enhance their children&#39;s overall health and welfare.

FinTech innovations have transformed access to financial services in developing economies, yet their ability to translate digital access into lasting financial resilience among low-income communities remains underexplored. Despite widespread adoption of mobile payments and digital wallets, many households continue to face income volatility, limited savings, and dependence on informal credit. This study investigates how FinTech adoption influences financial inclusion, financial resilience, and sustainable livelihood outcomes. The research adopts a mixed-method design using primary survey data collected from 300 low-income respondents and secondary evidence from policy and institutional reports. Descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and structural equation modeling were applied using SPSS to test the proposed framework. The findings reveal that FinTech adoption significantly enhances financial inclusion, which in turn strengthens households’ capacity to manage economic shocks and stabilize income flows. Financial resilience is identified as a critical mediator linking digital financial access to sustainable livelihood outcomes. The study offers important policy and managerial insights, emphasizing the need for resilience-oriented digital financial products, consumer protection mechanisms, and targeted financial literacy initiatives to ensure that FinTech-driven inclusion supports long-term socio-economic security rather than merely transactional convenience.

Joint pain and stiffness are symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease. The purpose of this study is to create and assess a polyherbal oil for its possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties utilizing Hadjod, Moringa, Gokhru, camphor, and sesame oil. The formulation was created using an infusion technique, and its stability and physicochemical characteristics were assessed. The outcomes showed promising anti-inflammatory action, acceptable features, and good stability. The oil may be a safe and efficient natural treatment for rheumatoid arthritis due to the synergistic impact of the herbal constituents. To validate its clinical efficacy, more research is needed.
The chosen herbal ingredients have strong anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and bone-healing qualities. To maximize the extraction of bioactive components, the oil was prepared using a conventional infusion technique. Sesame oil's excellent stability and skin penetration qualities made it an efficient carrier, while camphor was added to improve penetration and offer a cooling and analgesic effect.

The study investigated the influence of availability and utilisation of library resources and students' academic achievement in English Language in secondary schools in Akwa Ibom State. Four research questions and one hypothesis guided the study. Survey research design was used for the study. The population of the study consisted of all the eleven thousand three hundred and eleven (11,311) Senior Secondary School Two (SS2) students from the two hundred and forty-three (243) public secondary schools in the area under study. A multi-stage procedure including stratified, purposive and simple random sampling technique was used for the study. A structured questionnaire with forty (40) item questions was used for data collection. The instrument was subjected to face validation by three experts in Measurement and Evaluation. A reliability coefficient of 0.78 was obtained using Cronbach alpha reliability test. This showed that the instrument was reliable. Research questions were analyzed using mean and standard deviation while hypothesis was analyzed using Chi-Square Statistics. The findings of the study revealed that library resources were not sufficient in secondary schools; it also revealed that students seldom utilize library resources; more so, the study revealed some of the constraints to library resources; furthermore the study revealed some strategies to improve English Language students' use of school library. Finally, the research hypothesis reveals that students who utilize school library resources performed significantly better than those who do not. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that library resources should be provided in school libraries, and qualified librarians should be employed to manage school libraries.

Adolescence is a critical developmental period during which foundational beliefs about marriage, intimacy, and relational norms are formed. For adolescents who witness marital abuse, whether physical, psychological, or emotional, the imprint of that exposure can persist into adulthood, shaping attitudes towards romantic relationships in profound and often damaging ways. Yet the specific mechanisms by which adolescent exposure to marital abuse translates into adult relational attitudes remain underexplored in qualitative literature. This phenomenological study investigates the lived experiences of adults who were exposed to marital abuse during their adolescent years and explores how those experiences have shaped their current attitudes towards marriage and intimate relationships. Using a qualitative phenomenological design grounded in an interpretive philosophical approach, the study draws on Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977) and Attachment Theory (Bowlby, 1969). Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 22 adults aged 24 to 41 years who reported witnessing sustained marital abuse between their parents or parental figures during their adolescence (ages 13-19). Participants were recruited through community mental health centres, social media support groups, and snowball sampling across the United Kingdom. All participants were not currently living with their parents and had been in at least one serious intimate relationship as an adult. Thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke (2006) revealed six major themes: (1) normalisation of abuse as a relational script, (2) hypervigilance and the constant scanning for relational threat, (3) commitment ambivalence and the fear of marital entrapment, (4) exaggerated communication sensitivity and the catastrophic interpretation of conflict, (5) intergenerational rupture and the conscious rejection of parental modelling, and (6) fragile hope and the slow construction of alternative relational blueprints. Direct quotations from participants illuminate the lived reality of those carrying adolescent wounds into adult intimate spaces. The findings inform trauma-informed relationship education, therapeutic interventions for adult children of abusive marriages, and preventive programmes for adolescents currently exposed to marital abuse.

This quantitative correlational study investigates the relationship between cultural factors (shame avoidance, community rejection, and masculine identity threat) and economic factors (employment status, income level, housing affordability, and immigration-related work restrictions) and the duration and severity of homelessness among previously married African men in the United Kingdom. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 210 African-born men currently experiencing homelessness or homeless within the past 12 months following marital dissolution. Participants were recruited from homeless shelters, day centres, and community organisations across London, Birmingham, and Manchester. Validated instruments measured cultural stigma, social support loss, economic marginalisation, and homelessness chronicity. Multiple linear regression and binary logistic regression were employed to test hypothesised relationships. Results indicated that shame avoidance (β = 0.41, p < .001), loss of community-based social support (β = 0.38, p < .001), unemployment (β = 0.44, p < .001), and immigration-related work restrictions (OR = 3.87, p < .01) were the strongest independent predictors of homelessness duration and severity. Cultural factors collectively explained 34% of the variance in homelessness duration, while economic factors explained 41%. The combined model explained 58% of the variance, F(8, 201) = 34.72, p < .001, R² = 0.58. These findings provide the first quantitative evidence that both cultural and economic mechanisms operate independently and additively to prolong homelessness among this population. Implications for targeted interventions, housing policy, and culturally competent service design are discussed.

This study utilized the descriptive–correlational research design. The descriptive method was used to determine the level of implementation of gamified teaching strategies in Values Education in terms of game mechanics, game dynamics, and game-based instructional design, as well as the level of student behavior in terms of moral and ethical reasoning, social behavior and cooperation, and self-regulation and responsibility. The correlational method was applied to examine the significant relationship between gamified teaching strategies and student behavior in Values Education.
The following findings were revealed in this study: The level of implementation of gamified teaching strategies was high, with game mechanics obtaining the highest level among the three dimensions. Game-based instructional design and game dynamics were also highly implemented, indicating that gamification is widely used to enhance student engagement in Values Education. In terms of student behavior, the results showed a very high level, particularly in self-regulation and responsibility, followed by social behavior and cooperation, and moral and ethical reasoning.
Furthermore, the relationship between gamified teaching strategies and student behavior was found to be statistically significant. Game mechanics, game dynamics, and game-based instructional design all demonstrated strong positive correlations with student engagement and behavior. Therefore, the null hypothesis stating that there is no significant relationship between gamified teaching strategies and student behavior in Values Education was rejected.
Finally, the findings indicate that gamified teaching strategies play a significant role in enhancing student engagement and promoting positive behavior in Values Education. The integration of game-based elements such as rewards, collaboration, and interactive activities contributes to improved moral reasoning, social interaction, and self-discipline among students. It can be concluded that the use of gamification in Values Education is an effective pedagogical approach in fostering both active learning and character development among learners.

This study looked at how students&#39; study habits affect their performance in Araling Panlipunan during the 2023-2024 school year. We surveyed 100 Grade V students from Don Carlos Central Elementary School. We checked their gender, their parents&#39; education, family finances, and home study resources. We also looked at how they manage time, do assignments, review lessons, and study new material. We measured their academic success in Araling Panlipunan and studied if their study habits affected this success.
We found that managing time, completing assignments, and studying new material before it&#39;s taught had a negative impact on academic success. However, reviewing past lessons had a positive effect. Despite these findings, we didn&#39;t find a significant link between these study habits and academic success. This means that our initial idea, called the null hypothesis, was confirmed: study habits didn&#39;t strongly affect academic achievement.

Youtube as a Learning tool in teaching social studies and learners level of engagement, this would likely discuss how Youtube is utilized in social studies and the impact on students engagement. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of youtube as a Learning Tool in Teaching Social Studies and the learners level engagement for School Year 2023- 2024. This study utilized descriptive research. One hundred fourty five Grade V and Grade VI Learners’ randomly chosen from Bocboc Central Elementary School were the respondents of this study. This study focused in determining as to what is the effectiveness of Youtube in Teaching Social Studies and as to the level of learners engagement n learning social studies using Youtube in teaching, and to the relationship between the effectiveness of youtube in teaching social studies and the learners level of engagement in learning social studies using youtube in teaching.
This study showed that to the effectiveness of Youtube in teaching Social Studies, the videos provide students with reference materials to review concepts, theories’, and procedures can be affective tool. It engages students regardless of their study habits and preferences. And as the level of engagement in learning social studies using Youtube in teaching can engage more in learning if Youtube is often use.

This study examined the Teacher’s Profile and Their Competencies on Dealing Bullying Cases to the teachers of Don Carlos Central Elementary School, 2023- 2024. A total of 82 teachers from kindergarten to Grade 6 including Special Education and Alternative Learning System teachers. The descriptive correlational method of research was utilized in treating the data to answer the specific problems. The data gathered the scores of teacher’s profiles in terms of gender, age, highest educational attainment, teaching position, and length of service. The study also measured the teachers’ competencies in terms of Knowledge-Based Competencies and Questions; Skill-Based Competencies and Questions; Skills to Assess and Respond to Bullying; Skills to Support the Victim; and Skills to Seek Additional Help. Furthermore, it assessed the significant differences in the teachers’ competencies in dealing with bullying cases when grouped according to profile.

The study aimed to determine the extent of information and communication technology skills of Araling Panlipunan teachers and their relationship to their performance specifically the Grade 6 teachers of Division of Malaybalay City.The researchers used complete enumeration and a adopted questionnaire was utilized to measure the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills in the areas of word processing/excel, PowerPoint ,Search Engines and Internet .The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation. The study found that Araling Panlipunan teachers posess high mean scores across various ICT skill indicators, including proficiency in Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, search engines, and general internet use, indicate that Araling Panlipunan teachers possess a very high level of ICT skills Moreover, the teachers' teaching performance is outstanding level, This information highlights that Araling Panlipunan Teachers are well-equipped, holding the essential knowledge and skills to teach effectively. Overall, there is a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.199, p – value = .029) between the overall extent of ICT skills and job performance among Araling Panlipunan teachers. The findings can be used to guide educators in implementing regular evaluations of ICT competencies and integrating these assessments into personal development plans can help identify areas for improvement and track progress over time. This approach not only supports teachers in their professional growth but also contributes to a dynamic and innovative educational environment that meets the needs of today's learners.

Digital technology has grown quickly, changing the accounting profession in a big way. Cloud-based, automated solutions that use analytics have taken the place of traditional manual tasks. This study examines the rise of technology adaptation as a vital competitive advantage in modern accounting, revolutionizing essential accounting functions, enhancing precision and efficiency, enabling real-time decision-making, and allowing businesses to respond more effectively to evolving market dynamics. The paper recognizes the operational and human challenges of digital transformation, highlighting the influence of analytics, automation, and cloud technology on accounting practices. The study utilized both primary and secondary data within a descriptive research framework. Secondary data was sourced from academic journals, research articles, and reputable online publications to augment the theoretical framework, while primary data was collected independently through a structured questionnaire to guarantee originality and reliability. We used statistical methods like regression and ANOVA to look at the link between demographic factors like age, gender, and income and knowledge of technology use in accounting. The empirical results indicate that awareness levels and demographic characteristics exhibit a negligible and statistically insignificant correlation. The regression model elucidates only a negligible fraction of the variation in awareness, and neither the comprehensive model nor any specific variables achieve statistical significance. Consequently, the null hypothesis is accepted, indicating that awareness of technology use in accounting is not significantly affected by age, gender, or income. These results challenge the prevalent notion that demographic factors significantly affect technological proficiency. The findings of the study indicate that professional exposure, skill enhancement, organizational support, and training opportunities have a more significant correlation with knowledge and readiness for technology application in accounting than demographic variables. This study underscores that technology adaptation is a strategic necessity rather than merely an enhancement, integrating principles from prior research with empirical evidence. Companies that wait too long to use digital tools risk losing their efficiency and usefulness. Companies that use digital tools without enough training risk only using them superficially, even though these tools give them a big edge over their competitors. The report stresses the need for a balanced approach that combines new technology with the growth of human capital to keep the accounting industry competitive in the long run.

This study explores the impact of a 6-week upper-body resistance training program on sport-specific power performance in collegiate basketball guards, measured through chest pass distance. Thirty male athletes aged 18–22 were randomly assigned to an experimental group, which followed a progressive resistance training protocol, or a control group, which maintained their standard practice routines. The medicine ball chest pass test was administered before and after the intervention to assess upper-body explosive strength. The experimental group engaged in focused upper-body training targeting the chest, shoulders, and triceps three times weekly. Paired samples t-test analysis indicated significant gains in chest pass performance within the experimental group, while the control group showed negligible improvement. Furthermore, independent t-test analysis demonstrated a clear post-intervention advantage in favour of the trained group. These results highlight the effectiveness of short-term, targeted resistance training in enhancing basketball-specific upper-body power. The findings support the integration of structured strength programs into performance development strategies for guards. Future studies are encouraged to examine longer durations, alternative training modalities, and the combined effects of resistance and plyometric exercises.

Background: Competitive basketball demands not only technical proficiency but also superior playing ability and effective psychological coping strategies. Sports imagery training has been established as a valuable mental skills intervention that may augment both physical performance and psychological resilience. This study investigates the effect of specific skill training with and without sports imagery on playing ability and coping strategies among college men basketball players.
Objectives: To assess whether combining specific skill training with sports imagery training produces significantly greater improvements in overall playing ability, problem-focused coping, and emotion-focused coping compared to skill training alone and a control condition.
Methods: Sixty male college basketball players (aged 18–24 years) were randomly assigned to three equal groups: Group A – Specific Skill Training (n=20), Group B – Specific Skill Training with Sports Imagery Training (n=20), and Group C – Control (n=20). A 12-week intervention with five sessions per week was implemented. Playing ability was assessed using a standardised Basketball Playing Ability Scale. Coping strategies were measured using the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) subscales. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Scheffé post hoc test at p<0.05.
Results: Significant improvements were observed in playing ability, problem-focused coping, and emotion-focused coping for Groups A and B. Group B demonstrated significantly superior gains across all three variables (p<0.001). Scheffé post hoc analysis confirmed significant pairwise differences between all group combinations. The Control Group showed no significant change.
Conclusion: Sports imagery training combined with specific skill training significantly enhances basketball playing ability and psychological coping strategies. These findings advocate for the systematic inclusion of structured imagery protocols within collegiate basketball training curricula.

In the current competitive environment, human resources are a necessary asset for enhancing corporate performance. To outperform their rivals and increase productivity, firms must work to implement cutting-edge HR strategies. HRM will soon shift from traditional HR approaches to more sophisticated ones involving automation, augmented intelligence, robots, and artificial intelligence. It has been demonstrated that AI can change our lives. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the power to fundamentally change the way we live and work, from the automation of repetitive and time-consuming jobs to the enhancement and amplification of human capabilities. For HR, this is not just a chance but also a pressing need to change and grow. In order to create a straightforward and user-friendly work environment, HR professionals today are more focused on maximizing the blend of human and automated work. They have ample time to implement the improved staff performance. The true problem now lies with the corresponding HR department in how they will train and re-transform their staff in understanding AI and collaborating and working with AI and robotics in order to compete with AI and advanced robots.

Human resources will be forced to labour under more stressful situations unless and until the organization delivers the best HRMP to its employees, resulting in poor performance and job satisfaction. This research investigates the impact of human resource management practices on employee performance and job satisfaction. A standardized questionnaire was used to interview 229 volunteers from various organizations. The topic is investigated using chi square in this research. The results demonstrate that a variety of dependent factors, such as age, education, and current work experience, have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between HRM practices and employee performance. When mediation is employed, job satisfaction is unrelated to HR management practices.

Performance appraisal is a strategic component in any assessment of the conditions required for an organization to grow and survive. It is thought that both the organization and the individual need to be aware of how well actual performance is assisting in the fulfillment of the staffing plan, job plans, and, eventually, the organization's overall strategic plan. The individual employee also needs feedback regarding the development of his or her own goals and the management's expectations for increased productivity. An employee's performance is evaluated formally and methodically in order to ascertain how well the person is carrying out their duties. Typically, it is made according to a set schedule at predetermined intervals, such as quarterly, twice a year, or annually. Every employee has at some point requested an evaluation of his performance while working and, if needed, guidelines or advice on how to increase his productivity from his immediate boss or, more importantly, his employer.

This study explores a comparative analysis of Immanuel Kant’s moral philosophy and M.N. Roy’s Radical Humanism. It critically examines the possibility of establishing morality independently of theological or metaphysical foundations. Traditionally, moral systems are often seen as closely intertwined with religious doctrines, with moral authority deriving from divine commands. Kant grounds morality in rational autonomy and categorical imperatives; consequently, he partially disengages ethics from religion. However, Kant’s postulates regarding God and immortality—posited as necessary for the attainment of the Highest Good- reveal an underlying reliance on transcendental concepts.
In contrast, M.N. Roy presents a completely secular and anthropocentric ethical framework. Radical Humanism rejects all forms of supernatural authority, asserting that morality stems from human reason, freedom, and social experience. This study argues that Roy’s philosophy represents a significant advancement over Kant’s project by fully realising the secularization of ethics.
In conclusion, this paper demonstrates that it is indeed possible to sustain morality without recourse to God. Thus, in a pluralistic and modern world, reason, autonomy, and human responsibility constitute a sufficient foundation for an ethical life.

Plant health deterioration is often first visible through leaf abnormalities, which signal the onset of disease, pest infestation, or environmental damage, all of which negatively influence crop productivity and output quality. Relying on human visual inspection to identify such abnormalities is not only labor-intensive but also highly inconsistent and unsuitable for deployment at an agricultural scale. Digital image processing-based automation presents a viable, repeatable, and scalable pathway for early-stage leaf defect identification.
This work conducts a systematic comparative evaluation of leaf defect detection approaches, contrasting classical image processing pipelines with modern deep learning architectures. The experimental framework encompasses image acquisition, preprocessing, region segmentation, descriptor extraction, and classification. Traditional classifiers including k-Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest are benchmarked against convolutional neural network architectures and transfer learning variants.
Findings reveal that traditional methods yield acceptable results on small, well- controlled image collections, whereas deep learning architectures substantially outperform them in accuracy and generalizability across diverse scenarios. The study underscores the practical advantages of neural network-based classifiers for real-world agricultural deployment.

This study examines the impact of experiential learning on the learning achievement and retention of Grade 9 students of Valencia National High School in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Experiential learning, which emphasizes learning through direct experience, active participation, and reflection, was utilized as a teaching approach to enhance students’ understanding of ICT concepts and skills. The students were exposed to hands-on activities, real-world tasks, and collaborative projects that allowed them to apply theoretical knowledge in practical situations.
A quasi-experimental research design was employed, comparing the performance of students exposed to experiential learning with those taught using traditional instructional methods. Data were gathered through pre-tests and post-tests to measure learning achievement, as well as retention tests administered after a specific period to assess long-term knowledge retention.
The findings revealed that Grade 9 students who engaged in experiential learning demonstrated significantly higher learning achievement and better retention compared to those who experienced conventional teaching methods. The results indicate that experiential learning enhances student engagement, critical thinking, and the ability to retain ICT concepts over time.
Based on the findings, it is recommended that educators in Valencia National High School integrate experiential learning strategies into ICT instruction to improve students’ academic performance and long-term retention of knowledge. Further research may be conducted to explore its effectiveness in other subject areas and grade levels.

This study deals with the role of good governance in enhancing educational service delivery: A study of the public school system in Valencia City Division, specifically characterized by transparency, accountability, participation, and efficiency, is pivotal in optimizing public service delivery, particularly in education. The researcher conducted his study in Valencia City Division. The participants of the study were the 20 School Principals/School heads, 25 Assistant Principals, and 55 School Department heads for the school year 2025-2026. Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where the researcher chooses participants based on the researcher's judgment.
Through a qualitative research approach, data were collected through survey questionnaires and documentation analysis to explore the diverse methods utilized by principals/school heads, assistant principals, and department heads in the school setting. This study investigates the influence of good governance principles on educational service delivery within the public school system of Valencia City Division. The first part of the questionnaire included a demographic profile of the participants, and the second part was the survey questionnaire.
The researcher used descriptive statistical tools such as tally, mean, and proportions (R) to interpret the data gathered by the researcher. The findings reveal the various pedagogical roles of good governance in educational service delivery utilized by the school principal/school head, assistant principal, and department head to exercise governance. The implications of the study provide insights into effective good governance in enhancing educational service delivery that can benefit the school principal, assistant principal, department head, and the school as a whole.

This paper presents an innovative approach to a travel finding application that can help you to find a travel buddy for your similar journey. Our objective is to establish a connection between individuals and the undiscovered areas of our nation, there by rising awareness about the true essence of India. This endeavor will indirectly contribute to the upliftment and development. It is an application that can be a combination of different type of technologies or tools that can be node.js, MongoDB, Power BI, Excel Sheet, Html, CSS kind parts of MERN Stack development tool. React for cross platform web application and for backend services. Keys –Travel buddy application is a travel recommendation system that helps you to find good travel place for the journey to personalized their favourable place guide budget friendly trip for all who want to travel with their travel buddy todays the travel is not hard due to a large or huge amount of technologies that can helps us to travel into a perfect scenario of time oriented manner to complete a trip into a budget friendly manner also these tools or technologies can help us to gain a good trip experiences by the methodologies.

Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity among under-five children, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Rotavirus is a major etiological agent of severe childhood diarrhea. Nigeria introduced the rotavirus vaccine into its routine immunization schedule in 2022; however, evidence on its impact at sub-national levels remains limited. This study assessed the impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on diarrhea cases and diarrhea-related hospitalizations among under-five children in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. Methods: A retrospective before-and-after study design was employed using routine health facility data from selected public health facilities in the FCT, Abuja. Aggregate data on under-five outpatient diarrhea cases and diarrhea-related hospitalizations were extracted for the pre-introduction period (January 2020–December 2021) and the post-introduction period (January 2023–December 2024). Mean cases and hospitalizations were compared between periods using independent sample t-tests, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean number of under-five diarrhea cases declined from 142.6 (SD ± 28.4) in the pre-introduction period to 91.3 (SD ± 22.7) in the post-introduction period, representing a statistically significant reduction (t = 6.41, p < 0.001). Similarly, mean diarrhea-related hospitalizations decreased significantly from 58.2 (SD ± 14.1) before vaccine introduction to 32.7 (SD ± 10.5) afterward (t = 7.02, p < 0.001).

Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a highly invasive and noxious weed that poses serious threats to agriculture, ecosystems, and human and animal health. Environmentally sustainable alternatives to chemical herbicides are urgently needed for its management. This study evaluated the bioherbicidal potential of Myrothecium roridum FGCCW#03 against P. hysterophorus under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Cell-free culture filtrates and spore suspensions caused dose-dependent inhibition of seed germination, chlorosis, necrosis, wilting, and seedling mortality. Complete germination inhibition and up to 100% mortality were observed at higher concentrations of the culture filtrate. The results indicate that M. roridum FGCCW#03 produces potent phytotoxic metabolites and represents a promising candidate for development as a rapid-acting, eco-friendly mycoherbicide for sustainable management of P. hysterophorus.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) represent a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture owing to their pivotal role in enhancing plant nutrient acquisition, improving tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and maintaining soil ecological balance. Despite their well-established agronomic benefits, large-scale commercial production of AMF inoculants remains constrained by intrinsic biological limitations, particularly their obligate symbiotic nature, as well as technological and regulatory challenges. Recent advances have significantly improved production efficiency through the development of substrate-based cultivation systems, in vitro root organ culture (ROC), and emerging bioreactor-assisted technologies, enabling enhanced inoculum quality and scalability. Concurrently, innovations in formulation strategies, including carrier optimization and the development of multi-microbial consortia, have contributed to improved shelf life, stability, and field performance. However, challenges related to product standardization, variability in field efficacy, and regulatory inconsistencies continue to limit widespread commercialization. This review critically evaluates recent developments (2024–2025) in AMF production technologies, identifies key constraints, and highlights future opportunities for improving production efficiency, formulation strategies, and application practices. Addressing these challenges will be essential for realizing the full potential of AMF as next-generation biofertilizers in sustainable and climate-resilient agricultural systems.

The rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels has become a major environmental concern, necessitating the development of innovative and sustainable chemical solutions. Among emerging materials, nitrogen–sulfur-based organometallic heterocycles have gained attention due to their unique structural, electronic, and catalytic properties. These compounds offer promising applications in carbon capture, reduction, and transformation processes. This study presents an integrated framework combining multi-modal analytical chemistry, green synthesis methodologies, and bioassessment strategies to develop eco-efficient organometallic systems.
Green synthesis approaches are employed to minimize environmental impact by reducing hazardous reagents, energy consumption, and waste generation. Multi-modal analytical techniques, including spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrochemical analysis, are utilized to characterize structural and functional properties. Bioassessment studies evaluate toxicity, biodegradability, and ecological compatibility to ensure sustainability.
The results indicate that nitrogen–sulfur organometallic heterocycles exhibit excellent catalytic performance and environmental safety, making them suitable for carbon-neutral technologies. This research demonstrates the importance of integrating analytical chemistry, sustainable synthesis, and environmental evaluation in designing advanced materials for climate mitigation.

This study explored the lived experiences, subjective meanings, and unique perspectives of parent-recipients regarding the impact of government-initiated programs on family economic status alleviation in Sumilao District, Bukidnon, during the school year 2025-2026. Utilizing a qualitative phenomenological research design, the study analyzed the voices of 15 purposively selected parent-recipients of the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program to understand the shifts in their economic status and the realizations achieved through program participation. Findings reveal that the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) program serves as a transformative and providential lifeline, transitioning marginalized families from debt-heavy "survival scrounging" to a structured state of staple security and educational hope. Beyond financial relief, the program functions as a socio-economic mechanism that shifts families from reactive survival to proactive household management by fostering empowered parenting, social responsibility, and institutional trust through efficient delivery systems. The study concludes that 4Ps is a vital psychological and economic stabilizer rather than a mere subsidy. It demonstrates that direct social interventions are fundamental in converting immediate relief into long-term resilience, emphasizing that behavioral and cognitive growth are as critical as monetary aid. Recommendations include advising parents to treat grants as strategic investments in education and nutrition to break debt cycles. Furthermore, it is recommended that the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) institutionalize advanced Family Development Sessions focusing on financial literacy and mental health to sustain the transition from survival to self-sufficiency.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the "No Read, No Move" (NRNM) policy in enhancing learners' literacy skills in the Sumilao District, Division of Bukidnon, for the School Year 2025–2026. Utilizing an adapted survey-questionnaire and descriptive-correlational research design, the study assessed five dimensions: policy implementation fidelity, teacher monitoring and support, student reading practice frequency, parental involvement, and access to reading materials. Data from 163 learners and their respective educators were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r. Findings revealed a very high level of policy effectiveness across all dimensions, indicating that the administrative and instructional frameworks are robustly operationalized. However, the assessment of reading levels showed that the majority of learners are at the instructional level, requiring significant teacher scaffolding. Notably, the study found no significant relationship between the level of policy effectiveness and the learners' actual reading levels. This suggests that while structural and administrative compliance is high, it has not yet translated into immediate measurable gains in reading proficiency within the current academic cycle. The study concludes that the NRNM policy currently functions more as a diagnostic framework than a direct driver of proficiency. Recommendations include shifting teacher focus from administrative compliance to specialized pedagogical mastery, encouraging parents to move from policy awareness to active home-based paired reading, and urging school heads to prioritize qualitative instructional coaching over checklist fidelity to bridge the gap between policy implementation and literacy outcomes.

This study examines the impact of experiential learning on the learning achievement and retention of Grade 9 students of Valencia National High School in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Experiential learning, which emphasizes learning through direct experience, active participation, and reflection, was utilized as a teaching approach to enhance students’ understanding of ICT concepts and skills. The students were exposed to hands-on activities, real-world tasks, and collaborative projects that allowed them to apply theoretical knowledge in practical situations. A quasi-experimental research design was employed, comparing the performance of students exposed to experiential learning with those taught using traditional instructional methods. Data were gathered through pre-tests and post-tests to measure learning achievement, as well as retention tests administered after a specific period to assess long-term knowledge retention.
The findings revealed that Grade 9 students who engaged in experiential learning demonstrated significantly higher learning achievement and better retention compared to those who experienced conventional teaching methods. The results indicate that experiential learning enhances student engagement, critical thinking, and the ability to retain ICT concepts over time.
Based on the findings, it is recommended that educators in Valencia National High School integrate experiential learning strategies into ICT instruction to improve students’ academic performance and long-term retention of knowledge. Further research may be conducted to explore its effectiveness in other subject areas and grade levels.

This study assessed the impact of educational poster integration on the reading speed and comprehension of Key Stage 1 learners in Impasugong I District, Division of Bukidnon, during the 2025-2026 school year. Utilizing a descriptive-correlational design with a self-developed survey instrument, data from Key Stage 1 teachers were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r. Findings revealed a very high level of poster integration across all domains, including curriculum alignment, accessibility, and teacher modeling. While most learners are currently at a transitioning literacy level, a significant positive relationship, which is the use of educational poster integration, helps in the learners’ literacy, was established between poster integration and literacy proficiency, confirming that these visual scaffolds are primary drivers of reading success. The study concludes that posters are indispensable cognitive tools that bridge the gap between decoding and comprehension. Recommendations include institutionalizing visual scaffolding standards and evolving poster content to include higher-order comprehension prompts to support learners in moving beyond foundational skills.

This study aims to examine the relationship between the implementation of inclusive education and learners' academic performance in private schools in the city of Malaybalay, Bukidnon, for the school year 2025-2026. Despite government support through the enforcement of inclusive education policies, the academic success of students with Diverse Learning Needs largely depends on the effectiveness of differentiated teaching strategies, the availability of resources, collaboration, curriculum modification, and administrative support. Drawing on the theories of Garry Lindsay and Albert Bandura, this study employs a descriptive-correlational design to assess the impact of inclusive education strategies on students' academic performance. The findings revealed a very satisfactory level of implementation across all indicators, and learners demonstrated high academic performance. Moreover, a significant relationship was found between the level of inclusive education implementation and learning outcomes, confirming that institutional support positively influences academic achievement. The study reveals that strong inclusive frameworks can significantly improve outcomes for diverse learners. For instance, to sustain this progress, the principal may consider investing in additional teacher training; teachers may engage in further learning and peer mentoring; and parents may encourage learning at home and communicate regularly with the school. This can help learners achieve top performance levels.

This study aimed to assess the digital pedagogical skills of teachers and the effectiveness of lesson delivery. This study used a descriptive correlational research design to examine the relationship between teachers’ digital pedagogical skills and effectiveness in delivering lessons in Kadingilan 1 District. The findings revealed that teachers possess a high level of digital pedagogical skills in terms of digital content creation, use of educational technology tools, and assessment of digital learning in teaching Social Studies. The results also showed that the level of effectiveness of lesson delivery as perceived by teachers is at a very high level. The study further revealed a significant relationship between teachers’ digital pedagogical skills and the effectiveness of lesson delivery, indicating that higher levels of digital competence are associated with more effective teaching performance. This means that teachers who are skilled in creating digital content, utilizing educational technology tools, and implementing digital assessments are more likely to deliver engaging, organized, and responsive lessons. Their ability to strategically integrate technology into instruction strengthens classroom interaction, improves assessment practices, and enables data-driven instructional adjustments. Consequently, enhancing teachers’ digital pedagogical skills can significantly contribute to improving the overall quality and effectiveness of lesson delivery in Social Studies. These suggest that teachers may continue to enhance their digital pedagogical skills through targeted professional development, workshops, and hands-on training focused on advanced content creation, interactive technologies, and innovative assessment strategies. Schools may also provide access to updated digital tools, resources, and support systems to enable teachers to experiment with new instructional methods. Teachers maintain and further enhance their effective lesson delivery by continuously updating their teaching strategies and integrating innovative digital resources.

This study examined how the demographic profiles of barangay health workers (BHWs) influence their level of satisfaction with programs and services they deliver in Valencia City, Bukidnon. Using a descriptive-correlational design, data were gathered from BHWs across four barangays—Poblacion, Batangan, Lumbo, and Bagontaas—to assess satisfaction on financial assistance, family planning, environmental sanitation, and maternal check-ups. Respondents, exclusively female, ranged from 18 to 45 years and mostly had over 31 years of service. They represented diverse civil statuses, educational levels, and family incomes. Findings revealed a moderate level of satisfaction across all service areas. Importantly, there was no significant difference in satisfaction when groups were based on age, years of service, or educational attainment, indicating that demographic factors did not significantly affect satisfaction levels. This suggests intrinsic motivation and job fulfillment likely play stronger roles in driving BHWs’ effectiveness than personal demographics. The results highlight the need for enhanced incentives and support measures to improve satisfaction beyond the moderate level. Recommendations include encouraging active collaboration between residents and BHWs, improved information dissemination, and full implementation of Republic Act 7883 incentives such as standardized honoraria and hazard pay. Facilitating regular training, health insurance integration, and recognition summits can sustain motivation among this committed workforce. Future research should consider longitudinal and qualitative approaches to explore motivational factors and monitor satisfaction changes post-policy reforms, potentially broadening the understanding of how to optimize BHW performance for improved community health outcomes.

The main objective of the study was to describe the personal qualities of elementary school teachers; determine the professional qualities of elementary school teachers and to examine the significant relationship between the personal and professional qualities of elementary school teachers.
The respondents of the study were the 100 elementary school teachers in District 2, Division of Malaybalay City, School Year 2025-2026. Total enumeration sampling was employed in this study. The survey questionnaire for learning action cell implementation and the professional qualities of elementary school teachers was adapted from Cubero (2022). Data were analyzed quantitatively to ensure objectivity and accuracy of results.
The findings show that elementary school teachers exhibit exemplary personal qualities across all measured dimensions, particularly in punctuality, values formation, respectful use of humor, and patient support to learners. While still rated exemplary, relatively lower indicators involved fairness and consistency, risk-taking to motivate learners, and applying humor or patience in complex situations. Overall, the results indicate strong personal commitment and interpersonal competence, with opportunities for continuous growth in innovative and resilient classroom practices.
Teachers also demonstrated exemplary professional qualities in terms of subject mastery, learner diversity, teaching strategies, and field-specific knowledge. Strengths were evident in recognizing multicultural backgrounds, promoting higher-order thinking, and adjusting instruction based on learner progress, while lower ratings were noted in technology integration, assessment alignment, and cooperative learning strategies. These findings suggest solid professional competence alongside the need to strengthen the consistent use of modern, learner-centered, and digital approaches.
A significant relationship was found between personal and professional qualities, with humor, patience, enthusiasm, and communication skills showing the strongest associations. In contrast, passion and values and attitudes did not exhibit a statistically significant relationship with professional qualities. This implies that interpersonal traits directly affecting classroom interaction and engagement are more closely linked to professional effectiveness and instructional impact.

A simple, specific, accurate, precise stability indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Pyridoxine hydrochloride (PYH) Dl methionine (DMN) and Nicotinamide (NCM). An isocratic separation of PYH,DMN and NCM were achieved on C 18, 250 × 4.6 mm ID, 5 μm particle size columns at column oven temperature 37°C with a flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1 and using a diode array detector to monitor the detection at 254 nm. The mobile phase consisted of buffer : acetonitrile : trifluoroacetic acid at a ratio of 30 : 70 : 0.1 (v/v). The retention times of PYH DMN and NCM was found to be 5.25 and 10.14 min, respectively. Suitability, specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, and sensitivity of this method for the quantitative determination of the drugs were proved by validation in accordance with the requirements laid down by International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q2 (R1) guidelines. The proposed method is reliable and robust and can be used as quality control tool for the estimation of these drugs in combined pharmaceutical solid dosage forms.

Urban drainage systems often face blockages due to debris, plastic waste, silt accumulation, and natural obstructions such as leaves and sediments. These blockages can result in severe consequences, including waterlogging, urban flooding, damage to roads and infrastructure, and increased risk of waterborne diseases. Traditional manual inspection methods are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and incapable of providing real-time alerts, making them inefficient in rapidly growing urban environments.The Real-Time Smart Drainage Blockage Detection and Notification System offers an advanced solution to this problem by integrating modern sensing and communication technologies. The system employs a combination of sensors such as water level sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and turbidity sensors to continuously monitor the condition and flow of drainage systems. These sensors detect abnormal changes such as rising water levels, reduced flow, or increased turbidity, which indicate potential blockages .Once a blockage is detected, the system immediately triggers alerts and sends notifications to municipal authorities through IoT platforms or GSM modules. This ensures quick response and timely intervention, preventing minor issues from escalating into major disasters. The system can also be integrated with cloud platforms to store and analyze historical drainage data, enabling predictive maintenance and smarter decision-making.

Construction on weak and compressible soils presents a persistent challenge in geotechnical engineering due to excessive settlement, low bearing capacity, and differential deformation. Conventional fill materials such as soil and aggregates possess high unit weight, which increases vertical stress on the underlying subsoil, often resulting in long-term instability and structural distress. This study investigates the feasibility and performance of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) geofoam as a sustainable lightweight foundation fill material through a combination of laboratory experimentation and numerical modelling.
The experimental program includes determination of density, compressive strength, stress–strain behaviour, creep characteristics, and water absorption properties of EPS geofoam in accordance with ASTM standards. Simultaneously, foundation soil properties were evaluated using standard IS codes, including Atterberg limits, compaction, shear strength, and consolidation tests. A comparative analysis between conventional soil fill and EPS geofoam was conducted to assess differences in stress distribution and settlement behaviour. Furthermore, finite element modelling (FEM) was employed to simulate foundation response under varying loading conditions.
The results demonstrate that EPS geofoam, with a density ranging from 15–25 kg/m³, significantly reduces vertical stress on subsoil due to its extremely low unit weight. Load–settlement analysis indicates a reduction in settlement of approximately 40–60% compared to conventional soil fill. The stress–strain behaviour of EPS geofoam exhibits a characteristic elastic–plastic response with a plateau region, enabling controlled deformation and high energy absorption capacity. Numerical results closely correlate with experimental findings, confirming improved load distribution and reduced stress concentration.
The study concludes that EPS geofoam is a technically efficient, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional fill materials, particularly for foundation systems constructed over weak soils. Its application contributes to improved structural performance, reduced maintenance, and enhanced sustainability in modern infrastructure development.

The growth of vehicles in India plays a significant role in the country's economic development and mobility. The total number of registered vehicles has increased from approximately 230 million in 2015-16 to nearly 343 million by 2024-25. Two-wheelers dominate the fleet with a 70-75% share. This growth has increased demand for conventional transport fuels and contributed significantly to environmental pollution, with the transport sector accounting for nearly 20-25% of India's total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, rising from 269 Mt of CO2 in 2019-20 to an estimated 360 Mt of CO2 by 2024-25. Concurrently, India has seen a rapid rise in electric vehicles (EVs), with registrations increasing from around 50,000-70,000 in 2015-16 to more than 5.6 million by 2024-25. Annual EV sales crossed 1.9 million units in 2024, accounting for about 6-7% of total sales. The increasing adoption of EVs helps reduce dependence on petroleum fuels and offers a pathway to mitigate emissions and improve energy security, with estimated CO2 savings projected to increase to 4.50 Mt/year by 2024. The analysis suggests that while the overall market is growing strongly, the simultaneous growth of EVs provides a crucial strategy to address the environmental challenges and high crude oil import dependency (around 87-90%) faced by the nation.

The growing presence of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has opened new possibilities for language teaching, particularly through the use of conversational chatbots. This paper explores the pedagogical potential of AI chatbots from the perspective of a practicing teacher, focusing on their role as supplementary tools for language learning. Drawing on recent research and classroom-informed reflection, the study examines how chatbots can support learners’ communicative practice, promote autonomy, and create low-anxiety environments for language use. At the same time, it critically addresses key limitations, including inconsistent linguistic accuracy, limited pragmatic understanding, and concerns related to data privacy. The findings suggest that while AI chatbots are not yet capable of replacing human interaction, they can meaningfully enhance language instruction when integrated with clear pedagogical purposes. The paper concludes by offering practical implications for teachers and highlighting the need for more context-sensitive research on the long-term use of AI in language education.

The main objective of the study was to examine teachers’ management of diverse learners in terms of demonstration of high expectations, implementation of culturally relevant instruction, establishment of caring relationships, and parent and community involvement. The study also investigated teachers’ teaching competence in terms of instructional planning skills, knowledge of the subject matter, rapport with learners, and classroom management. Furthermore, it examined the significant relationship between the level of teachers’ management of diverse learners and their teaching competence.
The respondents of the study were the consisted of all 102 elementary school teachers in Cabanglasan I District, under the Division of Bukidnon, for the School Year 2025–2026. The study utilized total enumeration, a technique in which the entire population possessing specific characteristics is included in the research. The survey questionnaire for teachers’ management of diverse learners was adapted from Freeman and Freeman (2003) and for assessing teachers’ teaching competence was adapted from Padillo, Manguilimotan, Capuno, and Espina (2021), The study employed a descriptive-correlational research design to systematically examine the variables under investigation. Data were analyzed quantitatively to ensure objectivity and accuracy of results.
The study revealed that teachers’ management of diverse learners was generally rated high across all dimensions. They consistently demonstrated high expectations, fostered inclusivity, and implemented culturally relevant instruction through lesson adaptations and integration of community and learner experiences. Caring relationships and active parent and community involvement further supported a positive classroom environment.
Teachers also exhibited high teaching competence in all measured areas. Instructional planning was systematic, subject matter knowledge was comprehensive, and strong rapport with learners promoted trust and active participation. Effective classroom management maintained a conducive learning environment while accommodating diverse learner needs.
Analysis of the relationship between teachers’ management of diverse learners and teaching competence indicated a significant positive correlation. Educators who applied high expectations, culturally responsive instruction, and caring relationships demonstrated stronger teaching competencies, and parent and community involvement enhanced instructional effectiveness. These findings suggest that effective management of learner diversity directly contributes to improved teaching outcomes.

This study examined the supervisory practices of school heads and their relationship to teachers’ academic performance in Malaybalay City District 1, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines, during the academic year 2025–2026. Specifically, it determined the level of supervisory practices of school heads in terms of instructional leadership, performance monitoring and feedback, and professional development support, as well as the level of teachers’ academic performance in instructional implementation and student academic outcomes. The study also tested the significant relationship between supervisory practices and teachers’ academic performance. Employing a descriptive-correlational research design, the study involved teachers from eight elementary and integrated schools in the district. Data were gathered using an adopted questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale, which yielded a high reliability coefficient (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.990).
Findings revealed that school heads demonstrated very high supervisory practices in instructional leadership and high levels in performance monitoring and feedback as well as professional development support. Teachers exhibited outstanding academic performance in both instructional implementation and student academic outcomes. Moreover, results indicated significant relationships between supervisory practices and teachers’ academic performance. The study concluded that effective supervisory practices of school heads play a vital role in enhancing teachers’ instructional effectiveness and improving academic outcomes. Based on the findings, the study recommended that teachers sustain effective instructional practices, school administrators strengthen supervisory mechanisms, and future researchers explore related variables and contexts to further enrich educational leadership research.

The main objective of the study was to describe the delivery mechanism of the Alternative Learning System; determine the learners’ readiness for the accreditation and equivalency (A&E) test and correlate the significant relationship between the delivery mechanism of the Alternative Learning System and the learners’ readiness for the A&E test.
The respondents of the study were the 80 ALS learners in District 4, Division of Valencia City, for the school year 2025–2026. This study employed total enumeration sampling. The survey questionnaire for the delivery mechanism of the Alternative Learning System and learners’ readiness for the Accreditation and Equivalency (A&E) Test was adapted from Dizon (2019). Data were analyzed quantitatively to ensure objectivity and accuracy of results.
The study found that the ALS delivery mechanism is highly effective in terms of learning support, instructional materials, assessment practices, and A&E certification processes. Flexible learning options, personalized interventions, and contextualized materials enhance learner engagement and comprehension, while structured assessments provide clear guidance and feedback. However, technology integration and systematic monitoring of learner progress remain areas for improvement.
Learners demonstrated a generally high level of readiness for the A&E test across academic, emotional, and procedural dimensions. Academic preparedness is strengthened by module mastery, help-seeking behavior, and problem-solving skills, while emotional readiness is supported by confidence, stress management, and positive cognitive strategies. Adequate resources, peer collaboration, facilitator support, and procedural awareness further ensure successful test preparation.
A significant positive relationship exists between the ALS delivery mechanism and learners’ readiness for the A&E test, with assessment practices and A&E certification exerting the strongest influence. Learning support and instructional materials also contribute positively to engagement and comprehension. These findings underscore that strengthening technology use, monitoring systems, and post-assessment support can further enhance learner outcomes.

Daily Screen Exposure and Behavioral Adjustment Among Intermediate Learners as Perceived by the Teachers .This study examined the relationship between daily screen exposure and behavioral adjustment among intermediate learners (Grades 4–6) in selected elementary schools within the Malaybalay City Division, Bukidnon, Philippines. Using a quantitative descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from 100 class advisers who assessed pupils’ screen exposure and behavioral adjustment. The Teacher Screen Exposure Perception Questionnaire (TSEPQ) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) – Teacher Report were employed, with Cronbach’s alpha of .718 indicating acceptable reliability. Results showed that pupils exhibit a moderate level of daily screen exposure, particularly through online video consumption. Behavioral adjustment concerns were generally low, with occasional worry and minor temper-related behaviors moderately observed. Pearson correlation analysis revealed no significant relationship between screen time duration and behavioral adjustment (r = .157, p = .116). While moderate screen use does not appear to negatively impact classroom behavior, regulated, age-appropriate, and supervised digital media use is recommended. Broader contextual factors, including family environment, school support, and peer interactions, likely influence behavioral outcomes.

This study examines the effectiveness of play based learning strategies in fostering alphabet recognition skills among kindergarten learners. It addresses the need of skills in uppercase letter identification, lowercase letter identification and letter sound identification that support holistic development in kindergarten classroom at Hagpa Integrated School, Hagpa, Impasugong, Bukidnon. A pre – experimental design was utilized involving 42 learners aged 4–6 years, who participated in structured play based learning activities during the first to third quarter of the school year. Data were gathered through pre and post intervention assessments, observation checklists evaluating gains in alphabet recognition, and teacher interviews providing qualitative insights. Analysis revealed significant improvements in letter name identification, letter sound identification, and learner engagement following the intervention. These findings indicate that play based learning strategies positively influence early literacy skills and offer practical guidance for teachers seeking to integrate child centered approaches into kindergarten curricula. The study underscores the value of structured play in enhancing learning outcomes and recommends further research to investigate long term impacts and broader applications in early childhood education.

This study investigated the effects of school-based climate change education programs on the environmental awareness of elementary learners in Quezon II District, Division of Bukidnon, during the 2025-2026 school year. Utilizing a quantitative descriptive-correlational design, data were gathered from teachers and Grade VI learners through a validated researcher-made survey questionnaire. Statistical tools included mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The findings revealed a very high extent of program effects across all dimensions: curriculum integration depth, teacher training, experiential learning, community involvement, and digital resource utilization. Simultaneously, learners demonstrated a high level of environmental awareness in terms of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Notably, the study established a strong, significant relationship between program effects and learner awareness, indicating that as the quality of institutional interventions increases, student awareness significantly improves. The study concludes that climate change education is most effective when multi-faceted, combining proficient teaching with hands-on activities. The results realize that well-structured programs transform students from passive recipients into empowered environmental stewards prepared for climate action. Recommendations suggest that teachers sustain blended instructional approaches, while school heads institutionalize platforms for student-led projects. Furthermore, DepEd policy makers are encouraged to prioritize experiential learning and teacher specialization within the national curriculum to ensure the durability of climate literacy. These robust interventions are essential for cultivating lifelong environmental responsibility among Filipino learners.

This study assessed the relationship between indigenous cultural knowledge and technical livelihood practices among Junior and Senior High School Lumad learners at Divine Mercy School of Bukidnon during the 2025-2026 school year. Using an adapted survey questionnaire and descriptive-correlational analysis, the research evaluated five dimensions of cultural knowledge: Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), Traditional Livelihood and Technology, Social and Political Systems, Cultural Beliefs and Worldview, and Indigenous Health and Wellness. The findings reveal that Lumad learners possess a robust cultural foundation, with knowledge practiced to a great extent across all dimensions. Furthermore, respondents demonstrated a high level of proficiency in technical livelihood practices, acting as active practitioners of indigenous technology. Correlation analysis established a significant positive relationship between the extent of cultural knowledge and the level of technical practices, confirming that ancestral wisdom serves as the functional engine driving technical mastery. The study concludes that indigenous heritage is a living, professional competency rather than a fading tradition. It is recommended that teachers integrate cultural expertise into daily lessons and that schools institutionalize a Culture-Based Livelihood Framework by involving tribal elders in vocational training. This transition from theoretical instruction to advanced, contextualized application ensures that the curriculum fosters both academic relevance and technical empowerment. By validating indigenous systems as sophisticated professional assets, the educational environment can better support the cultural continuity and economic self-reliance of Lumad learners within their communities.

Background: Hemorrhoids represent the most common anorectal pathology, affecting 4-86% globally with peak incidence 45-65 years. While grades I-II respond to conservative/office measures, grades III-IV mandate surgical intervention.
Methods: Systematic narrative review per IMRAD structure synthesizing peer-reviewed guidelines (ASCRS 2025), RCTs, and meta-analyses (2018-2026) on symptom profiles, grading accuracy, and comparative surgical outcomes.
Results: Internal hemorrhoids manifest painless bright red rectal bleeding and prolapse; external cause acute thrombotic pain. Goligher grading (I-IV) directs therapy: rubber band ligation (RBL, grade II, 80% success), open hemorrhoidectomy (Milligan-Morgan, grade IV, 5% recurrence), stapled hemorrhopexy (PPH, grade III, VAS pain 3-5), THD (grade III, 11% recurrence).
Conclusions: stapler hemorrhoidectomy endures as gold standard; THD/PPH excel in recovery. Thrombosed external hemorrhoids require excision <72 hours.

The purpose of this exploration paper is to dissect the issues and possibilities of freight forwarding companies in dealing with the transnational import and import of goods, with special reference to Air Vault Express & Logistics Pvt. Ltd.( AirVLT), a technology- grounded, Indian logistics provider. Using a descriptive and exploratory exploration methodology, primary data was gathered from structured questionnaires administered to a sample group of 50- 75 logistics professionals, assiduity directors and scholars involved with the areas of Freight Forwarding and Supply Chain Management. Secondary data was attained from academic journals, trade reports published by the WTO and UNCTAD, and other publications from the companies involved.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in medical diagnostics, enabling improved accuracy and efficiency in disease prediction and medical image analysis. This study explores the application of Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning techniques, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), in analyzing complex medical data such as X-rays, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Computed Tomography (CT) scans. Traditional diagnostic approaches rely heavily on human expertise and manual feature extraction, which can be time-consuming and prone to variability. In contrast, AI-based models automatically learn hierarchical features from large datasets, enhancing diagnostic performance. This paper integrates insights from recent advancements in deep learning-based medical imaging and real-world implementations such as CNN-based diagnostic models for pneumonia detection. The findings indicate that AI systems can achieve performance comparable to, and in some cases exceeding, that of experienced clinicians. Furthermore, the study discusses key challenges including data privacy, model interpretability, and the need for high-quality annotated datasets. The paper concludes by highlighting future directions such as explainable AI and real-time diagnostic systems, emphasizing the growing role of AI in developing efficient, scalable, and patient-centric healthcare solutions.

This study investigated public school teachers’ perceptions of school safety in Kadingilan II District for the school year 2025-2026, specifically examining the presence of security personnel, supportive school culture, and preparedness for emergencies. It also assessed teachers‘ retention levels and explored the relationships among these variables. Utilizing a quantitative research design, data were collected from 121 teacher-respondents using an instrument adapted from Zhang and Yu (2020), which included items on demographic profile, effects of continuing professional development, and collective efficacy satisfaction. The data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. The study found that teachers’ perceptions of school safety-specifically in terms of the presence of security personnel, supportive school culture, and preparedness for emergencies-were all at a high level. Teachers’ retention levels were likewise high. A significant relationship was established between school safety perceptions and teacher retention. These results suggest that high levels of safety perception contribute to a stable and supportive school environment that strengthens educator commitment, with supportive culture and emergency preparedness emerging as more influential factors than physical security alone. Based on findings, it is recommended that teachers continue promoting inclusivity and actively participate in safety drills to enhance preparedness. School administrators are encouraged to invest in holistic safety and well-being programs that nurture trust, collaboration, and professional stability. Future researchers are advised to explore underlying mechanism through qualitative inquiries and longitudinal designs to deepen understanding of how school safety influences teacher retention over time.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide and is characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and functional impairment. The disease pathology involves amyloid-β plaque accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation forming neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal degeneration. Genetic factors such as the APOE4 allele increase susceptibility to AD.Current treatments, including cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists, provide only symptomatic relief without altering disease progression. Recent advances in disease-modifying therapies, particularly monoclonal antibodies targeting amyloid-β, have shown potential in reducing amyloid burden and slowing cognitive decline in early stages, though safety concerns and long-term efficacy remain under evaluation.In addition to pharmacological approaches, lifestyle interventions such as healthy dietary patterns, omega-3 supplementation, cognitive training, regular exercise, and adequate sleep may support brain health and delay disease progression. Overall, a comprehensive and personalized strategy combining early diagnosis, targeted treatment, and preventive measures is essential to reduce the burden of Alzheimer’s disease and improve patient outcomes.

This study aimed to determine the influence of teachers’ stewardship on learners’ learning engagement at Guinuyoran Central School for the school year 2025–2026. A descriptive-correlational research design was utilized to explore how teachers’ sense of stewardship—specifically in terms of duty and responsibility, communication, and nurturing growth—affects learners’ engagement in the classroom. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data on how these aspects of stewardship influence the level of learning engagement among learners. The respondents were Grade 1 to Grade 6 learners. Results revealed that the majority of the respondents were 9 years old (18.5%), male, and in Grade 2 (20.8%), comprising the largest group. The extent of teachers’ stewardship—across duty and responsibility, communication, and nurturing growth—was interpreted as “always”, indicating a high level of practice. Likewise, the level of learners’ engagement, particularly in terms of class performance, was also interpreted as “always”, suggesting that learners are highly engaged. Furthermore, the findings showed a significant relationship between the extent of teachers’ stewardship and the level of learners’ engagement in class performance. Significant differences were also observed based on learners’ age and grade level, while no statistically significant difference was found based on sex. These results suggest that teachers should continue to strengthen their stewardship by consistently demonstrating responsibility, effective communication, and support for learners’ holistic growth. Additionally, schools are encouraged to provide professional development and mentoring programs to further enhance teachers’ stewardship practices, thereby fostering a more engaging and productive learning environment.

In the era of digital transformation, retail supply chains are increasingly driven by data analytics, automation, and real-time information sharing. Efficient supply chain management enables retailers to reduce operational costs, enhance responsiveness, and improve customer satisfaction. This research examines how advanced data analytics optimizes retail supply chains, using Walmart’s global supply chain model as a benchmark and comparing it with Walmart’s operations in India. The study identifies technological, infrastructural, and strategic gaps between developed and developing supply chain systems. Using descriptive analysis, gap analysis, efficiency index, and conceptual correlation, the research highlights that predictive analytics, automation, and digital integration significantly improve supply chain efficiency. The findings suggest that adopting data-driven strategies can enhance visibility, reduce costs, and improve coordination in India’s retail supply chain.

This study investigates the impact of experiential learning on student engagement and academic achievement in botany education. Traditional lecture-based teaching methods often limit students’ interest and conceptual understanding, particularly in subjects like botany that require observation and practical exposure. Therefore, this research adopts an experimental design to compare the effectiveness of traditional teaching methods with experiential learning approaches. A sample of 40 secondary school students was selected and divided into two groups: a control group taught through conventional lecture methods and an experimental group exposed to experiential learning strategies such as plant observation, leaf collection, and school gardening activities. Data were collected using an achievement test, observation checklist, and student feedback questionnaire. The results were analyzed to evaluate differences in engagement levels, concept retention, and academic performance between the two groups. The findings reveal that students in the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher academic achievement, better retention of botanical concepts, and increased classroom participation compared to the control group. Experiential learning not only enhanced students’ understanding of plant science but also fostered curiosity, critical thinking, and a positive attitude toward learning. The study concludes that experiential learning is a highly effective pedagogical approach in botany education. It is recommended that educators integrate activity-based teaching methods and practical experiences into the curriculum to improve learning outcomes. This research contributes to the growing field of interdisciplinary education by linking botanical sciences with innovative teaching practices.

This study determined the level of digital integration among elementary learners across technology usefulness, accessibility, digital skills, and attitude toward technology, alongside their critical thinking skills in analyzing information, evaluating and reasoning, decision-making and problem solving, and reflection and metacognition. It also established relationships between these digital dimensions and critical thinking development. Specifically, the research measured these factors, assessed qualitative levels ("Very Highly Educational," "Highly Extent"), and identified significant correlations predicting higher-order thinking gains. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, data from elementary learners were gathered via validated surveys and analyzed using descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, qualitative interpretations) and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. Technology usefulness was rated "Very Highly Educational," with learners perceiving strong enhancements in participation, motivation, comprehension, and academic performance. Accessibility, digital skills, and attitude toward technology rated "Highly Educational," excelling in basic operations and enthusiasm but moderated by troubleshooting, online safety, source evaluation, and resource equity challenges. Critical thinking skills consistently rated "Highly Extent" across domains: analyzing information excelled in questioning and fact-opinion distinction; evaluating and reasoning in rationale explanation; decision-making/problem solving in creativity; reflection/metacognition in responsibility and post-activity review. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships (p < .001): accessibility (r=.624), attitude (r=.526), digital skills (r=.518), and usefulness (r=.283). These confirm reliable access as the primary enabler of sustained practice, complemented by positive mindsets and emerging competencies driving analytical depth. The findings underscore equitable infrastructure, mindset cultivation, and skill-building as essential for fostering 21st-century critical thinkers through digital integration.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of integrating climate change education in elementary schools across curriculum content integration, teaching methods and strategies, understanding of climate change concepts, and behavioral intentions toward environmental action. It also assessed learners' climate change awareness regarding causes, effects, and everyday environmental behaviors, while establishing relationships between integration effectiveness and awareness levels. Specifically, the research measured these dimensions, determined qualitative effectiveness levels ("Very Highly Effective," "Very Great Extent"), and identified significant correlations influencing environmental consciousness. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, data from elementary learners were collected through validated surveys and analyzed using descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, qualitative interpretations) and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. Integration effectiveness rated very highly for content embedding of climate themes and local-global impacts across subjects, and for learner-centered teaching via real-world examples, multimedia, interactive activities, project-based learning, and discussions. Conceptual understanding proved very highly effective, with learners grasping climate science, mitigation roles, and multi-stakeholder responsibilities. Behavioral intentions rated highly effective, reflecting motivation for sustainability advocacy, resource conservation, school activities, and carbon reduction. Learners' climate change awareness reached very great extent overall, encompassing causes, ecosystem effects, individual agency, and pro-environmental practices. Correlation analysis showed significant positive relationships (p < .01): overall effectiveness (r = .596), teaching methods/strategies (r = .570), understanding (r = .558), behavioral intentions (r = .469), content integration (r = .430). These affirm interactive pedagogies and conceptual grounding as key drivers of awareness. The findings highlight coherent, experiential climate education's role in cultivating informed, action-oriented learners for environmental stewards.

This study investigated the level of teacher collaboration and learners' engagement inside the classroom, focusing on communication and interaction, collaborative learning practices, and a supportive environment for collaboration among Grade 6 teachers and learners. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, data were collected using adapted questionnaires scored on a 5-point Likert scale. Findings revealed a very high level of teacher collaboration across all measured dimensions and a very high level of learners’ engagement in behavioral, emotional, and academic domains. However, significant relationships with learners’ engagement were identified only in the supportive environment variable, while communication and interaction and collaborative learning practices showed no significant correlation with engagement. The study concluded that despite high teacher collaboration and learner engagement levels, only the supportive environment significantly associates with learners’ engagement inside the classroom, highlighting its critical role in fostering learner involvement. Recommendations include encouraging learners and parents to sustain supportive learning environments, urging teachers and school administrators to strengthen and maintain a supportive climate through professional development and policy prioritization, and suggesting future research to explore specific supportive environment factors that influence engagement and additional variables affecting learner involvement using varied research methods. This study emphasizes the importance of supportive environments to enhance classroom engagement effectively.

This study investigated the level of teachers’ environmental awareness and its relationship with their environmental protection practices. It focused on three dimensions of awareness: environmental knowledge, understanding of human impact and responsibility, and awareness of environmental policies and participation opportunities. Teachers’ environmental protection practices were examined in terms of knowledge application, attitudes, barriers, and support needs. Using a descriptive-correlational design, the study was conducted among 120 randomly selected elementary teachers in public schools under Quezon I District, Division of Bukidnon, during the School Year 2025–2026. A researcher-made survey instrument, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.961, was employed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Pearson Product Moment Correlation to determine the relationships between variables. Results showed that teachers’ environmental awareness and protection practices were very high across all dimensions. Significant positive correlations were found between all aspects of environmental awareness and teachers’ protection practices, indicating that higher awareness corresponded with stronger and more consistent engagement in environmental actions. The study concluded that teachers possess highly developed environmental awareness, actively demonstrate environmentally responsible practices, and that awareness plays a key role in shaping their actions. It is recommended that teachers sustain and enhance their environmental knowledge through professional development, integrate environmental topics into classroom activities, and model sustainable practices. School administrators are encouraged to provide adequate resources, supportive policies, and collaborative opportunities to promote environmental initiatives. Future researchers may explore additional factors influencing teachers’ environmental practices, such as community involvement and policy effectiveness, to further strengthen environmental education in schools.

This study aimed to examine the Digital Minimalism Practices and Students' Academic Well-Being. This study employed a descriptive correlational research design to determine the relationship between digital minimalism practices and students' academic well-being. The participants in the study were public High School students in Kadingilan, Bukidnon, District 2, specifically from San Andres National High School, Grade 11 and Grade 12, using purposive sampling to ensure relevance to the research focus. The result revealed that learners demonstrate a high level of Digital Minimalism Practices, including limiting social media use, indicating that they are generally mindful of managing their online engagement. Another significant finding showed that students' perceived Academic Well-Being was interpreted as "always," reflecting a consistently positive academic experience. The analysis further revealed a significant relationship between the level of Digital Minimalism Practices and students' Academic Well-Being. These suggest that school administrators continue to promote digital minimalism practices among learners. Programs and activities that encourage responsible social media use and greater engagement in offline activities should be strengthened. They may continue to strengthen programs that support students' academic well-being. Schools may conduct seminars and workshops that promote healthy digital habits and responsible technology use. Teachers may integrate digital well-being discussions into lessons to reinforce self-regulation skills and encourage learners by modeling balanced digital habits at home. Teachers are encouraged to guide students in managing online distractions while maximizing the use of digital tools for learning. Peer support initiatives and collaborative learning activities should be promoted to maintain positive relationships.

This was conducted in 2026 and examined the readiness of Kindergarten, Grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 teachers in the implementation of the MATATAG Curriculum, along with the support systems available to them, their instructional practices, and the challenges they encountered. Using a descriptive quantitative research design, the study involved 105 teacher-respondents from public schools in District 10, Division of Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. A validated researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data, which were analyzed through mean and standard deviation. Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated a high level of readiness, particularly in pedagogical knowledge and professional development. They also displayed a very positive attitude toward curriculum change, indicating openness to new approaches and willingness to modify traditional teaching practices. However, moderate ratings were noted in areas such as follow-up training and mother tongue-based instruction. Teachers reported generally positive perceptions of support systems. Institutional support was rated high due to adequate classroom facilities, though library and financial resources were less sufficient. Administrative support received very high ratings, reflecting strong leadership in monitoring, guidance, and collaboration. Resource availability was also rated high, largely because of community involvement and external partnerships, despite persistent gaps in funding and instructional materials. Instructional practices showed very high implementation across methodologies, assessment, and classroom management, indicating strong alignment with MATATAG principles. However, teachers still faced notable challenges rated as "Challenging" including a lack of teaching materials, diverse learner needs, limited time to cover extensive curriculum content, and insufficient hands-on resources. These concerns highlight systemic barriers that may hinder the full and effective implementation of the MATATAG Curriculum.

The present study investigated the educational challenges and success pathways among Manobo IP Junior High School Learners This study addresses the following problems: (1) What was the level of educational challenges among Manobo Indigenous Peoples (IP) learners in terms of (a) language barriers, (b) resource availability, (c) teaching methods and curriculum, and (d) socioeconomic and environmental challenges? (2) What was the extent of success pathways among Manobo IP learners? (3) Was there a significant relationship between the level of educational challenges and success pathways among Manobo IP learners? This study adopted the descriptive correlational research design, and 140 public junior high school IP learners responded to structured questionnaire. The results were analyzed descriptively in terms of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation; and analytically with Pearson r. Results showed that the distribution of respondents by school: Pantaron Integrated School (54), Bulacao Integrated School (41), Concepcion Highschool (24), and Buco Integrated School (21), totaling 140. Findings revealed moderate educational challenges overall, with language barriers at a moderate level (M = 2.72), resource availability showing notable gaps particularly in textbooks (M = 2.52, Low) and support programs (M = 2.54, Low) despite strengths in technology access (M = 4.22, Very High), teaching methods and curriculum at moderate levels (M = 3.83) bolstered by high teacher training (M = 4.29, Very High) and cultural respect (M = 4.22, Very High), and socioeconomic-environmental factors at moderate levels (M = 2.63). Success pathways were consistently high (overall M = 4.51, Always), driven by exceptional learner motivation despite obstacles (M = 4.84), keen awareness of early marriage risks (M = 4.78), and robust cultural resilience (M = 4.38). A significant positive correlational relationship emerged between educational challenges and success pathways across all domains (language barriers: r = .283, p < .001; resources: r = .624, p < .001; teaching methods: r = .518, p < .001; socioeconomic-environmental: r = .526, p < .001), with resource availability exhibiting the strongest association, underscoring how challenges cultivate resilience and adaptive strategies.

This study examined the relationship between familial involvement and the emergent literacy skills of kindergarten learners. Specifically, it investigated the level of familial involvement in terms of home literacy practices, parental emotional support and encouragement, availability of literacy materials at home, frequency of family–child interactions around reading and writing, and family communication about school activities. It also determined the learners’ level of emergent literacy in terms of letter recognition, sound recognition, vocabulary development, and early writing skills. Using a descriptive correlational research design, the study was conducted at Airport Village Elementary School in Casisang, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines, during the school year 2025–2026. The respondents consisted of 100 kindergarten learners and their parents selected through random sampling. Data were gathered using an adapted Likert-scale questionnaire for parents and an adapted Early Literacy Assessment (ELA) for learners. The instruments yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.765, indicating acceptable reliability. Descriptive statistics and the Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient were used for data analysis. Findings revealed that familial involvement was generally high, with very high levels of parental emotional support and family communication about school activities. Most learners demonstrated an advanced level of emergent literacy. Results further indicated a significant relationship between overall familial involvement and learners’ emergent literacy levels. Parental emotional support and encouragement, availability of literacy materials at home, and family communication about school activities were significantly associated with emergent literacy, while home literacy practices and the frequency of family–child interactions were not. The study concludes that the quality of familial involvement plays a crucial role in early literacy development. It recommends strengthening meaningful parental support, enhancing school–family partnerships, and conducting further research on qualitative aspects of family involvement.

This study aimed to determine the Influence of eco-literacy on academic motivation among high school learners. This study employed a descriptive correlational research design to determine the level of ecological literacy among learners in terms of waste management, recycling, water conservation and the level of academic motivation in terms of interest, self-efficacy and desire for achievement among Junior high school learners. The participants consist of Grade 7, 8, 9, and 10 learners from San Andres National High School in Kadingilan Bukidnon District I during the school year 2025–2026. The result revealed that the level of ecological literacy among learners in terms of waste management, recycling, and water conservation interpreted as very high level. The level of academic motivation among junior high school learners in terms of interest, self-efficacy, and desire for achievement interpreted as very high level. The result also revealed that ecological literacy is positively associated with learners’ interest in learning. Its influence on self-efficacy was mixed, showing a small positive effect in some areas but a nuanced or weak relationship overall, indicating that ecological knowledge alone may not consistently boost learners’ confidence in their academic abilities. In terms of desire for achievement, ecological literacy appeared to have little to no direct impact, implying that while students may be environmentally responsible, this does not necessarily translate into stronger goal-oriented or competitive motivation in school. The regression analyses show that ecological literacy, particularly water management and water conservation, significantly enhances learners’ interest in learning, indicating that active environmental practices can strongly boost engagement and curiosity. However, its influence on self-efficacy is limited and mixed, and it does not significantly affect learners’ desire for achievement, suggesting that environmental knowledge and behaviors do not directly translate into confidence or goal-oriented academic motivation.

Level of Implementation of Gender and Development (Gad) and Educational Practices Among Teachers by JECEL C. GEPILANO Master of Arts in Teaching, Major in Social Studies, Valencia Colleges (BUKIDNON), Incorporated, City of Valencia, Bukidnon, November 2025. This study examined the level of implementation of gender and development (GAD) policies across key educational dimensions learning environment, learning materials, learning delivery, assessment, and learner development and assessed the extent to which GAD-related educational practices such as accomplishment, discipline, creativity, orderliness, patience, and decisiveness were observed among Key Stage 2 and Key Stage 3 learners. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from Grades 4 to 10 teachers using a structured questionnaire adapted from Creswell (2012). Descriptive statistics measured implementation levels and educational practices, while Pearson correlation tested their relationships. Findings showed that the implementation of GAD policies was very high across all examined dimensions. Similarly, GAD values were very much practiced among learners and educators. However, no significant relationship was found between the level of GAD implementation and the degree of educational practices observed. This suggests that although GAD is strongly applied and practiced, other factors may mediate their interaction. Future research is encouraged to explore additional variables such as socio-cultural factors or institutional constraints to better understand the dynamics between GAD implementation and educational practices.

This study explores Vietnamese EFL university students’ perceptions of native English-speaking teachers (NESTs) in a higher education context in Hanoi, Vietnam. Employing an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, the research collected quantitative data through questionnaires administered to undergraduate students, followed by qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews. The study focuses on three key dimensions: perceived pedagogical benefits, challenges in language learning, and cultural considerations in the classroom. The findings indicate that students generally hold positive attitudes toward NESTs, particularly valuing their ability to create engaging and communicative learning environments. NESTs were perceived as especially effective in teaching listening and speaking skills, as well as improving pronunciation and fostering learners’ confidence in real-life communication. However, several challenges were identified, including difficulties in understanding grammar explanations delivered solely in English and occasional communication barriers due to differences in linguistic background. From a cultural perspective, the results suggest that while students appreciate opportunities to learn about target-language cultures, cultural differences can influence classroom interaction styles and learning expectations. Nonetheless, both students and teachers demonstrated adaptability in navigating these differences, contributing to a generally positive learning experience. The study highlights the complementary roles of native and non-native English-speaking teachers and suggests that pedagogical collaboration may enhance learning outcomes in the Vietnamese EFL context. Implications are discussed for language educators and institutional policymakers in optimizing English language teaching practices in Vietnam.

This study explores how interactive teaching practices contribute to fostering students’ confidence and sense of belonging in a high school context in Hanoi, Vietnam. Moving beyond traditional teacher-centered approaches, interactive classrooms emphasize student participation, dialogue, and collaborative learning, which are considered essential for holistic student development. Adopting a qualitative case study design, the research was conducted in a public high school with the participation of 32 Grade 11 students. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and students’ reflective journals over a six-week period. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns in students’ experiences. The findings reveal three key themes. First, students reported feeling more valued and respected when their ideas were acknowledged during classroom interactions. Second, opportunities to express opinions in a supportive environment significantly enhanced students’ confidence. Third, collaborative activities and inclusive classroom structures contributed to a stronger sense of belonging among students. The study highlights the important role of interactive teaching practices in promoting not only academic engagement but also students’ psychosocial development. These findings suggest that creating participatory and supportive classroom environments can be an effective strategy for improving student well-being and engagement in Vietnamese secondary education.

Water quality assessment is essential for understanding the suitability of natural water resources for human consumption, agriculture, and ecological sustainability. The present study focuses on the evaluation of physico-chemical parameters of water collected from Ranghat (Chendra Waterfall), located in Lundra, Surguja district of Chhattisgarh. Water samples were collected from selected points of the waterfall region and analyzed using standard analytical methods. Key physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate were determined. Physico-chemical parameters are fundamental indicators of water quality as they reflect the chemical composition and physical characteristics of water bodies and help in identifying pollution levels and ecological health . The obtained results were compared with standard permissible limits prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO) to evaluate the suitability of water for drinking and domestic purposes. The study reveals variations in water quality parameters, which may be influenced by natural geological conditions, seasonal changes, and anthropogenic activities in the surrounding region. Parameters such as pH and dissolved oxygen were found to be within acceptable limits, indicating relatively good water quality, whereas slight variations in TDS and hardness suggest moderate mineral content. Continuous monitoring is necessary as changes in physico-chemical characteristics can significantly affect aquatic life and human health.

This study investigated how students’ socio-economic status (SES) and school practices influence mathematical proficiency among secondary learners in Region XII, Philippines. Using a descriptive-correlational design with multiple regression, data from 322 mathematics teachers across five Schools Division Offices were analyzed. SES was measured through home resources, language proficiency, and parental support, while school practices covered knowledge enhancement, instruction, assessment, curriculum alignment, and the environment. Results revealed significant positive correlations between SES and school practices with dimensions of mathematical proficiency. Regression analyses identified parental support as the strongest predictor of content knowledge, home resources for mathematical processes, and language proficiency for reasoning. Among school practices, knowledge enhancement predicted mathematical processes, while assessment predicted reasoning. Findings highlight the importance of equity-driven policies that strengthen family engagement, classroom resources, and assessment quality to address socio-economic disparities in mathematics achievement.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human papillomavirus (HPV) remain major public health challenges, particularly among sexually active women in developing countries. This study examined the prevalence of STI history among sexually active women during HPV infection Attending Specialist Hospital, Bauchi State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, and data were collected through structured interviewer-administered questionnaires and laboratory testing of cervical samples for HPV DNA detection. The study population comprised sexually active women aged 18–49 years attending the clinic between January and June 2025. Results showed that 47.9% of participants reported a previous history of one or more STIs, and 29.6% were positive for HPV infection, with high-risk genotypes (HPV 16 and 18) being the most prevalent. A significant association was found between past STI history and HPV infection (p < 0.05), suggesting that prior exposure to genital infections increases susceptibility to HPV acquisition and persistence. Socioeconomic factors such as low educational level, early sexual debut, multiple sexual partners, and poor condom use were strongly linked to infection prevalence. The findings underscore the need for targeted health education, increased HPV vaccination coverage, and improved access to reproductive health services. The study concludes that integrating STI management with routine cervical screening and vaccination programs will be vital for reducing the burden of HPV-related diseases in Bauchi State and Nigeria at large.

The study aimed to assess teachers’ AI awareness in adaptation, productivity, ethics, and governance, and evaluate AI-based strategies in personalization, instruction, assessment, feedback, and classroom management. Furthermore, the study investigated the significant relationship between teachers’ AI awareness and utilization and their teaching strategies using AI. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed, involving 92 elementary school teachers from the Pangantucan South District, Division of Bukidnon, during the 2025–2026 school year. Data were collected using a validated researcher-made instrument, pilot-tested with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82, and achieved a reliability coefficient of 0.983 in the main study. Descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, were used to determine the levels of AI awareness and teaching strategies, while Pearson’s r was utilized to assess significant relationships between the variables. Findings revealed that teachers frequently utilized AI across all measured dimensions, yet their AI-based teaching strategies were only moderately effective. Moreover, significant relationships were found between teachers’ AI awareness and utilization particularly in AI impact, productivity enhancement, and governance and their teaching strategies. The study concluded that teachers’ familiarity with AI provides a strong foundation for continued integration, but there is a need to enhance the depth and effectiveness of AI-based instructional strategies. Recommendations include ongoing professional development for teachers, structured support and guidelines from school administrators, and further research on long-term effects and ethical frameworks for AI integration in elementary education.

India's digital payments ecosystem m has become a global benchmark, with the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) leading as the world's largest real-time retail payment system. In FY 2024-25, UPI accounted for 81% of retail digital payments by volume, driving exponential growth through coordinated efforts by the Government of India, RBI, and the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). The RBI's role has evolved from a traditional regulator under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 (PSS Act), to a proactive enabler, innovator, and architect of an inclusive, secure, and innovative payments landscape. Through Payments Vision 2025—"E-payments for Everyone, Everywhere, Every Time"—the RBI has emphasized five pillars: Integrity, Inclusion, Innovation and Institutionalisation. As of early 2026, UPI continues to set records, with February 2026 registering 20.39 billion transactions worth ₹26.84 lakh crore (value in crores), and average daily volumes hitting an all-time high of 728 million. This research paper examines the RBI's historical evolution, current regulatory framework, key achievements, challenges, and future trajectory in shaping India's digital payments revolution.

This study examined the level of teachers’ Gender Awareness Seminars and their attitude towards gender issues in the classroom at Bukidnon National High School, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines during the school year 2025–2026. Specifically, it investigated teachers’ awareness in terms of gender sensitivity and equality, their participation and application of gender-sensitive practices in the classroom, and the significant relationship between Gender Awareness Seminars and teachers’ attitudes toward gender issues. The study employed a descriptive-correlational research design and involved 248 teachers as respondents, selected through complete enumeration. Data were collected using an adapted questionnaire from Chandra and Liu (2022). The findings revealed that teachers’ Gender Awareness Seminars were at a very high level in both gender equality and gender sensitivity. Similarly, teachers’ attitudes toward participation in gender issues and application of gender-sensitive practices in the classroom were very high. Moreover, significant relationships were identified between teachers’ gender awareness and their classroom attitudes, indicating that higher levels of gender sensitivity and equality awareness are positively associated with the implementation of gender-sensitive practices. Based on these results, it was concluded that teachers are knowledgeable and committed to promoting equitable and inclusive learning environments. Accordingly, teachers are recommended to continue applying gender-sensitive practices and sharing best practices with colleagues, while school administrators should support regular seminars and monitor policy implementation. Future researchers are encouraged to explore the long-term effects of gender awareness on student behavior, learning outcomes, and classroom dynamics, as well as other influencing factors such as school culture and community involvement.

This study investigated the level of teachers’ workload and its relationship to teachers’ job satisfaction among public school teachers in the Quezon 3 District during the school year 2025–2026. Specifically, it examined teachers’ workload in terms of administrative tasks and extracurricular responsibilities, as well as their job satisfaction in terms of administrative support and work-life balance. The study employed a descriptive-correlational research design and involved 150 teachers from Manuto Integrated School, San Jose Integrated School, and Quezon Central Elementary School through total enumeration. Data were gathered using an adapted and modified questionnaire based on Martinez (2020), with a Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.825. Mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r were used as statistical tools for data analysis. Findings revealed that teachers experienced a high level of workload in terms of both administrative tasks and extracurricular responsibilities. Despite this, teachers reported a high level of job satisfaction in administrative support and a very high level of job satisfaction in work-life balance. Results of the Pearson r correlation showed that administrative tasks and extracurricular responsibilities did not have a significant relationship with teachers’ job satisfaction. Based on these findings, the study concluded that although teachers consistently experience heavy workloads, their job satisfaction remains high, largely due to strong administrative support and favorable work-life balance conditions. The absence of a significant relationship between workload and job satisfaction suggests that supportive leadership and effective organizational practices help mitigate the negative effects of work demands. The study recommends that teachers continue practicing effective time management and self-care, the Department of Education streamline administrative and extracurricular requirements while strengthening support systems, and future researchers explore additional factors affecting teachers’ job satisfaction across different contexts.

This study examined to find out the relationship between teachers’ intrinsic motivation and their occupational stress management in public elementary schools in Pangantucan North District, Division of Bukidnon with 168 teachers respondents, during school year 2025–2026. Intrinsic motivation was assessed in terms of interest, perceived competence, and value, while occupational stress management covered workload and work pressure management, support and relationships at work, control and autonomy in the workplace, and work-life balance and stress coping strategies. Using a descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from 168 elementary school teachers through standardized questionnaires adapted from Bjorklund (2021). Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) described the levels of intrinsic motivation and stress management, and Pearson r.Results revealed that teachers reported high levels of intrinsic motivation across all dimensions, as well as high levels of occupational stress management in all identified areas. However, no significant relationship was found between intrinsic motivation and occupational stress management, suggesting that these constructs function independently in supporting teacher well-being. The study recommends that teachers sustain their intrinsic motivation through reflective practices and mentoring, while school administrators implement regular workload audits and proactive work-life policies to preserve effective stress management. Future research is encouraged to explore mediating or moderating variables, compare different school contexts, and use qualitative methods to better understand the mechanisms linking motivation and stress management.

This study investigated the home literacy environment (HLE) of Grade 1 learners in terms of informal and formal literacy activities, passive literacy exposure, print access at home, and parental attitudes toward reading, alongside their reading fluency and comprehension levels. It also examined relationships among these variables. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, the research was conducted in public elementary schools under Panadtalan Elementary School, Maramag 2 District, Maramag, Bukidnon, during School Year 2025–2026. Respondents were randomly selected 95 Grade 1 learners (N unspecified). Data was gathered via a researcher-made survey questionnaire (Cronbach’s α = 0.961), analyzed using means, standard deviations, and Pearson product-moment correlation. Findings revealed a very high HLE across all dimensions: very high informal/formal activities and parental attitudes, high passive exposure and print access. Most learners showed beginner fluency (monotone, word-by-word reading with little expression), with few reaching expressive levels. Reading comprehension was moderate to none. No significant relationships existed between HLE dimensions and comprehension, but a strong positive correlation linked fluency and comprehension. Conclusions indicate robust family support for literacy yet persistent fluency and comprehension gaps, with fluency as the key predictor of comprehension. Recommendations target fluency interventions for parents/learners, school administrators, curriculum planners, and future researchers via experimental and longitudinal studies.These results underscore prioritizing fluency training in early-grade Philippine education to enhance comprehension outcomes.

This study aimed to determine teachers' perceptions of gender roles regarding discipline strategies and teacher-student interaction patterns, and the level of teachers' influence on Classroom Management in terms of teachers' beliefs and expectations. This study utilized a descriptive correlational research design to examine the relationship between teachers' perceptions of gender roles and their influence on classroom management. The descriptive aspect identified the prevailing gender role perceptions among teachers regarding discipline strategies and teacher-student interaction patterns. At the same time, the correlational component will determine the degree and direction of the relationship between these perceptions and classroom management practices. Statistical tools, including the mean, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation coefficient, were used to analyze the data. 121 teachers served as the respondents of the study. The results revealed that teachers' perceptions of gender roles regarding discipline strategies and teacher-student interaction patterns were interpreted as "often." The results suggest that teachers frequently consider gender in their classroom management. Another finding showed that teachers' influence on classroom management, in terms of their beliefs and expectations, was interpreted as "always." The result suggests that teachers consistently play a significant role in shaping student behavior and maintaining classroom order. The analysis indicated that there was no significant relationship between teachers' perceptions of gender roles and their influence on classroom management. The result suggests that schools may implement professional development programs on gender sensitivity to help teachers recognize and address unconscious biases. Teachers may engage in reflective practice and peer observation to ensure consistent, equitable treatment of all learners. School administrators may establish policies and guidelines that promote gender fairness in classroom interactions, participation, and leadership opportunities.

This study aimed to examine the Attributes of Burnout and the physical and mental health outcomes of Public School Teachers in Kadingilan 2 District for SY 2025-2026. This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design to examine the relationships between burnout attributes and teachers' physical and mental health outcomes. The respondents of the study were the one hundred twenty-one (121) teachers in Kadingilan 2 District. The result revealed that the level of teachers’ burnout attributes in terms of emotional exhaustion was interpreted as always, while depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment were interpreted as often. In terms of physical health, physical symptoms and flexibility were interpreted as always. In contrast, mental health outcomes of teachers in terms of sleep disturbances and anxiety levels were often interpreted. The result also shows that emotional exhaustion is the burnout dimension most strongly associated with teachers' health, significantly correlating with physical symptoms, reduced flexibility, sleep disturbances, and anxiety. Depersonalization has a significant negative relationship with sleep disturbances and anxiety, suggesting that emotional detachment may slightly buffer mental health impacts. Reduced personal accomplishment significantly affects sleep disturbances, but has no other physical or mental outcomes. These suggest that school administrators implement strategies to reduce emotional exhaustion, such as workload management, stress-reduction programs, and emotional support, and promote wellness activities, professional development, and recognition, which can help enhance personal accomplishment and reduce detachment. Regular monitoring of teachers' physical and mental health is essential to maintain well-being and prevent burnout. Teachers are encouraged to engage in regular self-care practices, stress management strategies, and professional support systems to help mitigate emotional exhaustion and maintain their well-being.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of compliance with the Child Protection Policy in schools and the learners’ mental state in Impasug-ong I District, Division of Bukidnon, for the School Year 2024–2025. Specifically, it sought to assess the schools’ compliance with the Child Protection Policy in terms of (a) duties and functions of school officials and personnel, (b) establishment of the Child Protection Committee, and (c) capacity building of school officials, personnel, parents, and learners. The study further examined whether a significant relationship exists between policy compliance and learners’ mental state. The study utilized a descriptive-correlational research design. Data were collected and analyzed using frequency count, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Spearman’s rank correlation. Findings revealed that the level of compliance with the Child Protection Policy was very highly compliant across all assessed areas, indicating strong implementation and adherence among schools in the district. The learners’ mental state was described as flourishing, characterized by positive emotions, joy, gratitude, calmness, strong relationships, high resilience, and coping skills. However, statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between the level of compliance with the Child Protection Policy and the learners’ mental state. The findings suggest that while compliance with child protection measures ensures that other factors beyond policy implementation may influence a safe and secure school environment, learners’ mental well-being is also important. It is therefore recommended that schools complement their compliance efforts with holistic mental health and socio-emotional support programs to further enhance learners’ overall well-being.

This study examined the impact of social equality and inclusion on learners’ equity perspectives and attitudes toward inclusion and diversity in the public elementary schools of the San Fernando I District, Division of Bukidnon. A researcher-made survey questionnaire was utilized to gather data from learners and teachers. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson $r$ Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The findings indicate that social equality and inclusion yielded a Very High Impact across all measured dimensions of learners' equity perspectives, specifically concerning Access to Educational Resources, Teacher Support and Fair Treatment, Socioeconomic Disparities, School Policies, and Peer Relationships. Furthermore, learners demonstrated a Positive Attitude toward inclusion and diversity, acknowledging their importance. Crucially, a strong, significant positive relationship was established between the impact of all social equality factors and learners’ attitudes toward inclusion and diversity, thereby rejecting the null hypothesis. The study concludes that all aspects of social equality profoundly influence learners' perceptions of equity. This mandates a holistic, systems-wide approach that prioritizes the interpersonal aspects of equity, such as fair treatment and unbiased support from teachers, as the most direct means of strengthening positive attitudes. Practical recommendations include mandating annual, evidence-based diversity training for teachers and empowering learners as "Inclusion Advocates" to foster a self-sustaining culture of belonging.

This study investigates the emotional intelligence (EI) levels of teachers and their relationship to job satisfaction among permanent staff at Valencia City Central School during the 2025-2026 Academic Year. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, data were collected via a two-part instrument. A 5-point Likert scale captured responses, and analyses included means, standard deviations, Pearson correlations, and linear regression to identify predictors of job satisfaction. Results indicate that teachers frequently apply EI components, with emphasis on self-awareness, emotion management, self-motivation, empathy, and social skills. Permanent teachers also reported notable levels of job satisfaction. Significant relationships emerged between EI dimensions and job satisfaction: Self-Awareness, Managing Emotions, Motivating Oneself, Empathy, and Social Skills all correlated with higher job satisfaction. Regression analysis identified Managing Emotions and Motivating Oneself as the strongest positive predictors. Collectively, these findings suggest that fostering specific EI competencies can enhance teacher satisfaction, with implications for professional development, school leadership, and policy aimed at teacher retention. Limitations include the single-site design and cross-sectional data. Future research should replicate across diverse settings and examine potential mediating factors (e.g., workload, leadership styles) and longitudinal effects of EI-focused interventions on job satisfaction.

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of Self-Learning Modules (SLMs) in ensuring educational continuity during calamities among key stage 2 learners of the elementary schools of Dinagat Islands. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of how SLMs support students’ academic progress, engagement, and adaptability during periods of disruption. The study involved 308 intermediate-grade learners, predominantly aged 9 to 11 years. Learners from Grades 4, 5, and 6 were fairly evenly represented, with only minimal variation across grade levels, indicating a balanced sample in terms of age, sex, and grade level. This study used descriptive correlation method of research relying primarily on the researcher questionnaires to gathered information in assessing the effectiveness of Self-Learning Modules (SLMs) in ensuring educational continuity during calamities. The descriptive correlation method is the most common and widely used method in gathering data and information using questionnaire checklist. The effectiveness of Self-Learning Modules (SLMs) during calamities was generally rated at a moderate level across major dimensions. Access and availability were moderately implemented, indicating that learners were able to obtain the modules, although issues related to ease of access and navigation persisted. The clarity and quality of content were also rated as moderate, reflecting that the instructions, language, organization, and learning activities were generally clear, appropriate, and aligned with learners’ needs. Similarly, self-learning and independence were moderately implemented, suggesting that SLMs supported self-paced learning and fostered a degree of learner autonomy, though full independent learning was not consistently achieved. In terms of learning continuity, SLMs moderately enabled learners to stay on track and functioned as an alternative to face-to-face instruction during calamities; however, difficulties in mastering complex concepts and covering all intended content were noted. The results show that age significantly affects access and availability of SLMs and the challenges faced by learners, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis for these variables. However, no significant age-based differences were found in clarity and quality of content, self-learning and independence, and effectiveness in ensuring learning continuity, resulting in the acceptance of the null hypothesis for these areas. For gender, the null hypothesis was accepted across all dimensions of SLM effectiveness, indicating that learners’ experiences with SLMs do not significantly differ between males and females. In terms of grade level, the null hypothesis was rejected for access and availability, self-learning and independence, and challenges faced, indicating significant differences across grade levels. Conversely, the null hypothesis was accepted for clarity and quality of content and effectiveness in ensuring learning continuity. Overall, the findings indicate that age and grade level significantly influence certain aspects of SLM effectiveness, while gender has no significant effect.

Retinal infections like diabetic retinopathy (DR) and hypertensive retinopathy are major contributors to global vision impairment. Early detection via automated analysis of fundus images is essential to ease the burden on healthcare systems. This study proposes Vision AI Master, an AI-based clinical screening system that uses EfficientNet-B4 for robust classification. To address the “black box” nature of deep learning, Grad-CAM is integrated for visual explainability. The framework also includes a deterministic morphological pathway using Zhang-Suen skeletonization to calculate the artery-to-vein (A/V) ratio, a key marker of hypertensive narrowing. Delivered through a multimodal interface with voice-enabled diagnostic review and automated QR-encoded reports, the system achieved 94.2% classification accuracy on public datasets, showing that combined heatmaps and vascular measurements provide a practical tool for real-time clinical decision-making.

This study determined the level of implementation of the Brigada Eskwela in District of Dangcagan, Division of Bukidnon, for the School Year 2025-2026. This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design to determine the level of implementation and effectiveness of the Brigada Eskwela program and to examine the relationship between program implementation and its effectiveness.The respondents of the study were the 180 elementary teachers of Dangcagan District. The result revealed that the level of implementation of the Brigada Eskwela in terms of Resources Mobilization and Sustainability, Parental Involvement and Empowerment, Leadership and Governance, Social Capital and Community Trust and Student Motivation and Sense of Belonging interpreted as very high level.The result also revealed that the level of effectiveness of Brigada Eskwela in terms of community partnership interpreted as very high level. There a significant relationship between the level of implementation of Brigada Eskwela and the level of effectiveness of Brigada Eskwela. The findings iconcluded that Brigada Eskwela is highly implemented across all key dimensions, including resources, leadership, parental involvement, social capital, and student motivation, effectively engaging stakeholders in school improvement. Teachers perceive that this comprehensive implementation strengthens collaboration, trust, and shared responsibility, resulting in both tangible improvements and intangible benefits such as social cohesion and student well-being. Overall, higher levels of implementation are positively associated with greater program effectiveness, demonstrating that strong community partnerships and coordinated efforts are central to the success of Brigada Eskwela. These suggest that schools may continue to monitor and evaluate program implementation to maintain high standards. Training for teachers, leaders, and community volunteers can enhance capacity and sustain best practices. Parental and community involvement may be strengthened beyond the annual activity through regular engagement. Schools may also document resources mobilized and activities conducted to track progress effectively. Leadership may promote inclusive decision-making to empower sub-leaders and volunteers.

The study aimed to examine the level of differentiated instruction implemented among senior high school learners, describe the learners’ development in 21st century skills, and determine the significant relationship between differentiated instruction and learners’ 21st century skills. The respondents consisted of 162 senior high school learners enrolled at Kitubo National High School, Kitaotao III District, Division of Bukidnon, during the School Year 2025–2026. Total enumeration sampling was utilized to include all learners who met the study criteria. A researcher-made survey questionnaire was employed to measure the implementation of differentiated instruction and the development of learners’ 21st century skills. Reliability testing yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.952, indicating very high internal consistency and confirming the reliability of the research instrument .Findings revealed that differentiated instruction was perceived by learners as highly implemented in terms of teaching approaches, assessment and feedback, and classroom environment. Teachers used varied explanations, examples, and participatory strategies that enhanced learner understanding and engagement. Assessment practices were generally constructive and varied; however, reflective tasks, opportunities for revision, and consistent recognition of learner achievements were less emphasized, indicating areas that may require further instructional support. Results also showed that learners demonstrated high proficiency in critical thinking, problem-solving, communication, collaboration, creativity, and innovation. Learners actively analyzed information, asked questions, and worked effectively with peers, reflecting strong engagement in essential 21st century skills. Nevertheless, practices related to providing feedback, reflecting on learning, and taking creative risks were less frequently observed. Further analysis revealed a strong and positive relationship between differentiated instruction and the development of learners’ 21st century skills. The findings underscore the importance of sustaining learner-centered and adaptive instructional practices to support holistic and meaningful skill development among learners.

This study investigated the English proficiency of Indigenous learners at Manalog Integrated School, focusing on their demographic profile, Phil-IRI reading performance, and the factors influencing English proficiency in terms of linguistic, socio-cultural, and educational dimensions. Specifically, it explored the significant relationships between Phil-IRI results and these factors, as well as differences in influence based on age and gender. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed, with 102 Indigenous learners from Grades 7 to 10 selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire adapted from Cabaltica and Arcala (2021), which yielded a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.742. Descriptive statistics, weighted means, standard deviations, Pearson correlation, and ANOVA were applied to analyze the data. Findings revealed that most respondents were aged 12 to 15 years, with a nearly equal distribution of male and female learners. The majority were classified at the Frustration Level in Phil-IRI, indicating low reading proficiency. Linguistic factors moderately influenced English proficiency, while socio-cultural and educational factors had high influence. No significant relationship was found between Phil-IRI performance and the influencing factors. Age significantly affected how factors influenced English proficiency, whereas gender did not.Conclusions indicate that Indigenous learners face challenges in reading comprehension and speaking, with age-related differences shaping how linguistic, socio-cultural, and educational factors affect proficiency. Based on these findings, recommendations include fostering active English reading and speaking among learners, encouraging supportive home and community environments, implementing culturally responsive instructional programs, integrating age-appropriate and interactive curriculum strategies, and conducting further research on additional variables influencing English proficiency.

This study investigated the application of gamification, mediating factors of teachers, and student learning outcomes in the context of public schools through the descriptive-correlational research approach and quantitative surveys. The implementation was evaluated by the researchers using points, badges, levels, narratives, and quests. The results showed that instructors were quite effective at self-efficacy and flexible practices with the lack of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge, resource limitations, and workload. However, educators were not reluctant about gamification to increase motivation. The outcomes indicated that gamification improved the learning performance (engagement and retention) in a significant way, which aligns with the Self-Determination Theory. It was observed that there were high levels of performance in knowledge acquisition, motor skills as well as appreciation. Moreover, the significant connections were observed between the use of gamification, teacher moderating variables, and student performance, and the highly influential role of teacher efficacy. These results indicate that the curriculum should be improved by focusing on the use of gamification training and professional growth. Also, there should be regular evaluations and administration that will make teaching sensitive to resource-limited settings. Teachers are advised to use gamification in combination with reflective activities to improve self-efficacy and pedagogical learning, but future studies need to examine longitudinal effects. In the end, the present study confirms that gamification has a potential to improve the quality and performance of students provided that strong teacher moderators mediate it.

This study assessed the contributions of the NG-CARES project to the empowerment of the rural poor and vulnerable groups in Tarka Local Government Area (LGA), Benue State, Nigeria. It evaluated the project’s impacts on financial stability, job creation, income growth, local production, and implementation challenges. A total of 250 NG-CARES beneficiaries across five communities were targeted, from which 125 respondents were selected using stratified random and purposive sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, and 119 valid responses were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Findings revealed that the project reached its intended beneficiaries, with 68.9% living in extreme poverty and 53.8% being female. Most respondents (59.7%) were farmers, and 51.3% had only primary education. Prior to the intervention, 93.3% of smallholder farmers were financially unstable, but during NG-CARES, the same percentage reported improved financial status, attributed to the provision of agricultural assets (42.9%) and inputs (41.2%). Confidence in meeting financial needs increased, with 55.5% expressing confidence and only 4.2% expressing none. Job creation also improved, with agricultural processing and labour roles increasing, while informal job dependence dropped from 42.0% to 26.9%. Income growth was evident, as beneficiaries earning below ₦30,000 dropped from 55.5% to 12.6%, while those earning above ₦200,000 rose from 8.4% to 23.5%. Although only 8.4% received training, 87.4% reported increased productivity. Chi-square tests confirmed a statistically significant effect of NG-CARES on financial stability (χ² = 178.30, df = 3, p = 2.05e-38) and income growth (χ² = 54.27, df = 3, critical value = 7.815). The study concluded that NG-CARES effectively empowered economically marginalised groups by improving livelihoods and reducing poverty. It recommends scaling up funding, enhancing communication, expanding training, and improving infrastructure and market access to ensure sustainability.

Heterocyclic compounds are organic ring structures containing nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. They are the basis of the chemical structures of most approved drugs. However, as far as we know, there hasn't been any thorough comparative study across different classes that has systematically evaluated their advantages. Our data-driven analysis of 360 approved small-molecule drugs from 10 therapeutic classes, largely based on the WHO Essential Medicines List (2023), FDA Orange Book (2023), DrugBank v5.1, and ChEMBL v33, goes towards filling that void. By structural annotation with the help of RDKit, drugs were grouped and then compared using nine physicochemical/pharmacokinetic descriptors and four clinical outcome measures. Out of the 360 drugs studied, 314 (87.2%) are heterocyclic, with the proportion being highest in antiparasitics (95.5%), antibacterials (93.8%), and CNS agents (92.0%). Oral bioavailability was one of the areas where heterocyclic drugs performed better than the others (61.4% vs 43.7%), and they showed lower lipophilicity (logP 1.8 vs 3.9), decreased CYP450 substrate frequency (38% vs 67%), and longer plasma half-lives (14.2 h vs 8.9 h) as well. In the clinical setting, they showed higher therapeutic efficacy (78.4% vs 61.9%), greater target selectivity (SI = 12.8 vs 5.3), lower adverse drug reaction incidence (18.3% vs 31.6%), and fewer drug-drug interactions. Piperidine, pyridine, and piperazine together made up over 40% of the heterocyclic scaffolds. We therefore reject the null hypothesis at all four primary endpoints (p < 0.05), thus emphasizing the importance of heterocyclic chemistry in the rational design of drugs.

This study examined the level of policy implementation among teachers and its relationship to their perceptions of governance effectiveness in education. Specifically, it assessed teachers’ views on policy effectiveness, its impact on morale and retention, and clarity and communication, as well as perceptions of governance in terms of framework assessment, influence on teacher well-being, and transparency of communication. Using a descriptive–correlational research design, the study was conducted in the Claveria West District, Misamis Oriental, Philippines, covering 14 elementary schools and utilizing total enumeration. Data were gathered through adapted questionnaires from Helen F. Ladd (2023) with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.720. Descriptive statistics revealed high levels of policy implementation across all dimensions and very high perceptions of governance in teacher well-being and transparency. Correlation analysis indicated a significant positive relationship between overall policy implementation and governance effectiveness with policy effectiveness showing a significant individual relationship, while impact on morale and retention and clarity and communication alone were not significant. The findings suggest that strong and effective policy implementation as a whole contributes to more favorable perceptions of governance. The study recommends targeted professional development for teachers, leadership strategies that foster transparent and collaborative governance, and integrated policy frameworks that address both teacher needs and governance structures to enhance overall educational outcomes.

This study investigated the effect of classroom routines on the on-task behavior of elementary learners in District II, Malaybalay City Division, during the School Year 2025-2026. Specifically, it assessed the level of teachers&#39; classroom routines across five dimensions morning/entry, transition, instructional, cleanup/closing, and behavior management and the corresponding level of student on-task behavior. Utilizing a descriptive-correlational research design, data were gathered from elementary grade teachers through a researcher-made survey questionnaire. Statistical tools, including mean, standard deviation, and the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, were employed for data analysis. Findings revealed that teachers implement classroom routines with a very high effect to the on-task behavior of learners. It implies that teachers are doing a great job of maintaining classroom routines, which effectively helps them keep the class organized and achieve their teaching goals. Consequently, elementary learners were found to be highly engaged in the class. Correlation analysis established a significant relationship between classroom routines and on-task behavior, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The study concludes that structured routines serve as essential proactive scaffolds that transform potential classroom chaos into stable learning environments. The high level of learner engagement signifies a successful transition from teacher-dependence to self-regulated learning. Recommendations include the institutionalization of standardized routines through specialized professional development and the introduction of more complex, self-directed projects to capitalize on student autonomy. These results affirm that procedural consistency is a fundamental driver of academic focus and sustained student participation in the elementary setting.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Letter-Sound and Object Identification intervention and its relationship with the reading levels of 76 Grade 7 non-reader learners at Bangcud National High School, Malaybalay City Division, during the School Year 2025–2026. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, data were collected using a validated researcher-developed instrument. Statistical analysis included frequency counts, percentages, means, standard deviations, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. Findings revealed that letter-sound and object identification were perceived as highly effective across all components, including letter-sound recognition, object identification, phonemic awareness, vocabulary development, and reading fluency. Despite this high level of effectiveness, most learners remained at the instructional level, indicating that while they possess foundational skills, they still require substantial guidance to achieve independent reading proficiency. Furthermore, a significant positive relationship was found between the intervention's effectiveness and the learners' reading levels, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This finding indicates that the intervention worked best for learners who already possess higher reading skills, meaning its benefits increased as the learners' initial reading proficiency rose. The study concludes that bridging the phonological-semantic gap through multimodal phonemic anchors is a potent catalyst for literacy recovery among adolescent non-readers. Results suggest that systematic, object-based instruction is essential for transitioning learners from frustration to mastery. It is recommended that school heads formalize letter-sound and object identification as a mandatory remedial program and that teachers institutionalize multisensory mapping to replace abstract drills. By integrating culturally familiar objects into phonetic lessons, educators can provide the necessary scaffolding to accelerate students toward autonomous reading proficiency.

This study aimed to examine the effects of the Read-Aloud Strategy on vocabulary acquisition. Specifically, this study aimed to determine the level of the Read-Aloud Strategy in terms of comprehension and engagement, and learners’ vocabulary acquisition in terms of understanding and active listening. This study employed a descriptive correlational research design to examine the effect of the read-aloud strategy on learners’ vocabulary acquisition and was conducted in Kadingilan Central Elementary School, Kadingilan, Bukidnon. This study used a purposive sampling, specifically targeting 161 Grade-4 learners from selected public elementary schools within the Kadingilan 1 District. The findings indicate that the Read-Aloud Strategy is highly effective, with students demonstrating very high levels of comprehension and engagement. Another result revealed that the level of learners’ Vocabulary Acquisition in terms of understanding and active listening was interpreted as a very high level. Moreover, it was also found that there is a significant relationship between the level of the Read-Aloud Strategy and the level of Vocabulary Acquisition. These findings suggest that teachers can improve students’ comprehension, engagement, and vocabulary learning by consistently implementing read-aloud strategies in the classroom. Incorporating interactive elements into these sessions can make the activities more effective. Discussing the meanings of new words with students can also deepen their understanding. Teachers may prompt students to make predictions about the story, which helps maintain attention and engagement. Using new vocabulary in sentences allows learners to practice applying what they have learned. Providing repeated exposure to new words in meaningful contexts reinforces retention. Overall, consistent and interactive read-aloud sessions contribute to improving students’ overall language proficiency.

This study aimed to examine the gender and learning performance in Social Studies among learners of Kapalaran Elementary School, Dangcagan Districy for the S.Y 2025-2026. The study utilized a descriptive-correlational research design to determine the the gender and learning performance in school. The respondents of the study were the 120 learners in Kapalaran Elementary School. Through the use of survey questionnaires data was gathered. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, t-test and Pearson r were employed to analyze the descriptive level of application and to determine whether a significant correlation and differences exists among the variables. The descriptive-correlational design was appropriate for this study as it not only measured the existing level of application but also explored how different factors relate to learners’ performance in Social Studies. The result revealed that majority of the respondents were male learners and the level of the learning performance in terms of learners’ participation shows a large extent and performance task interpreted as very large extent. The study showed a relatively balanced gender distribution among learners, allowing fair comparison of learning performance and indicating equal access to schooling for both males and females. Learners demonstrated high levels of participation and strong performance in tasks, reflecting an engaging and supportive learning environment that enhances academic outcomes. Gender was found to significantly influence learning performance, with female learners generally outperforming males, highlighting the importance of considering gender differences to improve instructional strategies. These suggest that schools may continue to promote gender balance in enrollment and participation. Administrators may ensure equal opportunities for both male and female learners in academic programs. Gender-sensitive policies may be strengthened to maintain inclusivity. Teachers may encourage equal participation in classroom activities. Guidance programs may be implemented to support both genders academically. Continuous monitoring of gender distribution is recommended. This will help sustain balanced representation in future studies.

This study examined the cross-cultural teaching experiences of teachers and their relationship to learners’ engagement in Indigenous elementary schools in Kitaotao District I. The research recognized that cultural diversity in Indigenous communities presents both opportunities and challenges for non-Indigenous and Indigenous teachers in delivering inclusive and responsive instruction. The primary objective was to determine how teachers’ cross-cultural practices, beliefs, and strategies influence the behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement of learners in the classroom. A quantitative correlational research design was employed. Data were gathered through a structured survey questionnaire administered to elementary teachers from Indigenous schools in the district. The instrument measured teachers’ cross-cultural teaching experiences in terms of cultural awareness, instructional adaptation, communication practices, community involvement, and use of culturally responsive strategies. Learners’ engagement was measured across three dimensions: participation, interest and motivation, and investment in learning tasks. Descriptive statistics, mean scores, and correlation analysis were used to interpret the data. A Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.82 or higher was considered acceptable, indicating that the instrument had strong reliability. Findings revealed that teachers generally demonstrated a moderate to high level of cross-cultural teaching experience, particularly in showing respect for local culture and adapting examples and activities to learners’ contexts. However, challenges were noted in language differences, limited culturally aligned instructional materials, and minimal formal training in Indigenous education. Learners showed moderate to high engagement levels, especially when lessons were contextualized and interactive. Statistical analysis indicated a significant positive relationship between cross-cultural teaching practices and learners’ engagement. Classrooms where teachers applied culturally responsive methods, localized content, and inclusive communication strategies reported higher learner participation and motivation. The study concludes that strengthening cross-cultural competence among teachers contributes meaningfully to improved learner engagement in Indigenous elementary schools. It recommends continuous professional development, localized instructional material development, and stronger school– community partnerships to support culturally responsive teaching. These efforts can help create more inclusive learning environments and enhance educational outcomes for Indigenous learners.

Background: Cholelithiasis, commonly known as gallbladder stone disease, is among the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders globally, affecting an estimated 10–15% of adults in Western nations and carrying significant morbidity, healthcare expenditure and procedural burden. Objectives: This article aims to synthesize contemporary evidence from 2015 to 2025 regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for cholelithiasis, with particular emphasis on evolving minimally invasive techniques and pharmacological advances. Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical guidelines published between January 2015 and December 2024 was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases.
Results: Global prevalence data indicate rising incidence, particularly in urbanizing low- and middle-income countries. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains the gold-standard intervention with success rates exceeding 97%. Emerging evidence supports enhanced recovery protocols, and novel biomarkers are under investigation for risk stratification. Conclusion: Cholelithiasis represents a substantial and growing public health challenge. Clinicians must remain current with diagnostic innovations and evidence-based management to reduce associated complications, including cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and cholangiocarcinoma.

Today in many educational institutes, managing allocation of seats for various examinations is still based on manual process, leading to errors, consumes time, and there are huge chances of unfair seating practices of students. This occurs especially while handling large amounts of students and having multiple rooms for allocation. To address these problems, a smart web-based seating allocation system is designed to ensure that the exams should be transparent, fair and cheating free in institutions. Instead of making machine learning models, this system applies an algorithmic approach along with the MERN stack to do the seating arrangement carefully and efficiently. The proposed system uses effective techniques, Hashing is used for mixing student data randomly, while sorting is used to organize the data properly according to need. The constraint satisfaction approach defines various rules and ensures that all the rules are followed, such that not any student of the same branch and same year can sit together at the same bench. Greedy algorithm is helpful in assigning the best possible seat for an individual and Graph coloring is used to avoid the conflicts between nearby students, Round Robin will distribute students evenly in rooms. This system has an exam cell panel from where the authorized user can access it, the exam cell head will simply upload the data of students and the system will easily generate a seating plan using these algorithms and make the manual process of seating arrangements easy for the user. This approach will make the process easy and reduce the consumption of time and efforts both. The backend architecture of this system is a modular and secure design having authentication system, while the frontend dashboard has a clear and user-friendly interface so that anyone can easily operate it and can generate the seating plan. The proposed system was tested on data of up to 1500 students, the performance was on the mark. The result shows reduction of over 90% in the time for allocation of seats as compared to the manual approach of seating allocation without any conflicts, the system ensures the utilization of rooms efficiently. Overall the system is fast and easy to use for anyone, it can also handle large numbers of students and works well in real world situations.

The architecture utilizes a multi-layered approach to Digital image acquisition often suffers from stochastic noise, degrading visual quality and data integrity. This paper presents a robust Image Denoising System based on a Deep Convolutional Autoencoder (DCAE) architecture. By utilizing an encoder-decoder framework implemented in TensorFlow and Keras, the system learns to extract essential structural features from noisy inputs and reconstruct high-fidelity "clean" images. Unlike traditional spatial filtering methods that often blur edges, this model leverages Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to maintain spatial hierarchies. The system was validated using the MNIST dataset with synthetic Gaussian noise, demonstrating significant improvements in image clarity through automated feature recovery.

This study examines consumer purchasing behaviour at Lagos international trade fairs, focusing on the factors influencing purchase decisions and the relationship between trade fair experiences and buying outcomes. A qualitative research approach was adopted, employing semi-structured interviews with attendees and exhibitors, alongside observational analysis of exhibitor activities. The findings indicate that consumer purchasing behaviour at trade fairs is predominantly experience-driven and shaped by price incentives, product demonstrations, brand familiarity, and exhibitor–consumer interactions. Positive trade fair experiences were found to significantly enhance purchase intention, impulse buying tendencies, and post-event purchasing likelihood. The study further validates the relevance of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the Stimulus–Organism– Response (S–O–R) model, and Experiential Consumption Theory in explaining consumer behaviour within trade fair environments. Based on these findings, strategic recommendations are proposed regarding experiential marketing practices, booth design, promotional strategies, and small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) capacity development to optimise consumer engagement and trade fair performance. This research contributes to the limited empirical literature on consumer purchasing behaviour at international trade events in emerging economies, with specific emphasis on Nigeria.

The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing significant transformation due to advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI), automation, and robotics. These technologies are revolutionizing drug discovery, manufacturing, supply chain management, and patient care. AI accelerates drug development by analysing large datasets, while automation enhances efficiency and accuracy in repetitive tasks. Robotics, integrated with AI, enables faster, scalable, and precise manufacturing processes and is also used for efficient medication dispensing. These innovations drive the development of personalized medicine, offering tailored treatments based on individual patient data. Collectively, these advancements address industry challenges, including rising demand, regulatory compliance, and global health needs, paving the way for a more efficient and patient-centred pharmaceutical sector.[1]

The study was undertaken to evaluate the nutrient composition, physical and sensory properties of bread samples produced from wheat, roasted clam and unripe plantain flour blends. The freshwater clam was washed, sliced, parboiled, roasted and milled while the unripe plantain was sorted, cleaned, sliced, blanched, drained and milled separately. The individual flour obtained was blended together in the ratios of 90:5:5, 80:10:10, 70:15:15, 60:20:20 and 50:25:25 and used for the production of functional bread while 100% wheat flour served as control. The composite flour blends were evaluated for proximate composition, energy content, mineral and vitamin composition while the physical, microbial and sensory properties of the functional bread samples produced were determined using standard methods. The moisture, crude protein, fat, crude fibre and ash contents of the bread samples increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in the addition of roasted clam and unripe plantain flours from 10.53-18.03%, 9.06-34.52%, 3.12-4.68%, 3.42-5.15% and 2.41-3.04, respectively, while the carbohydrate and energy contents decreased from 71.46-34.64% and 355.16 - 318.52 KJ/100g, respectively. The mineral composition of the bread samples also increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in substitution of ground bean and sweet potato flours from 76.32-102.33 mg/100 g (calcium), 86.33-106.76 mg/100 g (potassium), 43.17-70.79 mg / 100 g (phosphorus), 92.14-112.15 mg / 100 g (magnesium), 1.52-2.05 mg / 100 g (iron) and 2.13-2.98 mg/100 g (zinc), respectively. The thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, vitamin A and vitamin E contents of the bread samples increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in the addition of ground bean and sweet potato flours from 42.17-59.19 mg/100 g, 62.31-80.69 mg/100 g, 24.15-47.57 mg/100 g, 12.15-12.15-12.73 mg/100 g, 18.32-47.33 mg/100 g and 15.31-43.67 mg/100 g, respectively. The physical properties (loaf volume, loaf height, loaf weight, oven spring and specific loaf volume) of the bread samples decreased significantly (p<0.05) with corresponding increase in the addition of ground bean and sweet potato flours from 310.21-115.41 cm3, 6.82-3.84 cm; 410.21-246.31g, 458.15-407.94 cm and 0.76-0.26 cm3/g, respectively. The results of the microbial assessment showed that the total viable count for the samples varied between 0.33 x 104 and 1.20 x 104 cfu/g and there were no detectable coliform or fungal counts. The sensory properties of the samples showed that the control sample (100% wheat flour bread) was the most acceptable to the panelists and also differed significantly (p<0.05) from the composite flour breads in colour, texture, taste and flavour. Although the 100% wheat flour bread (control) had better sensory and physical properties, it had the least values in nutrient contents compared to the composite flour bread loaves. However, the study showed that the nutrient contents of wheat flour breads could be improved by enriching wheat flour with ground bean and sweet potato flours at the levels of 5-25% and 5-25%, respectively in the production of bread loaves.

This study examined work-life balance in relation to academic programme completion of female postgraduate students in public universities in Anambra State. Two research questions and two corresponding null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population comprised 2,125 female postgraduate students across Nnamdi Azikiwe University and Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, and a sample of 390 was drawn using the Yamane formula and stratified simple random sampling. Data were collected with a researcher-designed instrument, titled - Work-Life Balance of Female Postgraduate Students and Academic Programme Completion Questionnaire. The test–retest was used to determine the reliability coefficient at 0.79. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics to answer the research questions, and z-test and Analysis of Variance were used to test the hypotheses with SPSS at 0.05 level of significance. The findings indicated that time pressure from academic tasks reduces students’ ability to maintain a healthy personal life, that personal responsibilities diminish capacity to complete coursework, and that school policies to support balance among students were perceived as inadequate. Students also reported emotional exhaustion and health effects linked to workload, while acknowledging some successes in maintaining relationships and completing required tasks despite constraints. The study concluded that work-life balance has a substantive bearing on timely programme completion for female postgraduate students, and that existing institutional supports are insufficient to neutralise the effects of competing domestic and academic demands. Based on the findings, the study recommended that universities should strengthen flexible scheduling, expand counselling and childcare access, and enforce responsive supervisory practices to improve completion rates.

This study investigated the relationship between Artificial Intelligence (AI) awareness and the utilization of AI-assisted teaching strategies among 143 public school teachers in Kitaotao 2 District during the 2025–2026 school year. The research specifically evaluated three dimensions of awareness: conceptual understanding, professional development exposure, and application confidence. Simultaneously, it assessed how these educators integrated AI into lesson delivery, assessment, feedback, and student support. Using a quantitative design with complete count sampling, the findings revealed that teachers had moderate to high AI awareness and consistently used AI-assisted strategies in their classrooms. A critical outcome of the study was the identification of a strong, significant positive correlation between awareness and utilization. This suggests that as teachers gain a deeper understanding of AI, receive more targeted training, and build their technical confidence, they become significantly more likely to adopt innovative AI tools in their daily instructional practices. The study concludes that fostering teacher competence is fundamental to the successful digital transformation of the classroom. To sustain this momentum, it is recommended that educational authorities and school administrators prioritize robust professional development programs and institutional support. By strengthening educators' capacity to navigate AI technologies, schools can ensure these innovations are used effectively to enhance learning outcomes and modernize the educational experience.

This phenomenological study examined the lived experiences of academically challenged senior high school learners at Cabanglasan National High School during the School Year 2025–2026. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: (1) What behavioral patterns do challenge senior high school learners show at school and at home? and (2) What coping mechanisms do they use to deal with their personal and family-related difficulties? The study aimed to understand how these learners navigate daily challenges and how such experiences shape their behavior, motivation, and overall well-being. Using a qualitative research design guided by Colaizzi’s method of phenomenological analysis, data were collected through in-depth interviews with ten (10) purposively selected senior high school learners experiencing academic, emotional, family-related, or social challenges. Significant statements were extracted, meanings were formulated, and themes were identified to capture the essence of their lived experiences. The findings revealed that learners exhibited behavioral patterns characterized by emotional suppression, emotional release, contextual identity shift, emotional reactivity, and maladaptive responses. These patterns reflected both internal struggles and adaptive adjustments to challenging environments. In coping with their difficulties, learners relied on spiritual reliance, peer support systems, distraction and escape coping, self-reliant internal coping, and organized problem-solving strategies. The results indicate that while learners demonstrate resilience and personal agency, they also experience emotional vulnerability and occasional isolation. The study concludes that challenged senior high school learners possess both strengths and vulnerabilities in managing adversity. The findings underscore the importance of supportive school environments that foster emotional expression, strengthen peer and spiritual support systems, and promote adaptive coping strategies to enhance learners’ well-being and academic engagement. Therefore, it is recommended that schools implement structured guidance and counseling programs that provide emotional support, coping skills training, and safe spaces for learners to express and manage their challenges.

This study examined the level of awareness of environmental issues and the coping strategies employed by junior high school learners at Cabanglasan National High School. Specifically, it addressed the following questions: (1) What is the level of learners’ knowledge of environmental issues in terms of awareness of major global and local problems, understanding of causes and effects, and knowledge of possible solutions and sustainable practices? (2) What coping strategies do learners use in learning environmental topics in terms of personal, peer, or family support, and school-based strategies? (3) Is there a significant relationship between learners’ environmental knowledge and their coping strategies? A descriptive-correlational research design was used, and data were collected from 150 junior high school learners selected through stratified random sampling. A validated structured questionnaire was employed to measure learners’ knowledge of environmental issues and the coping strategies they use. Findings revealed that learners possess a very high level of environmental knowledge, demonstrating strong awareness of global and local problems, understanding of causes and effects, and knowledge of sustainable practices. They also employ effective coping strategies, including personal study techniques, peer and family support, and school-based activities, with school-based strategies being the most frequently utilized. Additionally, a positive relationship was observed between learners’ environmental knowledge and their coping strategies, indicating that higher awareness contributes to more effective approaches to overcoming learning challenges. These results emphasize the importance of promoting environmental education in rural schools and providing opportunities for learners to apply knowledge through practical and collaborative activities. Teachers are encouraged to integrate interactive and hands-on strategies, while schools may enhance programs and clubs that strengthen environmental understanding and coping skills.

The study employed a quantitative, descriptive-correlational research design using complete count sampling and involved 143 public school teachers. Data were collected using a validated survey questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation analysis. The findings revealed that teachers had a very high level of awareness of climate change in terms of knowledge and attitudes. They also demonstrated a high level of self-efficacy. This suggests that while teachers possess a strong understanding and positive dispositions toward climate change, there remains room to strengthen their confidence and perceived capacity to implement climate-related instruction effectively. The extent of environmental integration in classroom instruction was also found to be high across all dimensions examined. Correlation analysis indicated a significant relationship between climate change awareness and environmental integration, with self-efficacy showing the strongest association. These results underscore that teachers who possess greater knowledge, confidence, and positive attitudes toward climate change are more likely to integrate environmental topics effectively into their classroom instruction. This finding highlights the pivotal role of teachers' preparedness in advancing environmental education. It suggests that strengthening teachers’ competencies can directly enhance the quality and depth of climate-related learning experiences for students. The findings are significant as they emphasize the importance of strengthening teachers’ self-efficacy and instructional support to enhance climate change education. The study concludes that improving teachers’ awareness—particularly their confidence in teaching climate-related content—can lead to more meaningful and consistent integration of environmental topics in classroom instruction.

This study examined the level of participation in wellness programs among teachers in District V schools, Division of Valencia City, Bukidnon, Philippines, during the School Year 2025-2026, and its relationship to teachers' health and productivity. Utilizing a descriptive-correlational design, complete enumeration sampled teachers from Barobo Integrated School, Tugaya Integrated School, Guinuyoran Central School, Magsal Integrated School, and Lourdes Integrated School. The adapted instrument, drawn from the RAND SF-36 Health Survey and validated job performance scales. Data analysis involved means, standard deviations for levels, and Pearson product-moment correlation for relationships. Findings revealed very high participation in wellness program activities and teachers' health practices, alongside very high overall health and productivity. Significant positive correlations between participation in wellness activities and health activities. Conclusions affirm robust teacher engagement yielding enhanced health, energy, and professional outputs like punctual attendance and classroom management. Active involvement directly boosts performance, aligning with literature on wellness benefits. Recommendations urge teachers to integrate personal routines like mindfulness, administrators to expand workshops and incentives, and future researchers to pursue longitudinal, multi-division studies with qualitative insights on barriers like sleep habits. These insights advocate sustaining school wellness initiatives for sustained educator wellbeing and efficacy in Philippine public schools.

This study examined the relationship between teachers’ level of empowerment and their job satisfaction. Specifically, it sought to determine teachers’ perception of their level of empowerment in terms of autonomy, access to professional development, and participation in decision-making; assess their level of job satisfaction in terms of pay and benefits, working conditions, and professional recognition; and test the significant relationship between empowerment and job satisfaction. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed. Data were gathered from teachers using a structured survey questionnaire and were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r correlation to determine levels and relationships among variables. The findings revealed that teachers perceived a high level of empowerment across all dimensions, with access to professional development and participation in decision-making obtaining relatively strong ratings. Teachers also reported a high level of job satisfaction in terms of pay and benefits, working conditions, and professional recognition, with peer recognition receiving the highest mean. Moreover, the results showed a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between overall teacher empowerment and overall job satisfaction (r = .718, p < .05), leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The study concludes that teacher empowerment significantly influences job satisfaction. When teachers are provided with professional growth opportunities, involved in decision-making processes, and recognized for their contributions, their level of job satisfaction increases. The findings underscore the importance of strengthening empowerment practices in schools to enhance teachers’ professional well-being, motivation, and organizational commitment.

Background: Herbal formulations are widely used for maintaining health and wellness. However, conventional dosage forms often show poor patient compliance and slower onset of action. Effervescent systems can overcome these limitations by improving dissolution, absorption, and palatability. Objective: To develop and evaluate a polyherbal effervescent granule formulation for improving gut health, reducing stress, and providing mild energy enhancement. Materials and Methods: A polyherbal combination of Phyllanthus emblica (Amla), Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) was selected based on their pharmacological properties. Preformulation studies were carried out to assess physicochemical parameters such as solubility, moisture content, particle size, and flow properties. Effervescent granules were prepared using the wet granulation method. Eight formulations (F1–F8) were developed by varying acid–base ratio and binder concentration. The prepared granules were evaluated for flow properties, effervescence time, pH, moisture content, drug content uniformity, dissolution, and stability. Results: All formulations showed acceptable physicochemical properties. Effervescence studies indicated rapid carbon dioxide release and quick dissolution. The pH of the reconstituted solution was within the acceptable range (5.5–6.5). Statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA) showed significant differences among formulations (p < 0.05). Among all batches, formulation F5 was found to be optimized, showing rapid effervescence (~65 seconds), pH ~6.3, low moisture content (<2%), good flow properties, and high drug content uniformity (~99.5%), along with good stability. Conclusion: The developed polyherbal effervescent granules demonstrated improved performance, rapid action, and better patient acceptability. The optimized formulation (F5) can be considered a promising dosage form for nutraceutical or over-the-counter applications.

The study investigated the relationship between students’ personality traits and students’ academic achievement in Computer Science in Secondary schools in Benue State using Path analysis. It was guided by six specific objectives and six research questions raised for the study. Three hypotheses were formulated for the study and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study adopted triangulated research design. The study was carried out in Benue North West Educational Zone of Benue State, Nigeria. The population of the study is 4293 Students. This comprises all the senior secondary II students in Benue North West Educational Zone. The sample size for the study is 384. This was obtained using Krejcie and Morgan Table for sample size determination. Student Personality Trait Questionnaire (SPTQ) and Students Profoma were validated by three experts. Cronbach Alpha method was used to determine the reliability coefficient of the Students’ Personality Traits Questionnaire and it yielded a total reliability coefficient of 0.72. Data were collected through face to face administration of copies of the instruments with the help of five research assistants. As a path analytic study, data collected were analyzed using multiple regression analysis in Mplus. The study found that the causal model for providing an explanation of the achievement of students in Computer science is the model involving students’ personality traits of openness to experience and conscientiousness. The study also found that there is no significant difference in the model fit of the empirically observed model and the theoretical model proposed for the study. It was revealed that the significant paths through which the independent variables (students’ personality traits) caused variation on the dependent variable (students’ academic achievement) are those of openness to experience and conscientiousness. Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that students’ personality traits of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism plays a role in students’ academic achievement in Computer Science, and they account for 15.0% variation in students’ academic achievement in Computer Science in secondary schools in Benue state. It was recommended among others that Curriculum planners and teachers should incorporate learning strategies and classroom activities that nurture and leverage openness (e.g., creative tasks, exploration) and conscientiousness (e.g., time management and goal setting) to enhance academic achievement.

The Landmines are still a big threat to people in many areas that have been through a war, killing thousands of people every year. Traditional ways of finding things, like manual probing and trained animals, take a long time, are dangerous, and use a lot of resources. To solve these problems, this project introduces the Spider Bot for Landmine Detection, a robotic system that moves like a spider. The multi-legged design enables stable movement across uneven and hazardous terrain, where wheeled or tracked robots often face limitations. Equipped with suitable sensors, the spider bot can detect buried landmines effectively while minimizing risk to human operators. The project emphasizes safety, cost-effectiveness, portability, and reliability, making it a practical solution for real-world demining applications. Additionally, the study demonstrates the integration of robotics, sensor technology, and autonomous navigation as a step toward - more advanced, scalable, and humanitarian-focused mine detection systems.

Background: Chronic stress acts as a potent trigger for various psychosomatic disorders by dysregulating the bidirectional communication between the mind, the nervous system, and the immune system, a field known as Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI). While conventional treatments often focus on symptom suppression, homoeopathy offers a holistic approach aimed at restoring the "vital force" and systemic equilibrium. This study explores the therapeutic role of individualized homoeopathic medicines in managing stress-induced disorders through a PNI lens. Methods: 30 patients presenting with stress-induced conditions such as chronic anxiety, tension-type headaches, or stress-related insomnia—was conducted. Patients were evaluated using standard psychological scales (PSS-10) and clinical PNI markers where applicable. Individualized homoeopathic remedies (e.g., Ignatia Amara, Arsenicum album, Natrum muriaticum) were prescribed based on the totality of symptoms and constitutional profiles. Follow-ups were conducted over period of 6 months to assess clinical improvement and causal attribution using the Modified Naranjo Criteria (MONARCH) inventory. Results: Significant clinical improvement was observed across the case series, with a marked reduction in stress-related scores. Patients reported not only relief from physical somatic symptoms but also enhanced emotional resilience and improved sleep quality. The integration of PNI principles suggested that homoeopathic intervention may help modulate the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system responses, leading to better immune-inflammatory balance.

The present research paper looks at the developments of the Private Equity (PE). Trend of Venture Capital (VC) investment in India during pre-pandemic, The periods of pandemic, post- pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic constantly redid the Private Equity (PE) and Venture Capital (VC) significantly. Fundamental dynamics of investment in the Indian startup ecosystem. This study analyzes tendencies of investments in three periods - pre-pandemic (20182019) to learn... pandemic (2020), and post-pandemic recovery (2021-2024). investor behavior alteration, capital distribution across industries, and the investment round preferences. Based on secondary data from industry reports and financial databases, the study shows a clear shift from aggressive growth-focused investments to more disciplined and profit-focused investment strategies. The results further indicate that even though total funding levels returned to their course following the First wave of shock in the pandemic, the risk appetite among investors fell and with a higher degree. focus on governance, long-term unit economics and long-term value. creation. Strong sectors like HealthTech and other technology-based industries received more investment. The recovery of sectors such as Travel and Hospitality was slower. The study concludes that COVID-19 created a major change in the Private Equity and Venture Capital environment in India. It had a long-term impact on investment strategies and made investors focus more on financial discipline and flexible business strategies in startup financing.

Fistula-in-ano is a common anorectal condition requiring surgical management that balances fistula eradication against continence preservation. This review summarizes contemporary surgical techniques including fistulotomy, fistulectomy, seton placement, LIFT, advancement flap and VAAFT, drawing from recent randomized trials, cohorts and systematic reviews. For simple low fistulas, fistulotomy and fistulectomy achieve high healing rates with low recurrence and minimal incontinence. Sphincter-sparing procedures for complex fistulas show variable success, with LIFT demonstrating 28-90% healing and VAAFT 15-65% recurrence in recent studies. Postoperative pain is modest, hospital stay short (1-3 days), and complications include wound infection and minor incontinence. Future research should prioritize standardized outcomes and head-to-head trials of sphincter-preserving methods.

The Indian IT industry, projected to reach $350 billion by 2026, faces intense talent competition requiring effective Performance and Compensation Management (PCM) practices. This research examines how agile performance systems and transparent reward structures impact employee engagement, motivation, and retention among IT professionals. Using secondary data from industry reports (NASSCOM, Deloitte, Mercer 2022-2025) and literature review of 34 studies, findings reveal agile feedback systems increase engagement by 30% and reduce turnover by up to 30%, while skills-based compensation correlates with 14.9% higher productivity. Challenges include hybrid work feedback gaps and AI appraisal bias. Recommendations emphasize AI-driven PMS, gamified rewards, and VALUE frameworks for sustainable talent retention.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, commonly known as hibiscus, has long been recognized in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties, particularly in hair care. This study explores the potential of hibiscus as a natural treatment for hair fall, a common condition affecting individuals due to factors such as stress, hormonal imbalance, nutritional deficiencies, and environmental damage. Rich in bioactive compounds including flavonoids, amino acids, mucilage, and vitamins, hibiscus exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and nourishing properties that contribute to scalp health and hair growth. The objective of this topic is to evaluate the effectiveness of hibiscus extracts in reducing hair fall and promoting hair regrowth. Various parts of the plant, especially leaves and flowers, are used to prepare oils, pastes, and extracts that can be applied topically. These formulations help strengthen hair follicles, improve blood circulation in the scalp, and prevent dandruff, which is a contributing factor to hair loss. Research indicates that hibiscus may stimulate keratin production, thereby enhancing hair thickness and reducing breakage. Its natural conditioning properties also help restore hair texture and shine. Compared to synthetic treatments, hibiscus-based remedies are cost-effective, eco-friendly, and have minimal side effects, making them a promising alternative for long-term use. This study highlights the significance of integrating traditional herbal knowledge with modern scientific validation to develop safe and effective hair care solutions. Further clinical and experimental research is recommended to standardize formulations and confirm the fall control. Mechanisms involved in hibiscus-mediated hair

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides widely used in pharmaceutical formulations as excipients to enhance the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs through inclusion complex formation. Traditionally regarded as pharmacologically inert, cyclodextrins have recently attracted significant attention for their intrinsic therapeutic activities, positioning them as active pharmaceutical agents rather than merely formulation aids. Accumulating evidence indicates that both native and chemically modified cyclodextrins exhibit direct biological effects, including cholesterol sequestration, modulation of lipid metabolism, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities, and interaction with cellular membranes. Notably, β-cyclodextrin derivatives such as hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin have demonstrated therapeutic potential in the management of lipid storage disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis, cancer, and viral infections by influencing membrane integrity and cellular signaling pathways. Furthermore, cyclodextrins are being explored as active components in gene delivery systems, antimicrobial therapies, and detoxification strategies. These emerging applications challenge the conventional perception of cyclodextrins as inert excipients and highlight their versatility as multifunctional therapeutic agents. This review discusses recent advances in cyclodextrin-based therapeutics, elucidates their mechanisms of action, and addresses key challenges related to safety, selectivity, and clinical translation.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. While conventional pharmacotherapy—including bronchodilators and corticosteroids—effectively manages symptoms, long-term use often leads to adverse effects and diminishing returns in progressive cases. Consequently, there is a burgeoning interest in herbal medicine as a complementary approach. This review examines the therapeutic potential of key botanical agents, such as Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Panax ginseng, focusing on their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and mucolytic properties. By modulating molecular pathways like NF-κB and reducing oxidative stress, these herbal drugs offer a multi-target strategy for stabilizing lung function and improving the quality of life for COPD patients.

Video action recognition has been revolutionising various sectors like security, healthcare, entertainment and sports analytics. Recent advances in deep learning have significantly im- proved the ability to model both spatial and temporal characteristics of a video. This paper presents two approaches for action recognition : 1.) The ResNet-LSTM; 2.) ResNet with Transformer encoder. We analyze the architectural design, performance characteristics, and limitations of both methods, highlighting their effectiveness in handling complex action se- quences. This study aims to provide insights into the strengths of hybrid deep learning models and the role of attention mechanisms in advancing video understanding tasks. Code available at https://github.com/theoptiplexcoder/videoRecognition-lstm-transformers

Stock price prediction is a complex and highly dynamic problem due to the non-linear and volatile nature of financial markets. This paper presents a comprehensive study on multi-stock price prediction using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, focusing on capturing temporal dependencies and forecasting future trends. Historical stock data is obtained from financial sources and preprocessed using normalization techniques to ensure stable model training. A deep learning-based LSTM architecture is employed to learn sequential patterns from time-series data and generate accurate predictions for multiple stocks. In addition to short-term prediction, the model performs long-term forecasting, including monthly maximum and minimum price estimation for future periods. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach effectively models stock price behaviour, achieving low error metrics such as Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). Visualization techniques including loss curves, prediction plots, and statistical summaries are used to provide deeper insights into model performance. The study highlights that LSTM-based models are highly effective for financial time-series analysis and can support data-driven decision-making in stock market forecasting.

Ayurveda presents a holistic understanding of health and disease by integrating physical, psychological, and spiritual dimensions of human existence. The concept of Daiva and Manusha Sampada, described in Sharir Sthana of the Charaka Samhita, reflects this multidimensional approach. Daiva Sampada refers to factors related to the soul, past deeds, and unseen influences, whereas Manusha Sampada encompasses behavioural, physical, and intellectual attributes of an individual. The present study aims to critically analyse these concepts and explore their relevance in understanding disease causation and management. A conceptual review of classical texts and commentaries was undertaken. The findings suggest that health is influenced by the interplay of both visible and invisible factors, supporting a psychosomatic model of disease. Integrating these principles into modern healthcare may provide a more comprehensive approach to disease prevention and management.

The global plastic pollution crisis, characterized by the annual production of over 400 million metric tons of petroleum-based polymers - of which less than 10% is recycled-highlights the urgent scientific and policy-driven need for biodegradable, bio-based materials. Eucheuma cottonii (synonym, Kappaphycus alvarezii), a red macroalga (Rhodophyta) commercially cultivated in Indonesia and the Philippines, represents one of the most strategic feedstocks for bioplastic production in the Asia-Pacific region. This potential is driven by its high kappa-carrageenan content (25-45% dry weight), rapid biomass growth, and suitability for processing in infrastructure-limited environments.

This review provides a critical synthesis of the current literature on E. cottonii-based bioplastics, integrating empirical findings from two reference studies, Consebit et al. (2022) and Nurdin et al. (2022), alongside 92 global references published between 2011 and 2025. The scope of analysis includes, (i) biochemical and structural characterization of kappa-carrageenan and its film-forming mechanisms, (ii) alkaline extraction methods using KOH and advanced extraction technologies, such as ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), enzymatic extraction, and deep eutectic solvents (DES), (iii) solvent-casting-based film fabrication techniques and the functional roles of glycerol, sorbitol, chitosan, and sodium benzoate as additives, (iv) mechanical property evaluation, in which the average tensile strength significantly decreased from 17.97 N (F1, 10 mL glycerol) to 6.21 N (F3, 30 mL glycerol; ANOVA: F=115.32, p=1.63×10⁻⁵), corresponding to tensile strengths of approximately 17.97 MPa to 6.21 MPa according to ASTM D882 standards, (v) biodegradation kinetics, with complete soil decomposition occurring within 2–12 days, (vi) modulation of water solubility via polyelectrolyte complexation with chitosan; and (vii) nanocomposite reinforcement strategies through the incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), ZnO nanoparticles, nanoclay, and soy protein integration.

Significant methodological limitations were also identified, including variability in tensile strength measurements (spring scale versus ASTM D882), absence of FTIR, SEM, and TGA/DSC characterization, as well as water vapor permeability (WVP) analysis, all contextualized against international benchmarks. Overall, this review emphasizes that E. cottonii constitutes a promising bioplastic feedstock with a strong regional foundation and untapped commercial potential. Optimal utilization requires research aligned with international standards and the development of large-scale commercialization pathways.

The increasing environmental burden associated with petroleum-based plastics has intensified the search for renewable and biodegradable alternatives that also possess adequate engineering performance. Among protein-based biomaterials, silk cocoon has emerged as a promising candidate because it naturally combines silk fibroin as a structural phase and silk sericin as an adhesive and functional phase. Recent studies indicate that silk cocoon can be processed not only into conventional biomedical formats such as films, hydrogels, scaffolds, and coatings, but also into plastic-like materials suitable for sustainable product development. Particularly important advances include direct thermoplastic molding of whole cocoons into rigid biodegradable parts, plasticizer-assisted molding of silk proteins into functional plastics, and sericin-based biodegradable films for packaging applications Direct whole-cocoon molding has been reported as a zero-waste route that avoids pretreatment or extraction and uses shredded cocoons, glycerol plasticizer, and hot pressing at 632 MPa and 145 °C for 15 min to form dense parts with suitable mechanical strength, biodegradability, and hydrophobicity comparable to commercial products . In parallel, sericin–gelatin bioplastic films have shown tensile strength of 27.64 MPa, thickness of 0.072–0.316 mm, and soil-burial degradation of 85% after 14 days, indicating strong potential for disposable packaging applications. This review synthesizes current knowledge on silk cocoon structure, processing routes, material properties, biodegradation pathways, and engineering prospects, and argues that silk cocoon should be regarded as a versatile biomaterial platform for next-generation bioplastics.

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) represent a major clinical concern in nephrology patients due to altered renal function that significantly affects drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Individuals suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) or acute kidney injury (AKI) are particularly vulnerable to drug toxicity, accumulation, and unexpected adverse effects. Impaired renal clearance leads to prolonged drug half-life, increasing the risk of dose-dependent reactions. Additionally, changes in protein binding, electrolyte imbalances, and uremic conditions further complicate drug response in these patients.

This review aims to provide a concise overview of ADRs in nephrology patients, focusing on their classification, underlying mechanisms, and associated risk factors. Special attention is given to commonly implicated drug classes such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, diuretics, and antihypertensive agents, which frequently contribute to renal complications. The clinical manifestations of ADRs, ranging from mild electrolyte disturbances to severe nephrotoxicity and systemic complications, are also discussed.

Furthermore, this review highlights key strategies for prevention and management, including dose adjustment based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), therapeutic drug monitoring, and avoidance of nephrotoxic medications. The role of pharmacovigilance and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing ADRs is also emphasized. Understanding and early identification of ADRs in nephrology patients are essential for optimizing therapeutic outcomes, minimizing complications, and improving overall patient safety in clinical practice.

High-speed railway systems have significantly increased dynamic loads on bridge structures, particularly steel railway bridges. These bridges are highly sensitive to vibration due to their low damping characteristics and lightweight nature. This paper reviews the vibration behavior of steel railway bridges subjected to high-speed train loads, focusing on train–track–bridge interaction, resonance phenomena, fatigue effects, and vibration mitigation techniques.
Various analytical, numerical, and experimental approaches reported in literature are discussed. The study highlights that excessive vibration can affect structural integrity, passenger comfort, and surrounding environments. Advanced modeling methods such as finite element analysis and hybrid techniques have improved prediction accuracy. The paper concludes with research gaps and future directions for enhancing vibration control in steel railway bridges.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation that is caused by the interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as tobacco, and it involves the synovial joints. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the regulatory mechanisms and the pathological significance of rheumatoid arthritis. Some scientific databases, including MDPI, MEDLINE, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus, were searched. The studies considered were original research articles, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and systematic reviews. Articles reviewed gave information about rheumatoid arthritis regulatory mechanisms and pathophysiology, epidemiology, genetics, and environmental triggers, autoantibodies production, signaling pathway, cytokine network, synovial hyperplasia and pennus formation, bone erosion, angiogenesis and hypoxia in rheumatoid arthritis, pathological significance and clinical consequences of rheumatoid arthritis, and treatment targets, prognosis, patient outcome, and future perspectives of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis prevalence was 0.5-1.0%, and it affects mostly women. Cascades of immune cells regulate rheumatoid arthritis, and environmental triggers include smoke. Autoantibodies increase the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, and the main signaling pathway is the Janus-activated kinase pathway. Other factors and several treatment targets were identified, and surgical intervention could be used. Novel therapeutic targets were found. Despite the fact that many regulatory mechanisms for rheumatoid arthritis have been revealed, and drugs have been designed to target these mechanisms, a radical cure of the ailment has not yet been achieved. A lot of studies are still ongoing with the intention of discovering a lasting solution to this autoimmune problem –rheumatoid arthritis.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health challenge despite decades of control efforts. Following a period of decline, TB resurged in the late twentieth century, driven largely by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, increased migration, and weaknesses in control programs. Although pulmonary disease is the most common manifestation, extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) now accounts for a substantial proportion of cases, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. EPTB can involve almost any organ system, including lymphatic, pleural, musculoskeletal, central nervous, and genitourinary sites, often presenting with nonspecific clinical features that delay diagnosis. Conventional diagnostic tools such as smear microscopy, histopathology, and culture frequently lack sensitivity, making diagnosis challenging. Newer modalities, including adenosine deaminase estimation and molecular techniques, have improved diagnostic yield in selected forms of EPTB. Standard antituberculosis regimens remain effective for most forms of disease, although prolonged therapy and adjunctive corticosteroids may be required in severe manifestations such as meningitis and pericarditis. Globally, TB continues to cause millions of new cases and deaths each year, with the burden disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries and individuals living with HIV. This review summarises the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, diagnostic challenges, and treatment approaches of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, emphasising the urgent need for strengthened control strategies and early diagnosis to reduce morbidity and mortality worldwide. This review also highlights the growing role of digital health technologies and emerging therapeutic strategies in strengthening tuberculosis control programs globally.

Holistic development has emerged as a key focus in the present education system. It emphasizes on the balanced development of learners physical, mental, social, emotional, and spiritual dimensions. Indigenous Knowledge Systems, rooted in local culture, traditions, and community practices, provide a meaningful and experiential approach to education that supports this comprehensive development. This paper examines the role of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in fostering holistic development among learners. Adopting a qualitative descriptive research design, the study is based on systematic analysis of existing literature, policy documents, and academic discussions. The findings indicate that Indian Knowledge System promotes experiential learning, ethical values, environmental awareness, and social responsibility.

Flat slab systems are widely adopted in modern construction due to their architectural flexibility, reduced floor-to-floor height, and ease of formwork. However, their seismic performance has been a major concern because of low lateral stiffness and vulnerability to punching shear failure at column–slab connections. The incorporation of drop panels is one of the effective techniques used to enhance the structural performance of flat slab buildings under seismic loading.
This review paper focuses on the influence of drop panels on the seismic behavior of flat slab structures by analyzing various parameters such as storey displacement, storey drift, base shear, stiffness, and overall stability. A comprehensive review of existing literature highlights that the presence of drop panels significantly improves load transfer mechanisms, increases punching shear resistance, and enhances lateral stiffness, thereby reducing seismic vulnerability. Comparative studies between flat slabs with and without drop panels, as well as with conventional beam–slab systems, are also discussed.
The findings indicate that flat slab buildings with drop panels exhibit better seismic performance than those without drops, though they may still be less efficient than conventional framed structures in high seismic zones. The paper concludes with recommendations for design considerations and future research directions aimed at optimizing flat slab systems for earthquake-resistant construction.

This paper conducts a comparative psychoanalytic analysis of parent-child conflict in two foundational modernist texts: D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers (1913) and Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis (1915). Drawing upon the theoretical frameworks of Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, and Carl Jung, the paper examines how each text dramatises the child’s entrapment within the family’s psychic economy and the devastating consequences that follow when parental authority either overwhelms or annihilates the child’s capacity for autonomous selfhood. The study argues that while Sons and Lovers stages parent-child conflict through maternal engulfment and the failure of paternal authority, The Metamorphosis inverts this dynamic by depicting the son’s total subjection to paternal tyranny and maternal passivity. Despite their contrasting configurations of parental power, both texts present the child’s identity formation as an Oedipal struggle that is shaped, distorted, and ultimately arrested by the pathological dynamics of the family unit. The paper further demonstrates that the distinct narrative techniques employed by Lawrence and Kafka, realist domestic fiction and fantastical literalisation, respectively, Produce different psychoanalytic effects that illuminate the relationship between literary form and psychic content.

Healthy aging is not only an increasingly multidimensional process that goes beyond physical sustainability to address emotional, social and psychological well-being but also contributes greatly to the well-being of the nation as a whole. This paper explores the consequences of loneliness and the essential role of belonging in promoting healthy ageing. Drawing insight from Cacioppo et al., Donovan et al, the discussion highlights that social isolation and loneliness in older adults is strongly related to cognitive decline, cardiovascular risk, depression, and increased mortality. On the other hand, belongingness – defined as the innate human purpose of feeling accepted, valued and connected – emerges as a key facilitator of resilience, emotional regulation and cognitive motivation in the older generation. Drawing support from Bowlby's attachment theory, the paper also highlights how social relationships provide protective effects on mental and physical health by nurturing a sense of purpose in living and play an important role in reducing psychological stress. In due course, development of social connectedness, enhancing a sense of community involvement and supportive networks play unavoidable role in reducing the silent epidemic of loneliness and ensuring meaningful, healthy aging.

During the COVID-19 school closures of 2020–2022, Zimbabwean schools rapidly took up e-learning. Teachers used WhatsApp groups, Google Classroom, and informal LMS platforms. Policymakers read this surge as evidence that a digital transformation had arrived. This paper argues that this reading was mistaken. The study uses a mixed-methods design involving 100 teachers, students, administrators, and district officers in Masvingo District. It also draws on document analysis of school records from 2019 to 2025. The findings show that the COVID-era digital engagement did not become sustained practice. By 2024–2025, e-learning engagement had fallen by about 78% from its pandemic peak. It had returned to a level only slightly above pre-crisis baselines. The study develops two analytical tools to explain this reversal. The first is the Crisis-Innovation Lifecycle model, which sets out a five-phase path for crisis-driven technology adoption. The second is a typology of Five Mechanisms of Innovation Decay: pedagogical path dependency, infrastructure contraction, skill atrophy, institutional de-prioritisation, and stakeholder fatigue. The paper argues that Zimbabwean education policy has mistaken crisis-era improvisation for lasting institutional change. This has produced complacency about a digital transition that did not in fact take hold. The paper concludes by proposing a counter-decay intervention matrix. This matrix sequences interventions by effort and expected impact on each decay mechanism. The findings matter for education systems across the Global South, where pandemic-era digital gains are eroding in the absence of deliberate consolidation.

Corrosion of reinforcing steel is a major factor affecting the durability and service life of reinforced concrete structures, particularly in aggressive environmental conditions such as marine exposure and industrial zones. This review paper focuses on the role of Bipolar Traversing Type Corrosion Inhibiting (TTCI) additives as an innovative approach to mitigating reinforcement corrosion. TTCI additives function by forming a protective bipolar film on the steel surface, which restricts both anodic and cathodes reactions responsible for corrosion processes. The study compiles and analyzes existing literature on the mechanism, effectiveness, and performance of TTCI additives in concrete systems. Key aspects such as improved durability, resistance to chloride ion penetration, enhanced service life, and compatibility with supplementary cementations materials are discussed. Additionally, the environmental and economic benefits of using TTCI additives are highlighted, emphasizing their contribution to sustainable construction practices. The review concludes that TTCI additives present a promising solution for extending the lifespan of reinforced concrete structures, although further experimental validation and long-term field studies are recommended.

Contemporary studies of political awareness and political participation in India are largely shaped by Western epistemological frameworks that privilege rights-based citizenship, electoral behavior, and state-centric visibility. Such approaches often marginalize indigenous political traditions by evaluating them against Eurocentric normative standards. This paper undertakes an epistemological analysis of political awareness and participation in Bharat by reconstructing indigenous political frameworks and examining their displacement under colonial and postcolonial intellectual constructs.
Drawing upon classical political texts, inscriptions, and medieval treatises on polity, the study demonstrates that political awareness in Bharatiya civilization was neither episodic nor confined to formal state mechanisms. Instead, it functioned as a civilizational ethos grounded in Dharma, Rājadharma, and Loknīti, wherein political participation was embedded in ethical self-regulation, collective responsibility, and decentralized institutional practices. Deliberative and administrative institutions such as sabhās, samitis, pañcāyats, guilds, monastic assemblies, and temple-based systems facilitated sustained governance and accountability without reliance on adversarial or purely electoral models.
The paper further argues that colonial and postcolonial academic frameworks reframed political participation through narrow behavioral and procedural lenses, obscuring indigenous modes of political consciousness rooted in duty, moral obligation, and social regulation. By foregrounding indigenous epistemology, this study challenges universalist assumptions in political theory and offers an alternative conceptualization of political awareness that integrates ethical order, social continuity, and institutional plurality. The paper concludes that political participation in Bharat was not a modern import but an intrinsic feature of its political and moral philosophy.

The tribal communities are found throughout the country. They are primarily residing in Hilly and mountainous regions. The women in India, who were reserved in ancient India but were the most neglected lots decades ago, have now receiving increased attention tribal society is for behind in education and in raising their social and economic status and thus integration them in the so –called men dominated world of today. Most of the population in in tribal areas is backward due to the co-relation and least adoption of educational technology. The tribal societies are closed and isolated society living in compact groups. In tribal communities, the system of education is not a well-developed state. Though they have recognized the significant of education and are migrating to urban communities to pursue education. There is a need to formulate measure and programs that are necessary to bring about improvement in tribal education. In tribal education, there is a need to bring about improvements in teaching-learning methods, infrastructure, facilities, amenities, and overall environmental conditions of the educational institutions.
The tribal societies are closed and isolated society living in compact groups when this tribal groups are considered in case of educational field, the national average literacy rate in educational development among tribes in 72% among which the highest literacy rate of tribes is 90% in Mizoram. Male literacy rate 99% and female literacy is 97% and in Rajasthan literacy rate is 52%.
The economic co-relation and expectations from formal education have been correctly delimited to urban areas while the extension of formal education to rural areas in expected to continue to provide coverage to ensure universal literacy and formal education.
In India the government crated so many policies and plans of education and development for tribal woman’s but there are so many problems also occurred to implement these policies.

India occupies a paradoxical legal position: it imposes some of the world's most stringent criminal sanctions for sexual offences against children under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO), yet simultaneously permits a husband to engage in non-consensual sexual intercourse with his adult wife with near-total legal impunity under Exception to Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (retained as Exception to Section 63 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023). This article interrogates that paradox. Drawing on constitutional doctrine, Supreme Court jurisprudence, comparative law, and National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21) data, it argues that the marital rape exception violates Articles 14, 15, 19 and 21 of the Constitution and must be struck down. The article further contends that the POCSO framework anchored in the recognition that no age or relationship exempts a perpetrator from accountability furnishes the correct normative template for a universal, relationship-neutral rape law applicable to all women irrespective of marital status.

This study examines the impact of data analytics on financial management and sales growth in startups, highlighting its role in enhancing decision-making, efficiency, and overall business performance. In today’s competitive environment, startups increasingly rely on data-driven approaches to manage financial resources, forecast revenue, and identify market opportunities. The research explores how tools such as predictive analytics, business intelligence, and real-time data monitoring contribute to improved budgeting, cost control, and risk management. Additionally, the study investigates the influence of data analytics on sales growth by enabling startups to better understand customer behavior, optimize pricing strategies, and implement targeted marketing campaigns. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is used, including surveys and case studies of selected startups, to evaluate the effectiveness of analytics adoption. The findings reveal that startups leveraging data analytics demonstrate higher financial accuracy, reduced operational costs, and stronger sales performance compared to those relying on traditional methods. However, challenges such as limited technical expertise, high implementation costs, and data security concerns may hinder its adoption. In conclusion, the study confirms that data analytics plays a critical role in strengthening financial management and driving sales growth in startups. It recommends that startups invest in scalable analytics tools and develop data literacy to gain a sustainable competitive advantage and ensure long-term growth.

Brain cancer remains one of the most aggressive and difficult-to-treat cancers. Conventional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy often provide limited survival benefits, especially in high-grade tumors like glioblastoma (GBM). Recently, mRNA vaccine technology has emerged as a promising strategy in personalized cancer therapy. This review summarizes current advances in mRNA vaccines for brain cancer, including delivery systems, antigen identification, clinical trials, and combination therapies. It also discusses major challenges such as tumor heterogeneity, the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Finally, future directions for improving vaccine design and therapeutic outcomes are highlighted.

यह शोध अध्ययन माध्यमिक स्तर पर अध्ययनरत विद्यार्थियों के विद्यालय वातावरण का उनकी शैक्षिक उपलब्धि पर पड़ने वाले प्रभाव का विश्लेषण करने के उद्देश्य से किया गया है। विद्यालय वातावरण शिक्षा की गुणवत्ता को प्रभावित करने वाला एक महत्वपूर्ण कारक है, जिसमें भौतिक सुविधाएँ, शिक्षक-विद्यार्थी संबंध, अनुशासन, सहपाठी संबंध, तथा शिक्षण-अधिगम की परिस्थितियाँ शामिल होती हैं। इस अध्ययन में यह समझने का प्रयास किया गया है कि विद्यालय का सकारात्मक या नकारात्मक वातावरण विद्यार्थियों की उपलब्धि को किस प्रकार प्रभावित करता है। अध्ययन के लिए सर्वेक्षण विधि का उपयोग किया गया तथा माध्यमिक स्तर के विद्यार्थियों का चयन नमूने के रूप में किया गया। आंकड़ों के संकलन हेतु प्रश्नावली एवं शैक्षिक उपलब्धि अभिलेखों का सहारा लिया गया। प्राप्त आंकड़ों का विश्लेषण सांख्यिकीय विधियों के माध्यम से किया गया, जिससे विद्यालय वातावरण और शैक्षिक उपलब्धि के मध्य संबंध को स्पष्ट किया जा सके। अध्ययन के निष्कर्षों से यह ज्ञात हुआ कि जिन विद्यालयों में अनुकूल, सहयोगात्मक एवं प्रेरणादायक वातावरण होता है, वहाँ के विद्यार्थियों की शैक्षिक उपलब्धि अपेक्षाकृत अधिक होती है। इसके विपरीत, अव्यवस्थित, तनावपूर्ण एवं संसाधनों की कमी वाले विद्यालयों में विद्यार्थियों की उपलब्धि पर नकारात्मक प्रभाव देखा गया। शिक्षक का सहयोगात्मक व्यवहार, उचित मार्गदर्शन तथा कक्षा का सकारात्मक माहौल विद्यार्थियों की सीखने की क्षमता को बढ़ाता है।
अतः यह कहा जा सकता है कि विद्यालय वातावरण विद्यार्थियों की शैक्षिक उपलब्धि को प्रत्यक्ष एवं अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से प्रभावित करता है। इस अध्ययन के आधार पर सुझाव दिया गया है कि विद्यालयों में अनुकूल वातावरण का निर्माण, शिक्षकों का प्रशिक्षण, तथा आवश्यक संसाधनों की उपलब्धता सुनिश्चित की जानी चाहिए, जिससे विद्यार्थियों के सर्वांगीण विकास को बढ़ावा मिल सके।

Excessive, uncontrollable worry over many facets of daily life is a hallmark of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a chronic mental illness. In contrast to panic disorder or specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by ongoing anxiety that is not situation-specific. In accordance with current psychiatric recommendations, this article attempts to give a succinct summary of GAD, including its clinical aspects, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, therapy, and prognosis. Additionally, it integrates personalized homeopathic techniques.

Ageing is a multidimensional process involving progressive physiological, psychological, changes. Ayurveda provides a comprehensive approach to healthy ageing through Rasayana (rejuvenation) and Jarachikitsa (geriatrics). These modalities aim to delay degenerative changes, enhance longevity, and improve quality of life. The present review discusses Ayurvedic concepts of ageing, preventive and curative strategies including diet, lifestyle, Panchakarma, Yoga, and Rasayana therapy. Emphasis is placed on early intervention, as described in classical texts, to minimize geriatric morbidity. Integration of Ayurveda with modern geriatric care offers a holistic model for promoting healthy ageing and reducing the burden of chronic diseases.

Socialization is the lifelong dialectical process through which individuals acquire, internalize, and sometimes challenge the norms, values, beliefs, behaviours, and cultural competencies necessary for effective participation in society. This review paper examines the primary institutions of socialization—family, school (education), peer groups, mass media, and religion—and analyses their distinct yet interconnected roles. Drawing on structural-functionalist, conflict, and symbolic-interactionist perspectives, the analysis highlights how these institutions facilitate primary and secondary socialization, reproduce social structures (including inequalities of class, gender, and race), and contribute to both social cohesion and change. In contemporary contexts marked by digital media, globalization, and shifting family structures, these institutions increasingly interact in complex, sometimes contradictory ways. The paper concludes that while socialization remains essential for societal stability, its mechanisms are evolving, necessitating ongoing sociological inquiry into power dynamics, agency, and resilience.

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA), which entered into operation on 1 July 2024 upon superseding the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, establishes a materially reconstituted regime for the reception of electronic records in Indian judicial proceedings. This paper undertakes a critical appraisal of the BSA's provisions pertaining to electronic evidence, tracing their doctrinal genealogy through the deeply contested Section 65B mechanism and the watershed pronouncements of the Supreme Court in Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (2014) and Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal (2020). The central contention advanced is that whilst the BSA succeeds in resolving numerous interpretive uncertainties that had long beset its predecessor statute, consequential lacunae continue to subsist in relation to the certification requirement, cloud-hosted data, and algorithmically generated records. The paper concludes by formulating recommendations directed to both Parliament and the judiciary to ensure that India's law of electronic evidence is rendered adequate to the demands of the contemporary digital environment.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance. In recent years, the gut microbiota has emerged as a critical factor influencing the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms linking gut microbiota and diabetes mellitus, including dysbiosis, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, inflammation, immune responses, and gut barrier dysfunction. The review also highlights the clinical implications of these findings, emphasizing the potential of gut microbiota as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target. Microbiome-based interventions, including dietary modifications, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, show promising results in improving metabolic outcomes. However, current research is limited by inter-individual variability, lack of standardized methodologies, and insufficient long-term clinical evidence. Future directions include the application of advanced omics technologies, personalized medicine approaches, and well-designed clinical trials to better understand host–microbiome interactions and optimize therapeutic strategies. Overall, targeting the gut microbiota represents a promising and innovative approach for the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus.

Agricultural income in India enjoys a distinctive position within the taxation framework, as it is exempt from central income tax under the Income Tax Act, 1961 . This paper critically examines the legal and constitutional basis of such exemption, along with its economic implications. The study explores the definition and scope of agricultural income, the division of taxation powers between the Union and State governments, and the rationale behind granting tax relief to the agricultural sector. While the exemption was initially justified to protect small and marginal farmers and to promote agricultural development, it has increasingly become a subject of debate in contemporary times.
The research identifies key issues such as tax evasion, misuse of provisions by high-income individuals, and lack of uniformity in state-level taxation. It further evaluates whether the existing framework aligns with present-day economic realities. A comparative analysis with international taxation practices highlights the uniqueness of India’s approach. The paper concludes that a re-evaluation of the current policy is necessary to ensure equity, efficiency, and transparency, while safeguarding the interests of genuine farmers through targeted reforms and improved regulatory mechanisms.

Viral infections remain a major global health challenge due to rapid mutation rates, drug resistance, and limited therapeutic efficacy. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have emerged as promising strategies to enhance antiviral therapy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in nanocarriers including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanoemulsions. These systems improve drug bioavailability, enable targeted delivery, and reduce toxicity. Recent innovations such as ligand-targeted nanoparticles, biomimetic systems, and nanovaccines are also discussed. Despite significant progress, challenges related to toxicity, scalability, and regulatory approval persist. Future perspectives highlight the role of personalized nanomedicine and clinical translation.

Modern full‑stack applications are large and complex. Traditional monolithic frontend applications cause issues like slow builds, long release cycles, and tight team coupling. Micro‑frontend architecture solves these challenges by dividing the frontend into smaller independent parts developed and deployed separately. This paper explains micro‑frontends, their tools and languages, benefits, challenges, and migration roadmap. Case studies show how companies improve agility and scalability using this approach.

The fast proliferation of OTT streaming services has fuelled better legal tussles relating to the ownership and use of audiovisual content especially in the celebrity-led documentaries. The article focuses on the copyright case between Wunderbar Films Pvt. Ltd. that linked with the actor-producer Dhanush and actress Nayanthara over the purported use of a three-second behind-the-scenes (BTS) clip of the 2015 Tamil film Naanum Rowdy Dhaan in the Netflix documentary Nayanthara: Beyond the Fairy Tale. The controversy revolves around the question of whether this kind of use amounts to infringement of a cinematograph film as contained in the Copyright Act, 1957 and whether the prior Artist Agreement transferring rights pertaining to performances forever divides performer autonomy. The paper finds and discusses fundamental legal issues of authorship and first ownership in Sections 2(d) (v), 2(f), and 17, the performer in Sections 38 and 38A, the relevance of fair dealing in Section 52, the de minimis doctrine, and territorial jurisdiction in Section 62 and Clause 12 of the Letters Patent. Using a doctrinal and analytical approach, the paper evaluates competing claims of producer control and performer expression on the basis of statutory provisions, judicial precedents and comparative jurisprudence. The paper states that even though the legal framework is structurally biased in favor of producer ownership, proportionality principles, including de minimis and contextual analysis under fair dealing, continue to play an important role in digital-era controversies. It adds to the copyright jurisprudence through illustrating the necessity to redefine the balance between propriety and autobiography within a changing streaming ecosystem.

प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र में अभिधर्म दर्शन के अंतर्गत ‘चित्त’ की अवधारणा का दार्शनिक, मनोवैज्ञानिक एवं व्यावहारिक विश्लेषण किया गया है। अभिधर्म परंपरा में चित्त को किसी स्थायी आत्मा के रूप में नहीं, बल्कि क्षणिक, अनित्य एवं कारण-निर्भर मानसिक प्रक्रिया के रूप में स्वीकार किया गया है। इस अध्ययन में चित्त के स्वरूप, उसके विभिन्न प्रकारों—जैसे कामावचर, रूपावचर, अरूपावचर एवं लोकुत्तर चित्त—तथा चेतसिक धर्मों के साथ उसके संबंध का विवेचन किया गया है। साथ ही, कुशल, अकुशल एवं अव्याकृत चित्त के माध्यम से कर्म और विपाक की प्रक्रिया को भी स्पष्ट किया गया है।
शोध में यह प्रतिपादित किया गया है कि चित्त ही कर्म का कर्ता है और उसी के आधार पर पुनर्जन्म तथा दुःख का चक्र संचालित होता है। प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद के सिद्धांत के माध्यम से चित्त की कारण-कार्य संबंधी प्रकृति को समझाया गया है। इसके अतिरिक्त, निर्वाण की प्राप्ति में चित्त की शुद्धि को अनिवार्य बताते हुए प्रज्ञा, शील और समाधि के महत्व को रेखांकित किया गया है। यह अध्ययन इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुँचता है कि अभिधर्म का चित्त-सिद्धांत आत्मवाद का खंडन करते हुए दुःख-निरोध का एक वैज्ञानिक एवं व्यावहारिक मार्ग प्रस्तुत करता है, जो मानव जीवन के नैतिक एवं आध्यात्मिक उत्थान में अत्यंत सहायक है।

The 21st century has witnessed extraordinary technological growth from artificial intelligence and robotics and renewable energy systems. While these advancements have elevated human living standards, they have simultaneously intensified environmental degradation, resource depletion, and climate instability. The intersection between environmental ethics and technology presents complex moral dilemmas that demand a rethinking of human responsibility. This study critically explores the ethical dimensions of technological innovation, analyzing its environmental consequences, moral obligations, and potential solutions. Through a qualitative and conceptual framework, it investigates how ethical reasoning, sustainability principles, and ecological consciousness can guide responsible technological development. The study concludes that without the integration of environmental ethics into technology design, governance, and education, sustainable progress will remain elusive.

Chirality plays a fundamental role in pharmaceutical sciences. Many drugs exist as enantiomers that exhibit different pharmacological and toxicological properties. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has emerged as a reliable technique for separating these enantiomers due to its precision, reproducibility, and adaptability. This review discusses principles, methods, stationary phases, applications, and future perspectives of chiral HPLC separations.

Background: Chronic stress acts as a potent trigger for various psychosomatic disorders by dysregulating the bidirectional communication between the mind, the nervous system, and the immune system, a field known as Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI). While conventional treatments often focus on symptom suppression, homoeopathy offers a holistic approach aimed at restoring the &#34;vital force&#34; and systemic equilibrium. This study explores the therapeutic role of individualized homoeopathic medicines in managing stress-induced disorders through a PNI lens.
Methods: 30 patients presenting with stress-induced conditions such as chronic anxiety, tension-type headaches, or stress-related insomnia—was conducted. Patients were evaluated using standard psychological scales (PSS-10) and clinical PNI markers where applicable. Individualized homoeopathic remedies (e.g., Ignatia Amara, Arsenicum album, Natrum muriaticum) were prescribed based on the totality of symptoms and constitutional profiles. Follow-ups were conducted over period of 6 months to assess clinical improvement and causal attribution using the Modified Naranjo Criteria (MONARCH) inventory.
Results: Significant clinical improvement was observed across the case series, with a marked reduction in stress-related scores. Patients reported not only relief from physical somatic symptoms but also enhanced emotional resilience and improved sleep quality. The integration of PNI principles suggested that homoeopathic intervention may help modulate the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system responses, leading to better immune-inflammatory balance.

The study investigated the relationship between test-wiseness and academic achievement of Economics/Mathematics Students in Colleges of Education in North Central Nigeria. It addressed two objectives, research questions, and hypotheses respectively using a correlational survey design. From a population of 26,344 Students, a sample of 379 was selected through multi-stage sampling procedure and the Krejcie and Morgan table of sample size determination. Two instruments were used for data collection for this study. They include; a questionnaire of 45 items which comprised of a Self-constructed “Test-Wise-ness Questionnaire (TWQ)” which comprises of 15 items and “a “Profoma”. The instruments were validated by five (5) experts. Cronbach Alpha method was used to determine the mean reliability coefficient of 0.75 for the instruments. Data were analyzed with the use of Pearson Product Moment Correlation Statistics. Relationships were interpreted as follows: 0.01-0.39 (low), 0.40-0.69 (moderate), and 0.70-1.00 (high); significance was based on p-values (p ≥ 0.05 ═ not significant, p < 0.05 ═ significant). The results showed a high positive and significant relationship between test-wiseness and academic achievement, and positive relationships between test- wiseness with academic achievement base on both male and female students in Economics/Mathematics in Colleges of Education in North Central Nigeria. This study concluded that test-wiseness has positive relationship with Economics/Mathematics students’ academic achievement in Colleges of Education in North Central Nigeria. The study recommended that teachers/lecturers should apply different methods to encourage test wise-ness among students to facilitate and improve their academic achievement and in the administration of tests and during students’ orientations, teachers/lecturers should lay more emphasis on female genders’ needs to be wise as this will enhance their academic achievement.

Salbutamol is a bronchodilator and Ambroxol hydrochloride is a mucolytic. Combination of these drugs is used in the formulation of cough syrups. In the literature, there is no method reported for the simultaneous estimation of the drugs in oral liquid dosage form. Hence, the present work is aimed to develop reverse phase HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Salbutamol sulfate (SAL), and Ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB) in oral liquid dosage form and validation of the developed method. The chromatographic separation of the drugs was achieved with the mobile phase system sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer pH 3.0: acetonitrile: methanol in the ratio of 65:10:25 with the flow rate of 1 mL/min and injection volume 10 µL. An Inertsil C8-3 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column was used, and the detection wavelength was 276 nm. This system produced sharp peaks with good resolution, minimum tailing and satisfactory retention times of SAL and AMB were found to be 3.157and 11.883 min respectively indicating the suitability of the system. The developed method was validated for various parameters accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness, and specificity as per ICH guidelines.

In the rapidly evolving information environment, libraries have transformed into hybrid systems that manage both physical and digital resources, including books, journals, e-books, online databases, institutional repositories, and multimedia content. Metadata standards play a vital role in organizing, describing, storing, and facilitating efficient retrieval of information in such complex environments. However, the implementation of metadata standards in hybrid libraries presents several challenges. One of the major issues is the lack of uniformity among metadata standards, as different resource types require diverse schemas such as MARC, Dublin Core, and other formats, making integration difficult. Technical challenges also arise due to the use of heterogeneous library management systems that often lack interoperability, leading to problems in data migration and duplication. Additionally, limitations in human resources, including insufficient training and lack of technical expertise, hinder effective implementation. Financial constraints further restrict the adoption of advanced technologies and infrastructure development, particularly in developing regions. Issues related to data quality and consistency, arising from varied cataloguing practices and human errors, also pose significant challenges. Organizational factors, such as the absence of clear policies and resistance to technological change, further complicate the process. The study concludes that effective planning, continuous staff training, adequate funding, and inter-institutional collaboration are essential to overcome these challenges and enhance information access in hybrid library environments.

The comorbidity that is also known as the co-occurrence of chronic diseases is a subject that has become a dominant topic in the global population health discussion. Some of the most common and clinically significant comorbid conditions include diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and liver disease, particularly, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These diseases usually have common etiological risk factors and are co-occurring, thus a large burden on health-care systems across the globe. The current prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is more than 500 million worldwide. Insulin resistance is one of the distinguishing features of T2DM and this predisposes individuals to numerous complications. Hypertension is the most common comorbidity among patients with diabetes, which is present in about 50-80 percent of them. The presence of diabetes and hypertension exacerbates the risk of cardiovascular disease, cerebral events, kidney damage, and early death significantly, thus making the successful treatment of this two-fold pathology a top clinical goal. The liver disease, especially NAFLD, is very common in people who are diabetic. Epidemiological research estimates a figure of 70 3/4th percentage of T2DM patients to show hepatic steatosis. There is a spectrum of NAFLD, including the simple steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis, which can eventually lead to liver failure. Together, this triad significantly increases the morbidity, morbidity and the general burden on health-care resources. The use of early preventive measures, which involve lifestyle change, weight control, and combined therapeutic options, are invaluable in terms of risk reduction and the improvement of long-term outcomes.

Working capital management plays a crucial role in maintaining the financial stability and operational efficiency of a company. It involves managing current assets and current liabilities to ensure adequate liquidity while maximizing profitability. The purpose of this research paper is to examine the relationship between working capital management and the profitability of a company. Efficient management of components of working capital such as inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and cash helps organizations maintain smooth business operations and improve financial performance. This study analyzes how different working capital indicators, including the cash conversion cycle, current ratio, and quick ratio, influence the profitability of firms. Secondary data from financial statements of selected companies are used to evaluate the relationship between working capital management and profitability measures such as return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The research also highlights the importance of balancing liquidity and profitability, as excessive investment in working capital may reduce profitability while inadequate working capital may lead to operational difficulties. The findings of the study suggest that efficient working capital management significantly affects the profitability of companies. Firms that effectively manage their short-term assets and liabilities are better positioned to enhance profitability and maintain financial sustainability. Therefore, companies should adopt effective working capital policies to optimize the use of resources and improve overall financial performance.

Green HRM initiatives are an attempt to incorporate environmental management into HRM processes, which is becoming more and more necessary. Green HRM refers to the use of all employee interfaces in a way that supports and upholds sustainable business practices and raises awareness, both of which assist organisations in conducting their operations in an environmentally responsible manner. Therefore, green HRM has two main components: knowledge capital preservation and eco-friendly HR practices. This study's goal is to investigate the state and difficulties of green HRM practices in India, a field that has received little attention. This article focusses on examining the current Green HRM practices that Indian organisations have implemented, as well as their awareness, adoption, and growth rate in the Indian context. The success rate of implementing Green Human is examined in this study. The necessity to investigate green human resource management in developing nations like India is met by this study.

Self-medication with over-the-counter (OTC) drugs is a common practice worldwide due to the convenience, accessibility, and affordability of these medicines. OTC drugs are generally considered safe when used appropriately; however, misuse, overdose, drug interactions, and inappropriate self-diagnosis may lead to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and serious health complications. Pharmacovigilance plays a crucial role in monitoring the safety of drugs after their marketing and identifying adverse effects associated with their use. With the increasing availability of OTC medicines, monitoring their safety through pharmacovigilance systems has become essential to protect public health. This review highlights the role of pharmacovigilance in self-medication practices, particularly focusing on OTC drugs, their benefits, risks, misuse patterns, and the importance of effective safety monitoring systems. The article also discusses challenges in pharmacovigilance reporting, the role of healthcare professionals, and future perspectives for improving OTC drug safety.

Background: Cervical lymph node tuberculosis (TB) constitutes 35% of extrapulmonary TB cases in India and represents a diagnostic challenge due to overlapping presentations with lymphoma, metastases, and reactive nodes.
Objective: To review prevalence, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management of cervical node TB in the Indian context.
Methods: Narrative review synthesizing recent Indian studies, NTEP guidelines, and international standards.
Results: Urban incidence is 52/100,000 adults; hospital series show TB in 38-57% of cervical lymphadenopathy cases. Common presentation: painless unilateral posterior triangle swelling (mean age 32-37 years, female predominance). Diagnosis: FNAC (80-90% sensitivity) ± CBNAAT; excision biopsy for inconclusive cases. Treatment: 6-month ATT (2HRZE/4HR), 90% resolution rate.
Conclusion: Cervical node TB remains common in India. Early FNAC diagnosis and standard ATT achieve excellent outcomes, though residual nodes (20%) and drug resistance require vigilance.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae affecting skin and peripheral nerves. Early diagnosis and multidrug therapy are essential to prevent disability and transmission.

The Indian Constitution is sometimes praised as a singular example of secularism because it strikes a balance between the ideal of official neutrality in religious matters and the right to religious freedom. The effectiveness of the Indian constitutional framework in preserving this equilibrium is critically examined in this essay. The paper examines the intricate relationship between secularism and religious freedom by carefully examining constitutional provisions like Articles 25 to 30, judicial interpretations in significant cases like Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) and S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994), and the state's role in regulating religious practices. The Indian Constitution, which reflects the nation's rich cultural and religious diversity, is frequently praised for its distinctive stance on secularism and religious freedom. In contrast to the rigid separation of church and state advocated by Western secularism, Indian secularism is founded on the idea of "equal respect for all religions." This unique concept aims to strike a compromise between the state's need to uphold social harmony and religious neutrality and the individual's right to religious freedom. Practical issues including political exploitation of religion, inconsistent judicial decisions, and growing intercommunal conflicts have put strain on the "principled distance" model that the Constitution envisions, in which the state respects all religions equally without favoring any one of them. The study makes the case that, in spite of a well-written constitution, India's secular fabric is in danger due to the rise of majoritarian politics and religious extremism. It comes to the conclusion that maintaining India's delicate balance between secularism and religious freedom requires strong protection of minority rights, consistency in judicial interpretation, and political neutrality.

This study was conducted to find the relationship between parents as teacher-aides and learners' academic performance in District III, Division of Valencia City, SY 2023-2024. Specifically, this study tried to describe the profile of respondents. It determined the extent of the function of the parents as teacher-aides. It tried to find out the significant relationship between the extent of the function of the parents as teacher-aides and the learners’ academic performance in school. This study yielded the following results: The majority of the respondents are between 31 to 40 years old, mothers, and have completed high school; the most significant segment consists of individuals engaged in other occupations in District III, Division of Valencia City, SY 2023-2024. Most learners fall within the grade range of 85 to 89, denoting a very satisfactory level of performance. There was a significant relationship between the extent of the function of the parents as teacher-aides in and the learners’ academic performance in school. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are now in effect: Parents are urged to embrace their varied occupational responsibilities and experiences, acknowledging the valuable abilities they may pass on to their children. Parents are praised for their substantial participation as teacher aids in multiple facets of their children's education. Teachers may recognize and commemorate most students who have attained a very satisfactory level of performance. School heads may actively include and encourage parents to participate in supporting their children's education.

This study aimed to examine the Relationship between Teachers’ Emotional Intelligence and Learners’ Resilience. This study used a descriptive correlational research design to examine the relationship between teachers' emotional intelligence and learners' resilience in the classroom. Participants in the study were selected through purposive sampling. Data were gathered using validated survey questionnaires designed to measure teachers' emotional intelligence and learners' resilience in the classroom. The questionnaire was composed of five Likert-scale items and was administered personally to the respondents. The findings revealed that teachers demonstrated a consistently very high level of emotional intelligence, particularly in self-awareness, self-regulation, and social skills. The results also showed that learners exhibited a very high level of resilience in terms of adaptability and Persistence. The interpretation of "always" implies that students consistently demonstrated the ability to adjust to challenges and remain determined in achieving their goals. Their strong resilience may positively influence their overall academic performance and personal growth. The findings further revealed a significant relationship between teachers’ emotional intelligence and learners’ resilience. These suggest that Schools may continue to support teachers’ emotional intelligence through training, workshops, and reflective practices. Opportunities for peer collaboration and feedback can further enhance self-awareness, self-regulation, and social skills. Providing resources for stress management and emotional regulation can help sustain teachers’ high emotional competence. Encouraging a school culture that values empathy, communication, and emotional awareness will benefit both teachers and learners, fostering a resilient, positive learning environment. Teachers may model adaptive and persistent behaviors to reinforce these traits in students.

This study examined the relationship between the integration of Indigenous Knowledge and the effectiveness of Social Studies instruction among public elementary school teachers in the Lantapan West District, Division of Bukidnon. The investigation was grounded on the view that culturally responsive teaching enhances instructional relevance and learner engagement when local knowledge and community experiences are incorporated into classroom practice. A descriptive–correlational research design was employed to determine the extent to which Indigenous Knowledge was integrated in terms of content, methods, resources, community involvement, and relevance, and to assess the effectiveness of Social Studies instruction in terms of clarity, engagement, contextualization, assessment, and learning outcomes. Data were gathered from public elementary school teachers through a structured questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the levels of the variables, while Pearson Product–Moment Correlation was utilized to determine the relationship between them. The findings revealed that teachers generally demonstrated a high extent of Indigenous Knowledge integration and instructional effectiveness in Social Studies teaching. Furthermore, the analysis showed a significant relationship between the level of Indigenous Knowledge integration and the effectiveness of instruction. The results suggested that culturally grounded instructional practices contribute to meaningful learning experiences and improved teaching effectiveness in Social Studies classrooms serving indigenous learners.

This study investigated the relationship between teachers’ historical thinking skills, instructional strategy utilization, and learners’ engagement in Social Studies among public elementary schools in Lantapan West District, Schools Division of Bukidnon, during the School Year 2025–2026. Anchored on Cultural-Historical Activity Theory, the research examined how teachers’ competencies in sourcing, contextualization, and corroboration, together with their use of direct, inquiry-based, technology-supported, and cooperative instructional approaches, influence learners’ behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement. The study aimed to determine the level of each variable and the significant relationships among them within the context of elementary Social Studies instruction. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed using complete enumeration of Social Studies teachers in selected public elementary schools. Data were gathered through an adopted questionnaire consisting of three parts: historical thinking skills, instructional strategy utilization, and learner engagement. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation were used to analyze the data. Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated high to very high levels of historical thinking skills and instructional strategy utilization, while learners exhibited very high engagement, particularly in behavioral and emotional dimensions. Furthermore, results showed significant positive relationships between teachers’ historical thinking skills and learner engagement, as well as between instructional strategy utilization and engagement. These findings indicate that teachers’ cognitive competence and pedagogical practices play a vital role in fostering active participation, interest, and deeper learning among elementary learners.

This study examined the relationship between Social Studies teachers’ classroom management styles and their values integration practices in selected public elementary schools in the Lantapan West District, Schools Division of Bukidnon during the school year 2025–2026. Specifically, it determined the level of classroom management styles in terms of authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and indifferent approaches, as well as the level of values integration in Social Studies instruction in terms of cognitive, affective, behavioral, and contextual integration. The study employed a descriptive–correlational research design. Data were gathered from Social Studies teachers handling Grades 5 and 6 using an adopted questionnaire based on the Behavior and Instructional Management Scale and established values integration frameworks. The collected data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and Pearson product–moment correlation. The findings revealed that classroom management styles were generally practiced at a very high level, with authoritative management emerging as the most prominent approach. Values integration in Social Studies instruction was also practiced at a high level, particularly through contextual and affective strategies that connect lessons with real-life situations and emotional engagement. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a significant relationship between classroom management styles and values integration practices, indicating that the way teachers manage their classrooms influences how moral values are incorporated into instruction. These findings highlight the importance of effective classroom management and purposeful values integration in fostering meaningful learning environments in Social Studies education.

This study was conducted to find the relationship between the level of implementation of the reading remediation program and the learners’ reading level in District III of Valencia City Division, School Year 2023-2024. Specifically, it described the profile of respondents in terms of age, sex, position, highest educational attainment, and training attended; determined the level of implementation of the reading remediation program; described the oral reading level and reading skill of the learner after the reading remediation was performed; checked the significant relationship between the level of implementation of reading remediation and oral reading skills of the learners. This study uncovered the following findings: The majority of the respondents were aged 31 to 40 years old, females, Teacher 1, have completed a Baccalaureate Degree along with Master of Arts (MA) units, and have attended 1 to 2 training sessions, The reading remediation program were Very Highly Implemented. The majority of learners were categorized as having an instructional reading level. There was a significant relationship between the level of implementation of reading remediation in all aspects of the remediation program and the oral reading skills of the learners. The following recommendations are offered: Teachers may consider the demographic attributes of the learners, including age and gender, as well as their educational experience while creating and executing the reading remediation program. Teachers may prioritize and uphold the rigorous implementation of the reading remediation program. Parents may further enhance their children's reading development by offering advice and support during their interactions with texts. School heads may prioritize and assist in thoroughly implementing the reading remediation program.

Educational institutions are being pressured to rethink their fundamental philosophies and how they approach teaching and learning due to the growing environmental crisis in the twenty first century. Green education has developed as a new model to integrate sustainable practices, ethics and institutional reform into the language of education. By creating a context for integrating sustainability throughout curricular development, governance, campus operations and the community, green education is an evolving approach to environmental education that offers an opportunity for transformation of educational institutions into sustainability-oriented ecosystems. The article reconceptualises green education as a mechanism for institutional transformation and sustainable development of society. In addition, the paper examines the philosophical foundations, purpose, dimensions and challenges to the implementation of green education, specifically in higher education and teacher education. The article argues that achieving sustainable development requires the restructuring of educational institutions into sustainability-oriented ecosystems. In the context of India, the article also discusses the impact of green education in promoting environmental literacy, sustainability competency, ethical conduct and responsible citizenship. Using substantial evidence from the existing literature, the article supports the assertion that green education represents a pedagogical reform but rather an entire paradigm shift towards environmental justice and intergenerational equity.

voltage instability in Electrical Distribution Networks (EDNs) is a pressing concern, particularly in Old Umuahia Distribution System (OUDS). The OUDS is one of the 33KV lines of the Owerri Distribution System (ODS), located at Egbu Owerri in Imo State. The network is prone to Under Voltage (UV) issues, due to insufficient supply and inadequate reactive power compensation. The UV problem has led to equipment damage, reduced efficiency, and increased losses. The research deals with Network Voltage Profile (NVP) enhancement of OUDS (33/11/0.415KV network), using Geothermal Distribution Generation (GDG). The data of the network wete gathered through Enugu Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC), using Field Survey (FS). The modeling and simulation of the network were performed using MATLAB (2020a) software. The network data, one line diagram of the network, and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), were incorporated in the simulation. The simulation was done with and without GDG. The results of the simulation done without GDG showed that out of the 9 buses of the case study network, 6 buses were violated, 3 buses were non-violated, and the value of he active loss obtained yields 0.053 PU. Also the results of the simulation done with GDG indicated 9 non-violated buses, zero (0) violated bus, 6 healed buses, 0.140 PU optimal size of DG, and the magnitude of active loss obtained gives 0.031PU. The percentage of the active loss reduction yields 36.9%.. The research demonstrates the potential of GDG to address voltage instability in Electrical Distribution Systems (EDSs). The research contributes to the development of sustainable and reliable Power Systems (PSs), supporting economic growth and social development.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between teachers' demographic profiles, including age, gender, marital status, length of service, and educational qualifications, and the extent of their teaching competency practices among kindergarten teachers. These competencies include the use of instructional materials, learning resources, lesson planning, teaching delivery, teaching strategies, and teaching reading phonics. This study employed a descriptive research approach and was conducted in Kibawe, Bukidnon, with 120 teachers as the respondents. This study also utilized complete enumeration, also known as the Take-All Method. The majority of the respondents were in ages between 46 years old and above. The result revealed that most of the respondents were female and had a BEED Major in Teaching Early Grades. There was a very large extent of practices on teaching competencies among key stage 2 teachers in terms of instructional materials, learning resources, lesson planning, teaching delivery, teaching strategies, and teaching reading in phonics. Another result revealed that there is no significant relationship between age and gender and the extent of practices on teaching competencies among key stage 2 teachers, and the test of significant difference on the level of practices on teaching competencies and the teacher’s demographic profiles were not all significant in all the variables. These suggest that schools may continue to provide equitable support and professional development opportunities for all teachers, regardless of their demographic profile. Focus should be placed on enhancing teaching competencies through training, collaboration, and resource provision rather than targeting specific demographic groups. Additionally, ongoing assessment and feedback mechanisms can help sustain consistent and high-quality teaching practices across the entire teaching staff.

This study aimed to examine the relationship of family communication on the development of honesty among learners. This study utilized a descriptive correlational research design to determine the effect of family communication on the development of honesty among learners. The result revealed that the level of family communication among learners in terms of openness, emotional support and conflict resolution interpreted as high level, and the effect of family communication on the development of honesty among students in terms of classroom behavior interpreted as high level. Another result revealed that there is a significant relationship between the level of family communication in terms of openness, emotional support, conflict resolution and the development of honesty among students. These suggest that families may continue to promote open dialogue and active listening while creating safe spaces for students to share personal concerns without fear of judgment. Workshops or family counseling programs can help parents strengthen emotional support and conflict management strategies. Encouraging inclusive discussion during disagreements further enhance mutual understanding and trust within the family. Families may consistently model honesty and reinforce discussions about ethical behavior both at home and in relation to school expectations. Parents can encourage children to reflect on their decisions and the consequences of dishonesty. Schools and parents could collaborate to integrate family-based ethical discussions, strengthening students’ understanding and practice of honesty in all aspects of life. Families may actively nurture all three dimensions of communication openness, emotional support, and conflict resolution to foster ethical and responsible behavior in adolescents. Parents may participate in training programs on effective communication and moral guidance. Additionally, schools may provide workshops for parents and students together, reinforcing the link between family communication and ethical behavior, ensuring students consistently practice honesty in academic and social settings.

This study examined the level of values integration in the teaching of Social Studies and its relationship to student discipline among Junior High School students in Maramag, Bukidnon. Specifically, it sought to determine the extent of values integration in terms of values integration strategies and frequency of values-based activities, as well as the level of student discipline in terms of classroom behavioral compliance and incidence of disciplinary violations. A descriptive correlational research design was employed. The respondents were 126 randomly selected Junior High School teachers from Districts 2 and 3 of Maramag, Bukidnon, during the School Year 2025–2026. Data were gathered using adapted questionnaires from Nguyen (2019), consisting of two parts: values integration in Social Studies instruction and student discipline in Social Studies classes. Statistical tools used included mean and standard deviation to determine the levels of values integration and student discipline, and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient to test the relationship between the two variables. Results revealed that the level of values integration in Social Studies instruction, both in terms of strategies and frequency of values-based activities, was very high. Similarly, student discipline, particularly classroom behavioral compliance, was found to be very high, while the incidence of disciplinary violations was high. Further analysis showed a significant relationship between values integration in Social Studies and student discipline, indicating that effective values integration strategies and frequent values-based activities contribute positively to disciplined student behavior. The study concludes that values-oriented instruction plays a vital role in promoting positive classroom behavior. It recommends sustained implementation of values integration by teachers, administrative support through professional development, and further research to explore related variables and broader contexts.

This study aimed to examine the reflective teaching practices and instructional competence among teachers in the Kadingilan 2 District. It specifically investigates how teachers engage in reflective practices, such as self-assessment and Pedagogical improvement, and how these contribute to the enhancement of their teaching strategies, classroom management, lesson planning, and delivery. The study was limited to 121 public school teachers within the Kadingilan 2 District during the school year 2025–2026. This study used a descriptive-correlational research design. The findings revealed that the level of reflective teaching practices among teachers, particularly in terms of self-assessment and pedagogical improvement, was interpreted as "always." The results indicate that teachers consistently evaluate their teaching strategies and actively seek ways to enhance their instructional approaches. The results further showed that the level of instructional competence among teachers, specifically in lesson planning and delivery as well as classroom management, was likewise interpreted as "always." The result means that teachers consistently demonstrate effective lesson preparation and the ability to deliver content clearly and systematically. The study also found a significant relationship between the level of reflective teaching practices and teachers' instructional competence. The result implies that teachers who regularly engage in reflective practices tend to exhibit higher levels of instructional competence. These suggest that teachers may continue to enhance their instructional competence through ongoing professional development programs. Schools may provide resources and training to support effective lesson planning, innovative teaching strategies, and classroom management techniques. Collaborative activities, such as peer observation and feedback sessions, can further strengthen teaching practices. Professional development programs may emphasize not only self-assessment but also the application of reflections to improve instructional methods and classroom management.

This study examined the relationship between parental support and learning motivation among learners in San Fernando I District, Division of Bukidnon, for School Year 2024–2025. Specifically, it investigated parental support in terms of (a) provision of learning space, (b) parent assistance during lessons, and (c) provision of food supplies, and its relationship to students’ learning motivation in the areas of (a) intrinsic motivation, (b) extrinsic motivation, and (c) self-efficacy. Data were analyzed using statistical tools such as frequency counts, percentages, means, standard deviations, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Findings revealed that the level of parental support was high, particularly in providing conducive learning spaces, lesson assistance, and nutritional support. Likewise, the extent of students’ learning motivation, encompassing intrinsic, extrinsic, and self-efficacy aspects, was found to be large. Furthermore, statistical analysis indicated a significant relationship between parental support and learning motivation. The results suggest that while parental involvement remains essential in fostering a supportive learning environment, students’ motivation to learn may be more strongly influenced by other factors, such as personal interests, teacher support, or peer relationships. The study recommends strengthening home-school partnerships, implementing programs that enhance both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and exploring additional variables that contribute to learners’ motivation and academic success.

Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity (CIC) is a major limitation in cancer therapy, contributing to long-term morbidity and mortality. Various agents such as anthracyclines and trastuzumab cause cardiac dysfunction through oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis. Early diagnosis and preventive strategies are essential for improving outcomes.

Background: Preterm birth is a pressing issue in maternal and child health, affecting approximately one in eight babies in the United States and 21,168 infants per year in Illinois. It poses significant risks to infants, including lifelong disabilities such as cognitive and learning problems, cerebral palsy, respiratory problems, and sensory impairments. Aim: Investigating factors responsible for prematurity among women of childbearing age in Western urban districts, Sierra Leone. Methodology: The study used a cross-sectional design to assess factors associated with prematurity among women aged 15–49 years in Western Urban District, Freetown. A total of 85 respondents were selected using convenience sampling, and data were collected through structured questionnaires. Analysis was done using descriptive statistics in Microsoft Excel. The study faced financial and logistical limitations but followed ethical principles, including informed consent and confidentiality. Results: The majority of respondents were aged 18–24 years (58.8%), unmarried (58.8%), and predominantly Christian (58.8%). Nearly half of the participants were illiterate (47.1%), while a smaller proportion had a tertiary education (17.6%). Prematurity was highly prevalent, with 88.2% reporting a history of premature birth, most commonly during the first pregnancy (58.8%). About 35.3% experienced births before 37 weeks of gestation, highlighting prematurity as a significant concern. Key lifestyle factors associated with prematurity included poor nutrition (47.1%) and excessive stress (17.6%), while smoking, alcohol, and drug use were less common. Major psychosocial factors were financial stress (49.3%) and depression or anxiety (20%), access to healthcare was limited, with 47.8% reporting that healthcare facilities were not accessible at all. Knowledge about prematurity was generally poor, as 58.8% could not correctly define it. The most commonly identified cause of prematurity was poor maternal nutrition (45.9%), followed by infections and maternal stress.
Conclusion: Prematurity in western urban districts of Sierra Leone results from multiple interrelated factors, including medical, socio-economic, psychosocial, healthcare access, and environmental challenges. The high prevalence highlights the need for stronger maternal health services, improved prenatal care, better maternal education, mental health support, and reduced environmental and healthcare disparities. These findings provide a basis for targeted public health interventions and policy action.
Recommendations: Recommendations include improving access to prenatal care, strengthening maternal health education, integrating mental health support into antenatal services, enhancing early detection and management of pregnancy-related conditions, improving environmental health and sanitation, and promoting healthy lifestyles among women of childbearing age.

The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing significant transformation due to advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI), automation, and robotics. These technologies are revolutionizing drug discovery, manufacturing, supply chain management, and patient care. AI accelerates drug development by analysing large datasets, while automation enhances efficiency and accuracy in repetitive tasks. Robotics, integrated with AI, enables faster, scalable, and precise manufacturing processes and is also used for efficient medication dispensing. These innovations drive the development of personalized medicine, offering tailored treatments based on individual patient data. Collectively, these advancements address industry challenges, including rising demand, regulatory compliance, and global health needs, paving the way for a more efficient and patient-centred pharmaceutical sector. [1]
AI Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the pharmaceutical industry by leveraging advanced computational methods such as machine learning and deep learning. These techniques are accelerating drug discovery and delivery, optimizing treatment regimens, and improving patient outcomes. AI’s applications span target identification, excipient selection, synthetic route prediction, supply chain optimization, and continuous manufacturing processes, among others. While AI integration enhances efficiency, reduces costs, and improves drug safety and patient care, it also raises significant regulatory considerations. This review explores AI’s role in drug discovery, personalized medicine, and beyond, using current research and case studies to highlight its transformative impact on the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare. [2]

This narrative review explores the role of tactical awareness in defensive systems in handball, addressing the literature's emphasis on offense. It synthesizes studies from major databases on defensive formations, perceptual-cognitive processes, and training methods to understand defensive effectiveness holistically. Findings show that success depends not only on structures but on players' perception, anticipation, and response to dynamic situations. Open systems like the 3:2:1 enable proactive pressure and ball recovery but create spatial gaps, while closed systems ensure stability under numerical equality. Tactical awareness, via perception–action coupling, supports real-time decisions and adaptive positioning. Team cognition, through shared mental models, boosts coordination and collective defense. Non-linear pedagogy, including small-sided games, effectively develops these skills. Limitations include inconsistent definitions, absent standardized tools, and reliance on observational designs. Overall, tactical awareness drives defensive performance; integrated training and rigorous research are needed to advance theory and practice.

Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are the most common benign neoplasms in women, representing a monumental clinical and public health challenge. As a medical student, I am confronted with a stark paradox: these tumors are ubiquitous, affecting up to 70-80% of women, yet our understanding of their precise etiology and our ability to offer long-term, non-invasive, fertility-preserving treatments remain frustratingly limited. This article aims to dissect the intricate tapestry of fibroid pathogenesis, moving beyond a simple hormonal narrative to explore the cutting-edge science that defines them. We will examine the compelling evidence that positions these tumors as disorders of myometrial stem cells, reprogrammed by developmental insults and driven by mutually exclusive genomic drivers, most notably MED12 mutations. We will map the complex signaling networks—from the classic estrogen and progesterone pathways to the critical roles of the extracellular matrix, mechanotransduction, and defective DNA repair—that orchestrate tumor growth and symptomology. Finally, we will analyze the current therapeutic landscape, from surgical standards to emerging molecularly targeted therapies, emphasizing the urgent need for personalized medicine approaches that address the specific molecular subtype of a patient's disease.

This study focused on determining the influence of traditional beliefs on gender and development among grade 5 learners. The study was limited to selected grade 5 learners from a chosen public elementary school during School Year 2025-2026. The study employed a descriptive-correlational research design to determine the influence of traditional beliefs on gender and development among Grade 5 learners. Through the use of survey questionnaires, data were gathered, analyzed, and interpreted using statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s correlation. The result revealed the level of learners’ traditional beliefs towards gender roles in terms of gender-based task assignments, career role expectations and emotional expression norms, interpreted as high level. Moreover, the level of gender and development among grade 5 learners in terms of gender identity, social interaction & peer relationships, interpreted as very high level. The study concluded that there is a significant relationship between the influence level of learners’ traditional beliefs and the level of gender development among Grade 5 learners. This indicates that gender roles, career expectations, and emotional expression directly affect learners’ gender identity, social interactions, and peer relationships. Since there is a significant relationship between learners’ traditional beliefs and their gender development, interventions should focus on reducing restrictive gender stereotypes while promoting equality. Schools should integrate gender-responsive education into the curriculum, including activities that encourage learners to question and reflect on traditional roles and beliefs. Teachers should model equitable behavior and create opportunities for learners to engage in non-stereotypical roles in both academic and social settings.

This study investigated the effectiveness of the Marungko Approach in improving the reading performance of Grade 2 struggling learners at Airport Village Elementary School, Casisang, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, during the 2025–2026 school year. Using a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and retention-test measures, the study involved 21 selected learners identified as struggling readers through the Comprehensive Rapid Literacy Assessment (CRLA, 2020). The study compared the reading performance of learners in the Marungko group and a Non-Marungko group to determine the impact of the instructional approach. Findings revealed that learners in the Non-Marungko group initially performed at the full refresher and low emerging reader levels. They showed improvement in the post-test, progressing to moderate refresher and some to developing and high emerging readers; however, their reading performance declined in the retention test. In contrast, learners in the Marungko group demonstrated substantial improvement from pre-test to post-test, with most achieving transitioning reader status. These gains were largely maintained in the retention test, indicating sustained reading ability. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference in reading performance between pre-test and post-test scores for both groups, but only the Marungko group maintained their performance over time. The study concluded that while both approaches initially enhanced reading performance, the Marungko Approach was more effective in promoting long-term retention of reading skills. Recommendations include encouraging learners and parents to engage in regular reading practice at home, training teachers in the systematic implementation of the Marungko Approach, and exploring its long-term impact in future research. The findings underscore the importance of structured phonics-based instruction in developing confident and independent readers.

This study investigated the relationship between the level of effectiveness of the Marungko Approach and the reading performance of learners as measured by the Comprehensive Rapid Literacy Assessment (CRLA) in Impasug-ong I District, Division of Bukidnon, for School Year 2024–2025. Specifically, it examined the effectiveness of the Marungko Approach in terms of letter sound recognition, letter name recognition, and syllabication, and its correlation with learners’ performance in the CRLA components of Letter Knowledge, Phonological Awareness, Phonemic Awareness, and Decoding. The study employed a quantitative research design, utilizing frequency count, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Spearman’s rank correlation to analyze the gathered data. Findings revealed that the Marungko Approach was very highly effective in enhancing learners’ literacy skills in letter sound recognition, letter name recognition, and syllabication. Learners also demonstrated a proficient level of reading performance in the CRLA across all assessed components. However, the results indicated a significant relationship between the level of effectiveness of the Marungko Approach and the learners’ overall reading performance. The study concluded that while the Marungko Approach effectively develops foundational literacy skills, other factors, such as individual learner differences, instructional strategies, and learning environments, may also influence reading outcomes. It is therefore recommended that schools continue to implement the Marungko Approach as part of early literacy instruction, supplemented with other evidence-based reading strategies and ongoing teacher training. Future research should investigate additional variables that affect literacy performance to promote a more holistic and comprehensive approach to reading development among beginning readers.

The Indian higher education system is in the midst of a monumental transformation, pivoting from a decades-old structure towards a future-oriented model envisioned in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. This transition represents a paradigm shift that goes beyond mere curricular tweaking. This paper presents a detailed comparative analysis of the previously operational Choice-Based Credit System (CBCS) and the newly implemented NEP 2020 curriculum at Mizoram University (MZU). Through a meticulous examination of MZU's official documents—the "MZU UG CBCS Regulation" and the "Curriculum and Credit Framework for Undergraduate Programmes (CCFUGP) incorporating NEP 2020 Recommendations"—this study deciphers the philosophical, structural, pedagogical, and operational dimensions of this change. The analysis establishes that while the CBCS was a significant reform that introduced elements of choice and standardization, it remained confined within rigid disciplinary boundaries. In stark contrast, the NEP framework is a radical reconstruction of undergraduate education, characterized by its emphasis on holistic and multidisciplinary education, the revolutionary Multiple Entry and Exit Options (MEES), deep integration of vocational skills and value-based education, and the formalization of a four-year undergraduate programme with embedded research. This paper argues that the transition from CBCS to NEP at Mizoram University marks a decisive evolution from a subject-centric, instruction-based model to a student-centric, flexible, and integrated ecosystem designed to foster critical thinking, enhance employability, and cultivate holistic, socially responsible graduates. The study also critically examines the significant implementation challenges, including infrastructural demands, faculty readiness, and administrative complexities, that MZU must navigate to realize the full potential of this ambitious policy shift.

Background: Cholangitis, encompassing acute bacterial cholangitis (AC), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), represents a heterogeneous group of biliary tract diseases with significant global morbidity and mortality. The landscape of diagnosis and treatment has shifted considerably between 2015 and 2025, driven by updated international guidelines and novel pharmacological approvals. . Objectives: This review synthesises current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and modern management of the cholangitis spectrum, with emphasis on developments between 2015 and 2025. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases, incorporating population-based studies, randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews, and international guidelines (TG18, AASLD, EASL). Studies published between 2015 and 2025 were prioritised. Results: Acute cholangitis carries an untreated mortality of up to 88%; timely endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) within 24 hours reduces Grade III mortality to approximately 20%. PBC affects predominantly women (90%), with a global pooled prevalence of 14.60 per 100,000. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) remains first-line therapy; however, 30–40% of patients demonstrate inadequate response. Obeticholic acid (OCA), approved in 2016, and newer agents elafibranor and seladelpar (both approved 2024), expand the second-line armamentarium. PSC continues to lack disease-modifying therapy, though research into gut microbiome modulation and FXR/PPAR agonists is advancing. Conclusion: The period 2015–2025 has seen transformative progress in the management of cholangitis. The implementation of severity-guided biliary drainage, updated antimicrobial stewardship, and pipeline pharmacotherapy collectively represent a new era in hepatobiliary medicine.

Background: Mood, cognitive, and behavioural abnormalities are the hallmarks of depression, a multifactorial mental illness. Complex interactions between neurobiological, genetic, endocrine, and psychosocial factors, such as dysregulation of monoamine neurotransmitters, hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, neuroinflammation, and impaired neuroplasticity, are involved in its pathophysiology. The individualistic and holistic aspects of the disorder may not be adequately addressed by conventional treatments, which mainly focus on neurochemical imbalances.
Objectives: The goal is to investigate the pathophysiology of depression and assess its applicability to constitutional homoeopathic treatment. Methods: A narrative review of modern scientific sources and classical homoeopathic literature was conducted. In order to establish a connection between contemporary biomedical concepts and homeopathic principles like individualization, totality of symptoms, and miasmatic predisposition, standard textbooks, peer-reviewed articles, and materia medica were examined. Results: The homoeopathic theory of vital force disturbance affecting mental, emotional, and physical planes is consistent with the complex nature of depression. Individual symptom expressions are reflected in neurotransmitter imbalances and stress-related neuroendocrine changes, which inform the choice of treatment. When prescribed based on the totality of symptoms, constitutional remedies like Sepia officinalis, Ignatia amara, Aurum metallicum, and Natrum muriaticum show clinical relevance. Instead of focusing on discrete symptom clusters, homoeopathy stresses a customized approach that may address underlying susceptibility.
Conclusion: Understanding the pathophysiology of depression offers a useful framework for constitutional homoeopathic medicine. Although more thorough empirical research is needed to confirm homeopathy's clinical effectiveness, it may be used as a supplemental, patient centered strategy in the treatment of depressive disorders.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation. It affects individuals of all age groups and represents a significant global health burden. The disease involves complex interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors, leading to structural and functional changes in the airways. This review provides a comprehensive overview of asthma, focusing on its pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and current management strategies. Understanding these aspects is essential for effective disease control and improved patient outcomes.

The rapid evolution of financial technology (FinTech) has significantly transformed the traditional banking landscape by redefining how financial services are delivered and accessed. FinTech leverages advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and mobile applications to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve customer experience. In India, increasing smartphone usage, internet accessibility, and government initiatives have accelerated the shift toward digital banking. This study analyses the impact of fintech innovations on customer satisfaction, service efficiency, and adoption behaviour. It is based on primary data collected from 116 respondents using a structured questionnaire and analysed through percentage, mean score, correlation, and regression techniques. The findings reveal that digital payment platforms, especially UPI and mobile banking, are widely adopted due to their speed, convenience, and accessibility. A strong positive correlation exists between fintech usage and customer satisfaction. However, challenges such as cybersecurity risks and data privacy concerns persist. The study concludes that fintech acts as a strategic enabler, complementing traditional banking and emphasizing the need for collaboration to ensure sustainable growth and financial inclusion.

Bulimia nervosa is a serious psychiatric eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors. This review summarizes its causes, clinical features, diagnosis, complications, and management, emphasizing multidisciplinary care.

Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep, or experiencing non-restorative sleep, resulting in impaired daytime functioning. The global prevalence ranges from 6–18% depending on diagnostic criteria. As per ICD-11, Non-organic insomnia Iis a functional disorder without any possible structural pathology and is associated with cognitive functions, neuroendocrine mechanisms, and emotional dysregulation. Contemporary research highlights hyperarousal—physiological, cortical, and cognitive-emotional as a central pathophysiological mechanism. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) remains the first-line treatment. However, increasing interest exists in individualized homeopathic management for chronic insomnia. This narrative review explores the hyperarousal model of insomnia, its neurobiological impacts, psychosocial contributors, and the role of individualized homeopathic therapeutics.

Background: Contraceptive choice in India reflects access, counseling quality, socio-cultural factors, and method effectiveness, with limited uptake of long-acting reversible contraception despite superior efficacy.(9,10) Objective: To review contraceptive methods relevant to Indian practice regarding indications, ease of use, contraindications, and failure rates. Methods: Narrative review synthesizing Indian family planning program data, national studies on method failure/discontinuation, and international eligibility guidance.(5,7,8,1) Results: Long-acting reversible methods (implants, IUDs) offer lowest failure rates (~0.1%-0.8%) and minimal user burden after insertion.(4) Permanent sterilization remains widely used. Short- acting methods (pills, injectables, condoms) show higher typical-use failure (4%-13%) and discontinuation due to side effects or non-adherence.(3,8) Conclusion: Enhanced counseling emphasizing real-world effectiveness and side-effect management can optimize contraceptive outcomes in India.(11)

Background: Generalised anxiety disorder (G.A.D.) is characterised by excessive, pervasive and uncontrollable worry. G.A.D. is a chronic and recurrent disorder with a low rate of remission with a considerable impact on quality of life. There is a scarcity of literature published on homoeopathy on G.A.D. This case report illustrates an improvement without recurrence of a G.A.D. case treated exclusively with homoeopathic medicine. case summary: A case of 44 years female with the complaints of anxiety and palpitation for the past 7 years was managed with individualized homoeopathic medicine. Case history, general and mental symptoms, repertorization, and miasmatic evaluation were undertaken. Severity of anxiety was assessed using Hamilton anxiety rating scale. Treatment was initiated with pulsatilla nigricans 1M potency, along with supportive measures. Follow-up was documented over 4 months. Results: she was free of symptoms from the 4th months of treatment. she was functionally and socially improved, as reflected in the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and there was no relapse during homoeopathic treatment. Conclusion: homoeopathic treatment showed a positive result in the treatment of G.A.D. It brought about considerable improvement in the patient’s social, occupational and familial life without any adverse effects.

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with impairments in two areas mainly social communication and restricted and repetitive behaviours. It is typically visible during the second to third year of their life. They also show a lack of appropriate interest in social communication early in their life in severe cases. It is a multifaceted disorder with a complex aetiology. Among all the causes being found, genetic component along with environmental risk factors has been most suggested. Based on the recent studies more than 200 susceptibility genes have been identified. Objectives: This article focus on the influence of genetic component and environmental factors in developing ASD. Methods: In this review, literature search was conducted in standard psychiatric textbooks and Google Scholar to assess the impact of related genetics and associated environmental factors on the development of autism. There are various studies that have investigated the relation between genetic factors and ASD. Results: This article discusses the role of genetics as a causative factor and also environmental factors that triggers the development of autism spectrum disorder in individuals are being discussed in this article.

Background: Ayurveda and Vedic Astrology, two ancient Indian sciences, share a profound philosophical and practical synergy rooted in Vedic tradition. Ayurveda, the "Science of Life," emphasizes holistic healing through the balance of Doshas, while Jyotish Shastra, or Vedic Astrology, interprets celestial movements to reveal karmic patterns and health predispositions. Their integration—often termed Ayur Jyotisha offers a multidimensional approach to personalized wellness. Methods: This literature review synthesizes classical texts, contemporary research, and interdisciplinary commentaries to explore the intersection of Ayurvedic diagnostics and astrological insights. Results: Findings indicate that planetary configurations at birth can correlate with Dosha imbalances and disease susceptibility. Astrology enhances Ayurvedic practice by identifying auspicious timings for treatment and revealing deeper karmic influences. The review highlights case studies and theoretical models where Ayurvedic and astrological integration led to improved health outcomes and spiritual clarity. Discussion: The convergence of Ayurveda and Astrology reflects a holistic paradigm that aligns physical health with cosmic rhythms. As both disciplines experience a modern revival, their synthesis offers promising avenues for preventive, personalized, and spiritually attuned healthcare. Future research should focus on empirical validation and integrative clinical frameworks to bridge traditional wisdom with contemporary wellness models.

The growth of digital payment systems has increased both convenience and exposure to financial fraud. Traditional fraud detection methods are no longer sufficient to handle evolving cyber threats. This study explores the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Business Analytics in improving fraud detection in digital payments. Primary data were collected through questionnaires and analysed using statistical techniques. The results indicate that AI and analytics significantly enhance fraud detection accuracy, reduce financial losses, and improve operational efficiency. Additionally, these technologies positively influence consumer trust. However, challenges related to transparency and system reliability remain.

The world's financial and payment systems have been drastically altered by the quick development of digital technology, and India is no exception. Because of their accessibility, quickness, and ease of use, digital payment platforms have been increasingly popular in recent years. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) developed and oversees the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), one of the most significant advancements in India's digital payment ecosystem. Through smartphone applications, consumers can rapidly transfer money between bank accounts using UPI, a real-time payment system. Since its inception, UPI has significantly changed how people and companies in India carry out financial transactions. It has simplified the payment process by enabling users to make secure transactions using smartphones without the need for cash or traditional banking methods. This study's main goal is to investigate how UPI has affected India's digital payment system. The study intends to examine a number of UPI usage-related characteristics, including as user awareness, adoption trends, usage frequency, perceived advantages, user difficulties, and general satisfaction with UPI services. Additionally, the study aims to comprehend how various groups of people embrace and use UPI in relation to demographic parameters including age, gender, occupation, and place of residence. The study looks at these elements in an effort to give a thorough picture of how UPI has impacted the expansion of digital payments in India. The majority of respondents are aware of UPI and actively use it for digital transactions, according to the study's findings. This suggests that UPI has been widely acknowledged and accepted by the populace. The findings also indicate that a large number of respondents have been using UPI for a number of years, indicating that it has developed into a reputable and well-established payment mechanism. UPI is crucial for everyday financial tasks including paying utility bills, buying goods and services, sending money to friends and family, and making online payments, as seen by the large percentage of respondents who said they use it daily or weekly.

This paper delves into the exploration of trauma and its intricate manifestations in Viet Thanh Nguyen's short story, "Black-Eyed Women," featured in the collection The Refugees (2017). The analysis begins by contextualizing the Vietnam War's profound impact on refugees, establishing a foundation for understanding the protagonist's psychological scars. The examination extends to the challenges of cultural displacement, unraveling the intricacies of identity formation in the face of adversity. Central to the investigation is the symbolism encapsulated by the black-eyed woman, a spectral figure representing suppressed memories and unspoken anguish. Exploring coping mechanisms, the paper investigates how storytelling becomes a therapeutic outlet for the protagonist. It probes the protagonist's dual role as both survivor and storyteller, highlighting the agency inherent in reclaiming narrative control. Through a close reading of key scenes, the paper dissects the ways in which trauma is expressed and navigated in the protagonist's quest for self-discovery. This analysis contributes to the broader understanding of trauma in literature, emphasizing the nuanced portrayal in “Black-Eyed Women”. The paper contends that the story serves as a poignant exploration of the lasting effects of war, displacement, and the intricate interplay between personal and collective memory. Ultimately, it underscores the power of storytelling as a means of confronting and transcending the haunting legacy of trauma.

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a highly flowable concrete that can spread and consolidate under its own weight without the need for mechanical vibration. It is widely used in modern construction due to its excellent workability and ability to fill complex formwork with congested reinforcement. Predicting the mechanical properties of SCC, such as compressive strength and split tensile strength, is important for achieving reliable and optimized mix designs. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a statistical and mathematical technique used to analyze the relationship between input variables and output responses. In this study, RSM is used to predict and optimize the mechanical properties of SCC by analyzing the effects of different mix parameters.

Among several issues associated with applying machine learning in practice, overfitting remains particularly persistent.In the case where a model suffers from overfitting, it can be said that the model has been trained &#34;too well&#34; – that is,the model has absorbed all the peculiarities and noise from the data used for training, making it ineffective when applied to new data. In the case where linear models are used for regression, the issue of overfitting is resolved via regularization, which refers to a group of methods aimed at adding controlled penalties to the optimization objective to prevent overgrowth of parameters. In this work, we consider the specifics of two commonly adopted regularization methods –L1 (Lasso Regression) and L2 (Ridge Regression).

The experiments we perform on are based on the California Housing dataset and involve training three different regression models: an unregularized version, the Lasso, and the Ridge regression, which will be tested by MSE of their prediction on a test dataset.
The results are quite telling. While Ridge Regression achieves MSE comparable to the baseline, i.e. 0.5559, while controlling for coefficients&#39; magnitude, Lasso fails in that regard and gets MSE 0.6796 due to dropping important features from its prediction.

In addition to comparing values of MSEs, we look into how coefficients&#39; vectors of different models differ from one another and interpret this difference based on properties of input data. The main point we want to make in this paper is that there is no single approach to choosing the proper regularization method and that it depends on sparsity of the input data.

This study examines the listing day performance of Book built IPOs which are listed in NSE from the financial year 2012 to 2022. This study also examines the post listing price performance of the issues like, listing day returns of the issues, returns after 1 month, 3 months, 6months, 9 months and 12 months. 236 issues out of 275 book built issues listed in NSE were taken for the study, 39 issues were not considered due to not listing and trading reasons. Raw returns (listing returns) and Market adjusted excess returns were calculated for the IPOs to know the post listing returns to the investors for these time periods. Market adjusted excess returns were calculated .find out the effect of listing lead time delay in the performance of the issues. Annualized raw returns and Annualized market returns were calculated to normalize the time delay of different companies in different time period Wealth relative index has been calculated to study the extent of underpricing of the issues during the period. Findings of the study reveals that the listing performance of the issues are high and they are mostly underpriced, but the performance reduced after one month and there is a huge improvement from 3to 9 months and it reduced after one year from date of the issue. This study concludes that, the IPOs provide good returns in listing day and also in short run.

This study aimed to assess the effects of aqueous extracts from dry date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruit on the reproductive organs and hormonal profiles of male Wistar rats. Twenty rats were divided into four groups, with one control group receiving distilled water and three experimental groups treated with 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg of the extract for 35 days. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for hormonal assays (testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)). Semen was collected for sperm count, motility, and morphology analysis, and tissue samples from the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate were examined. Morphometric analysis was performed on seminiferous tubular diameter, interstitial size, and epididymal epithelial thickness. The results showed a significant decrease in serum testosterone levels, sperm count, motility, and morphology in the experimental groups compared to the control. Additionally, there were structural changes, including a reduction in interstitial size and epididymal epithelial thickness, as well as degeneration of Leydig cells and distortion of spermatogenic cells. However, FSH and LH levels were unaffected. The study concluded that the aqueous extract of date palm fruit may cause infertility in male rats by affecting Leydig cells and disrupting testosterone production, sperm quality, and reproductive organ structure.

Using a descriptive-correlational research approach, this study looked at the purchasing habits of Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) students and how they relate to social media marketing. It examined how 300 randomly chosen ABM students' brand knowledge, purchase intent, and social sentiment were impacted by social media engagement, reach, and click-through rates. Higher levels of engagement, reach, and click-through rates were linked to greater brand awareness, stronger purchase intent, and more positive social sentiment, according to the results, which showed a strong positive correlation (r =.804, p < 0.05) between social media marketing and consumer purchasing behavior. These findings emphasize the importance of financial literacy programs and ethical digital marketing. The report suggests that educators integrate ethical marketing techniques into curricula, students participate in budgeting and critical evaluation courses, and legislators create regulations to control digital marketing tactics aimed at younger consumers. In order to investigate students' opinions and decision-making processes with relation to social media marketing, future researchers may use a mixed-methods strategy that incorporates qualitative techniques like focus groups or in-depth interviews. A longitudinal study could also evaluate how changes in digital marketing tactics affect customer behavior over time.

In the contemporary digital landscape, influencer marketing has emerged as a significant promotional strategy in international markets, driven by the widespread adoption of social media platforms such as Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok. This study aims to analyze the role and effectiveness of influencer marketing in influencing consumer behaviour across global markets. It examines how brands leverage influencers to enhance brand awareness, build credibility, and engage diverse audiences while overcoming cultural and communication barriers. The research also explores the structured process of influencer marketing, including campaign planning, influencer selection, content creation, and performance evaluation. Primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using statistical tools such as ANOVA, Chi-square, and regression analysis. The findings indicate that influencer marketing plays a crucial role in shaping consumer perceptions and purchase decisions; however, its effectiveness is influenced by factors such as authenticity, trust, and cultural alignment. Additionally, the study identifies key challenges, including misleading information, lack of transparency, and the presence of fake followers. The study concludes that a strategic and data-driven approach is essential for maximizing the potential of influencer marketing in international markets.

This study examines credit risk management practices in Punjab National Bank, one of India’s leading public sector banks, with a focus on recent trends in asset quality and financial stability. Credit risk, arising from borrowers’ failure to repay loans, remains a critical concern affecting profitability and sustainability in the banking sector. The study analyzes key indicators such as Non-Performing Assets (NPAs), Provision Coverage Ratio (PCR), and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) to evaluate the effectiveness of risk management strategies. Findings indicate a significant improvement in the bank’s asset quality over recent years, with Gross NPA declining to nearly 3.19% by December 2025, reflecting better recovery mechanisms and stricter credit appraisal systems. Additionally, the bank has maintained a strong Provision Coverage Ratio of around 96%, ensuring adequate buffers against loan losses. The Capital Adequacy Ratio has also remained above regulatory requirements, indicating sound financial strength. The study concludes that effective credit monitoring, recovery initiatives, and regulatory compliance have strengthened the bank’s credit risk framework. However, continuous vigilance, technological integration, and proactive risk assessment are essential to sustain asset quality and ensure long-term financial stability in a dynamic economic environment.

In the modern marketplace, consumers are increasingly influenced by the image and reputation of global brands, particularly in the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector. This study focuses on understanding how consumers perceive global brand image, with special reference to Nestlé and Unilever, two of the most well-known multinational companies. The main objective of this research is to explore the factors that shape consumer opinions about these brands, such as product quality, brand trust, advertising, and social responsibility. The study is based on primary data collected through questionnaires from consumers, along with supporting information gathered from various secondary sources. By analyzing the responses, the study aims to identify how these factors influence consumer preferences and buying decisions. It also compares how Nestlé and Unilever are perceived in terms of their global image and reliability. The findings of this research are expected to help businesses understand what drives positive consumer perception and how strong brand image can lead to increased customer loyalty. Overall, the study offers useful insights for improving branding strategies in the FMCG industry.

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials due to its versatility and good compressive strength; however, it possesses low tensile strength and limited resistance to cracking. To overcome these limitations, the incorporation of fibers in concrete has emerged as an effective technique to enhance its mechanical performance. This study presents an experimental investigation on the flexural and tensile performance of fiber reinforced concrete using micro steel fibers. In this research, concrete of grades M30 and M40 was prepared with varying percentages of micro steel fibers, namely 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% by volume. Standard specimens including cubes, cylinders and beams were cast and tested after curing periods of 7 and 28 days. The experimental program focused on evaluating compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete. The results indicate that the inclusion of micro steel fibers significantly improves the tensile and flexural strength of concrete, along with enhanced crack resistance and ductility. It was observed that strength properties increase with an increase in fiber content up to an optimum level. However, the workability of concrete decreases as the fiber content increases, as evidenced by slump test results.

Pervious concrete, also known as permeable or porous concrete, is characterized by its high water permeability due to the presence of interconnected void structures that allow water to pass freely through it. This study presents a synergistic evaluation of key parameters such as porosity, compressive strength, and water permeability in recycled aggregate-based pervious concrete.
The experimental investigation focuses on determining void content, compressive strength at 7 and 28 days and permeability using the falling head method. It was observed that optimizing aggregate size combinations, particularly within the ranges of 10-5 mm and 3-5 mm, leads to an improvement in compressive strength.
The relationship between porosity and 28-day compressive strength was found to be adversely affected when recycled aggregates were used in place of natural aggregates. However, other influencing factors such as binder type, age of concrete, aggregate size and specimen configuration exhibited a moderate effect on the porosity-strength relationship.
The results further indicate that the permeability of pervious concrete is primarily governed by its porosity and is not significantly influenced by the replacement of natural aggregates with recycled aggregates. The interrelationship among compressive strength, porosity and permeability developed in this study can be effectively utilized for mix proportioning of pervious concrete using both natural and recycled coarse aggregates to meet the desired strength and permeability requirements.

Agritourism has emerged as a significant approach for promoting rural development by connecting urban tourists with agricultural environments and local communities. However, existing agritourism practices are largely unorganized, relying on informal communication methods that result in inefficiencies, lack of transparency, and poor coordination among stakeholders. This paper proposes Agro-Connect, a centralized digital platform designed to manage agritourism interactions between tourists, farmers, and administrators. The system integrates role-based dashboards, structured booking mechanisms, capacity control, and seasonal availability enforcement into a unified platform. A multi-layer architecture supports user authentication, farm discovery, booking management, and real- time validation. The platform employs a component-based frontend, a structured backend for application logic, and a relational database for data management. Evaluation demonstrates that the system improves accessibility, operational efficiency, and coordination in agritourism. The proposed framework is scalable, reliable, and adaptable to diverse agritourism environments.

Over the previous two decades, the banking sector has witnessed numerous developments to withstand rivalry among its contenders. Innovation is one domain where the banking industry places emphasis to maintain this competitiveness. At present, digital banking stands out as the widely utilized technological advancement adopted by banks. E-banking is the consequence of technological progress and market rivalry. The satisfaction of customers is equally significant for banks in tackling the challenges posed by competing institutions. Therefore, this study emphasizes the contentment level of consumers toward online banking services delivered by public and private sector banks. The objectives of this research are to identify the determinants influencing the adoption of e-banking provided by state-owned and privately-owned banks, and to assess the degree of satisfaction among clients of these institutions in relation to their usage of electronic banking. The banking framework is currently facing obstacles due to intense competition and technological advancement. Thus, it becomes essential for service providers to meet or surpass the expectations of target customers through the quality of services delivered.

Teamwork and interpersonal relations are fundamental pillars of organizational effectiveness, particularly in large manufacturing enterprises where coordinated effort across functional departments determines productivity and quality outcomes. This research paper examines the dynamics of teamwork and interpersonal relations at Tata Motors Limited, India's largest automobile manufacturer. Through analysis of secondary data from corporate reports, employee surveys, industry publications, and organizational behaviour literature spanning 2022 to 2025, the study identifies key factors influencing team cohesion, communication patterns, and workplace interpersonal dynamics within the company. Findings reveal that Tata Motors' structured team- based work culture, leadership development initiatives, and inclusive communication practices contribute significantly to employee engagement and operational efficiency. The organization records an 82 percent employee satisfaction rate in collaborative work environments, surpassing the automotive industry average. The study highlights the critical role of trust, clear role definition, and psychological safety in fostering productive interpersonal relations. Findings affirm that investment in team development and conflict resolution mechanisms positively impacts both individual performance and organizational outcomes at Tata Motors.

The study examines the transformative impact of social media on the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, focusing on how digital platforms have altered political communication, voter mobilisation, and campaign strategies for the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress. Drawing on secondary data, official reports, and current analysis, the study illustrates the transition from traditional mass-media campaigning to a digitally driven paradigm characterised by targeted advertising, influencer outreach, WhatsApp-based micro-mobilisation, and data-driven communication. The comparison study demonstrates that, while the BJP maintained a significant lead in digital reach and advertising expenditure, the INC achieved excellent engagement growth through personalised content and grassroots mobilisation. The paper also identifies significant hazards associated with digital campaigns, including disinformation, algorithmic manipulation, unequal access, and regulatory gaps. The paper concludes that digital politics is already crucial to Indian elections and will continue to shape political competitiveness and voter behaviour.

Background: Migraine is a complex neurovascular disorder frequently exacerbated by emotional triggers such as stress, suppressed grief, and anxiety. While conventional treatments focus on symptomatic relief, homoeopathy emphasizes a holistic approach by addressing the "mental totality" and individual susceptibility. This case study explores the significant role of emotional factors in the genesis of migraine and the efficacy of constitutional homoeopathic management.

This research paper looks at the differences between online and offline shopping behaviour, focusing on Information Technology (IT) factors. The study examines how digital platforms, mobile applications, and electronic payment systems affect consumer decisions. It also points out the advantages and challenges of both shopping methods. The research relies on secondary data and general consumer trends. The findings indicate that online shopping is rapidly increasing due to convenience and technology, while offline shopping remains important because of trust and the ability to verify products physically.

This study focuses on the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques for sales prediction using customer satisfaction data in Tamil Nadu. In the present competitive business environment, customer satisfaction has become a key determinant of business success and long-term profitability. The main objective of this research is to analyze how customer satisfaction indicators such as feedback, ratings, reviews, and service experience can be effectively used to predict future sales trends. By integrating AI and machine learning models, businesses can identify hidden patterns and relationships between customer satisfaction levels and sales performance. The study employs various predictive analytics techniques such as linear regression, decision trees, and machine learning algorithms to enhance forecasting accuracy. Both primary data (collected through surveys from customers and businesses in Tamil Nadu) and secondary data (from reports and online sources) are used for analysis. The performance of AI-based models is compared with traditional statistical methods to evaluate their effectiveness. The findings of this study are expected to help businesses improve decision-making, enhance customer experience strategies, and optimize marketing efforts. Ultimately, this research highlights the growing importance of AI-driven predictive analytics in improving sales forecasting accuracy and supporting data-driven business strategies in Tamil Nadu’s evolving market environment.

This study comparatively evaluated the depuration efficiency of citric acid and (EDTA) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in reducing heavy metal concentrations in water hyacinth. Fresh plant samples were collected from Ekowe river in Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State, Nigeria and subjected to chemical depuration using citric acid and EDTA. The samples were cleaned, sorted, dried, milled, sieved and packaged. The water hyacinth sample was divided into three groups: one for citric acid treatment, one for EDTA treatment and a third group serving as the control (untreated). The two water hyacinth samples marked for treatments were subjected to chelator treatment by immersing them in solutions of citric acid and EDTA separately at 5 mM for 24 h. Samples from the 3 groups were subjected to wet-digested and analyzed for zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results of the study showed that the metal concentrations in the samples ranged from 23.33–45.50 mg/kg for Zn, 12.12–43.37 mg/kg for Cu, 0.02–1.15 mg/kg for Cd, 10.25–22.06 mg/kg for Ni, and 0.05–1.26 mg/kg for Pb. The findings of the study showed that chemical depuration significantly reduced the concentrations of all investigated metals, with EDTA achieving higher percentage reductions (48.72–98.26 %) compared to citric acid (36.89–92.06 %). Cadmium and lead levels in the raw samples exceeded FAO/WHO permissible limits but were reduced to safe levels following both treatments. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) among the raw and treated samples. Overall, EDTA demonstrated superior chelation and metal removal efficiency, while citric acid provided an effective, environmentally friendly alternative. The findings underscore the importance of chemical depuration in minimizing heavy metal risks and support the safe reutilization or disposal of water hyacinth biomass harvested from contaminated aquatic systems.

In the contemporary business environment, organizations are increasingly recognizing the importance of ethical values and cultural perspectives in management practices. Small scale industries (SSIs) play a vital role in economic growth, employment generation, and regional development in India. However, these enterprises often face challenges related to employee productivity, motivation, and ethical work culture. Human Resource Development (HRD) practices such as training, performance appraisal, and leadership development are widely used to enhance workforce capabilities. Nevertheless, the integration of indigenous ethical values within HRD practices remains relatively unexplored.
This paper examines the relevance of Indian ethical values in strengthening HRD practices for improving employee productivity in small scale industries. Drawing conceptual insights from classical Indian philosophical texts such as the Bhagavad Gita and Arthashastra, as well as the ethical philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, the study identifies core values including Dharma (duty), Nishkam Karma (selfless action), Satya (truth), and Seva (service). These principles are linked with key HRD functions including training and development, ethical leadership, employee motivation, and performance management.
The study adopts a qualitative and conceptual approach based on secondary data collected from academic journals, books, and research reports. A conceptual framework is proposed illustrating how integrating ethical values with HRD practices can enhance employee commitment, intrinsic motivation, organizational trust, and job satisfaction, ultimately leading to higher productivity in small scale industries.
The study concludes that embedding Indian ethical principles in HRD practices offers a culturally grounded and sustainable management approach that can significantly improve employee performance and organizational effectiveness.

The purpose of the study was to find out the effects of swissball training and yoga practices on selected physical fitness components among college volleyball players. To achieve the purpose of the study forty-five college volleyball players were selected randomly aged 18 to 21, from various colleges in Coimbatore. The selected subjects were divided into three equal groups, namely the swissball training group, the yoga practice group, and the control group of fifteen subjects each. The training period was limited to eight weeks and three days per week. Swissball training and yoga practice were selected as independent variables. Dependent variables selected as flexibility and balance were measured by the static flexibility test and standing-stork tests, respectively. The obtained data from the swissball training group, the yoga practice group and the control group before and after the experimental period were statistically one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis of co-variants (ANCOVA) repeated measurements (three groups means). The level of significance was fixed at a 0.05 level of confidence for all the cases. Significant improvement was found in flexibility and balance in the swissball training group and yoga practice group when compared to the control group.

This paper examines yoga and meditation in the Bhagavad Gita, with a focus on Chapter 6, Dhyana Yoga (The Yoga of Meditation). The study explores meditation as a practical discipline for self-realisation and inner transformation. It highlights the integration of Karma, Jnana, and Bhakti Yoga, and emphasises that true yoga involves equanimity and detachment from the fruits of action. The teachings of Lord Krishna on meditation—including posture, mental focus, and discipline—are analysed for their relevance to mental stability and spiritual growth.
The paper discusses the challenges of mind control and emphasises abhyasa (practice) and vairagya (detachment) as essential tools for mastery. It outlines the stages of meditation: concentration (dharana), then ultimate absorption (samadhi), and describes the qualities of a true yogi. The study concludes meditation in the Bhagavad Gita is not just a spiritual exercise, but a comprehensive way of life that promotes psychological well-being, emotional balance, and ultimate liberation (moksha). These teachings remain relevant in modern society for inner harmony and stress management.

The purpose of the current study is to identify the main factors that determine whether people in an emerging economy adopt digital banking by using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The current study specifically evaluated the effect of both Perceived Usefulness (PU), as well as Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), on digital banking adoption (DBA). The researcher collected primary data from a sample of 450 respondents using a structured survey and analyzed the data using SPSS, specifically, the researcher used reliability testing, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, correlation, and multiple linear regression to examine the data. The reliability of the data collection instrument was confirmed using a Cronbach’s alpha statistic of 0.950 which reflects an excellent level of internal consistency. Construct validity of the instrument was confirmed using both a KMO of .828 and a significant Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity (p < 0.001). Correlation analyses showed that both PU (r = 0.585, p < 0.001) and PEOU (r = 0.594, p < 0.001) were positively correlated with digital banking adoption. The regression analysis indicated that the overall model was statistically significant (F = 192.108, p < 0.001) and explained 46.2% of the variance in digital banking adoption (R² = 0.462). In addition, PEOU was identified as the stronger of the two predictors of DBA, although both PU and PEOU demonstrated a statistically significant positive impact on DBA. These findings provide support for the relevance of TAM and have important practical implications for banks as they attempt to increase DBA.

This paper analyses and compares two popular mutual fund investment strategies—Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) and Lump Sum Investment—using secondary data from trusted financial platforms, i.e., AMFI and NSE. The main aim is to measure the effectiveness, risk-return trade-off and performance analysis of each of the two strategies in different market conditions. The study is descriptive and comparative in nature and focuses on decade long industry patterns and SIP inflow with simulation data on returns. The results demonstrate the fact that Indian Mutual Fund industry has grown significantly over the past decade which is evident from the continual augmented in the AUM and growing SIP contribution from ₹9,000 crore in 2021 to ₹21,000 crore in 2025. This suggests that people are getting more financially literate and participating more in investing. Rupee Cost Average (RCA) results of the comparative analysis shows that premium payment provides higher absolute return during a continuously rising market on account of the whole capital being exposed and compounded. Given these advantages and an already large user base, SIP is the better option for retail and risk-averse investors, as numerous advantages of the SIP method, including rupee cost averaging, lower risk of timing the market and the advantage of the disciplined investing behaviour. The study establishes that there is not one best strategy that could be recommended for all; that the best option depends on the states of the world, the risk preferences of the investors, and their financial objectives. Although Lump Sum investing is more advantageous in a bullish market, Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) is also considered a pragmatic and safer route for long term wealth creation in volatile markets. Therefore, these two methodologies are complementary to each other in the process of creating good financial planning and investment-making decisions.

This study examines the role of Human Resource Management (HRM) in promoting effective corporate governance within modern organizations. With increasing emphasis on transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct, corporate governance has become essential for sustainable business practices. The research is based on secondary data, including literature, journals, and existing reports, to analyze how HR functions contribute to governance frameworks. The study highlights that HR plays a strategic role in implementing ethical policies, ensuring compliance with legal standards, and fostering an organizational culture of integrity and accountability. Key HR practices such as recruitment, training, performance management, and employee relations are identified as critical drivers of governance. The research also emphasizes the growing importance of HR in aligning organizational objectives with governance principles in the Indian context. Overall, the study concludes that HRM acts as a vital link between management and employees, strengthening corporate governance and contributing to long-term organizational success.

Assessment is a core component of competence-based education, with feedback systems and item analysis critical for improving instructional quality and ensuring valid, reliable evaluations. However, in vocational teacher training colleges such as Morogoro Vocational Teachers Training College (MVTTC), gaps exist in feedback provision, item analysis practices, and alignment between teaching and examination setting. This study employed a case study design with a mixed-method approach, collecting data from 23 vocational tutor through questionnaires. Data analysis revealed that 45.5% of respondents receive only student marks without question-level feedback, while 40.9% obtain general pass/fail information; 81.8% report not receiving detailed item-level learning outcome analyses. Also 86.4% of teachers indicated that exams set externally force them to “teach to the test,” demonstrating misalignment between teaching and assessment. These findings suggest that the current system is assessment-driven rather than learning-oriented, limiting opportunities for instructional improvement and reducing assessment validity and reliability. Strengthening structured feedback mechanisms, training teachers in item analysis, and involving instructors in exam development are essential strategies to enhance constructive alignment and the overall effectiveness of vocational teacher education.

The success of any organisation is highly dependent on how it attracts, recruits, motivates and retains its work force. Today’s 0organisation needs to be more flexible so that they are equipped to develop their workforce and enjoy their commitment. Quality of work life represents a concern for the human dimension of work. Quality of work life produces a more humanised work environment. It attempts to serve the higher skills of the workers and to provide an environment that encourages them to improve their skills. The idea is that workers are human resources that are to be developed rather than simply used. The main objective is to study the quality of work life of the employee of Manufacturing Organisation in Chennai The researcher studied the various factors influencing quality of work life of the employees like job satisfaction, work culture and work environment, training and development and work stress with respect to the employees. The research design used for this study is descriptive. The sampling unit includes the employees of a Manufacturing Organisation in Chennai. The Collected datas were analysed by using Chi- square test, Mann Whitney U test, Fisher exact probability test, Correlation techniques. The major findings are there is a relationship between age of the employees and work stress, while working in a team they are able to reduce their work stress, the employee who receives fair and adequate compensation perform their job better and get high job satisfaction. It is concluded that Quality of work life plays a vital role in increasing the productivity. Orgainsation should make sure to provide necessary facilities to provide better quality of work life to employees

This study investigates the roles of teacher and peer feedback in supporting students’ writing development within an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom in Hanoi, Vietnam. Drawing on a classroom-based comparative design, the research examines how different sources of feedback influence students’ writing across key aspects, including content, organization, language use, and mechanics. Two groups of upper-secondary students participated in a process-oriented writing program, in which one group received structured teacher feedback while the other engaged in guided peer review activities during the revision stage. Data were collected through pre- and post-writing tasks, student drafts, and revision outcomes. The findings indicate that both teacher and peer feedback contribute positively to students’ writing improvement, although their effects vary across writing dimensions. Teacher feedback appears to be more influential in enhancing grammatical accuracy and language use, while peer feedback shows stronger contributions to surface-level features and fosters greater student engagement with ideas and text organization. Importantly, no statistically significant difference was found in overall writing performance between the two groups, suggesting that both feedback types are pedagogically valuable when implemented effectively. The study highlights the complementary nature of teacher and peer feedback in the EFL writing process and underscores the importance of integrating both practices in classroom instruction. Implications are discussed for designing feedback strategies that are contextually appropriate for Vietnamese secondary school settings and for promoting more interactive, student-centered writing environments.

Obesity is a major global health concern associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and psychosomatic disorders. Conventional treatments — pharmacological or surgical — are often costly and cause side effects. The present study evaluated the combined effect of Chandrayana Vrata (a traditional lunar-cycle dietary regimen) and yogic practices on obesity in young adults. Conducted at the Department of Human Consciousness and Yogic Sciences, Mangalore University, 13 participants (aged 20–45 years) were randomly allocated to an experimental group (n = 7) and a control group (n = 6). The experimental group followed a 30-day intervention comprising a Chandrayana-based calorie-cycling diet and daily one-hour yoga sessions (asanas, pranayama, meditation, and relaxation). The control group continued usual lifestyle. Outcome measures included body weight (kg), Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m²), and the Health Prospectus Yoga Questionnaire (HPYQ; max = 100). Paired-samples t-tests demonstrated statistically significant reductions in body weight (−7.32%; t(6) = 8.82, p < .001, d = 3.33) and BMI (−9.15%; t(6) = 8.93, p < .001, d = 3.37), and a 42.31% improvement in HPYQ scores (t(6) = 10.58, p < .001, d = 4.00) in the experimental group. No significant changes were observed in the control group (all ps > .05). Between-group independent t-tests confirmed the superiority of the intervention on all outcomes (all t(11) > 7.2, p < .001). These findings establish the integrative approach as clinically meaningful for holistic obesity management.

Mental illness (or mental disorders) are clinically significant disturbances in cognition, emotional regulation, or behaviour, usually associated with distress or impairment in important areas of functioning such as work, relationships, or daily activities. Organizational factors play a major role in the development of mental illness, especially in workplace settings. Poor work environments, management practices, and job conditions can contribute to disorders like depression, anxiety disorders, and burnout. The impact of mental illness in the workplace are reduced productivity, absenteeism, presenteeism, poor decision-making, low employee morale, increased workplace conflicts, high employee turnover, health and safety risks, negative organizational culture, financial loss to organization. Stigma is attached to people with mental illness in the workplace. The impact of stigma on employees are increased stress and emotional pain, reduced job satisfaction, fear of disclosure, worsening of mental health condition. This study focuses on how training intervention can reduce stigma attached to mental illness and shape an inclusive climate in an organization. Secondary data were collected. The findings of the study are people with mental illness don’t disclose the mental health issue due to fear of judgment and stigma, lack of psychological safety and awareness in organizations. Findings indicate that training interventions reduced stigmatizing attitudes, improvement in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour, managers become more supportive toward employees with mental illness, promotes early intervention and empathy, improve communication and supportive practices in workplaces, enhances inclusive organizational climate.

This study focuses on understanding the grievance handling mechanisms and their impact on employee trust in the manufacturing sector in Gujarat. The purpose of the research is to analyze how effectively organizations handle employee grievances and how it influences trust towards management. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire from employees, while secondary data was gathered from journals, reports, and HR-related sources. The findings show that fair, transparent, and timely grievance handling improves employee trust and workplace environment. The study concludes that effective grievance handling systems play a crucial role in enhancing employee satisfaction, reducing conflicts, and strengthening organizational relationships.

The rapid advancement of digital technology has significantly transformed global financial and payment systems, with National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) playing a pivotal role in India’s digital payment landscape. In recent years, digital payment platforms have gained substantial popularity due to their accessibility, speed, and convenience. Among these innovations, the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) represents a major milestone. UPI is a real- time payment system that enables users to transfer funds instantly between bank accounts through smartphone applications. Since its introduction, UPI has fundamentally transformed financial transactions in India by simplifying the payment process and facilitating secure, cashless transactions without reliance on traditional banking methods. The primary objective of this study is to examine the impact of UPI on India’s digital payment ecosystem. Specifically, the study explores key aspects related to UPI usage, including user awareness, adoption patterns, frequency of use, perceived benefits, challenges encountered by users, and overall satisfaction with UPI services. Furthermore, the study analyzes how demographic variables such as age, gender, occupation, and residential location influence the adoption and utilization of UPI. By evaluating these factors, the research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of UPI’s role in driving the growth of digital payments in India. The findings of the study indicate that a majority of respondents are aware of UPI and actively utilize it for digital transactions, demonstrating its widespread acceptance. Additionally, many respondents have been using UPI for several years, suggesting that it has evolved into a reliable and well-established payment system. The results further reveal that UPI is extensively used for routine financial activities, including utility bill payments, purchasing goods and services, transferring money to individuals, and conducting online transactions. A significant proportion of respondents reported using UPI on a daily or weekly basis, highlighting its integral role in everyday financial practices.

Rural startups are emerging as an important driver of economic growth, employment generation, and poverty reduction in rural areas. The Government of India has introduced several schemes such as the Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP), Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY), Start-Up India, and the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) to support rural entrepreneurship. These initiatives provide financial assistance, skill development, and market support to rural entrepreneurs. This research paper analyzes the role and effectiveness of government schemes in promoting rural startup development and improving socio-economic conditions in rural communities. The study concludes that government initiatives significantly contribute to rural enterprise growth but challenges such as lack of awareness and bureaucratic delays still remain.

Homelessness represents one of the most destabilizing experiences an individual can endure, yet the specific psychosocial impact on African men in the diaspora who have become homeless following marital breakdown remains almost entirely unexamined in academic literature. This study investigates the emotional, psychological, and social effects of homelessness on African-born men living in Western countries who have experienced marital dissolution. Using a qualitative case study design grounded in an interpretive philosophical approach, the study draws on Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and the Stress-Appraisal-Coping Model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 African men living in temporary accommodation, night shelters, or street homelessness across three United Kingdom cities London, Birmingham, and Manchester. All participants had been previously married or cohabiting in a marital-like relationship for a minimum of two years. Thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke (2006) revealed six major themes: (1) catastrophic shame and the collapse of masculine identity, (2) profound social isolation and communal rejection, (3) severe psychological deterioration including depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation, (4) loss of fatherhood and estrangement from children, (5) maladaptive coping and substance use, and (6) emergent resilience and spiritual coping. Direct quotations from participants illuminate the lived reality of this hidden population. The findings inform culturally competent psychosocial interventions, homelessness policy, and mental health service design for African diaspora communities.

Homelessness among African men in the diaspora who have experienced marital breakdown represents a growing but severely under-researched social problem. While previous research has documented the psychosocial impact of homelessness on this population, no study has systematically examined the support systems available to them or the gaps in service provision. This mixed-methods study investigates existing support systems for homeless African men with marital breakdown histories in the United Kingdom, identifies service gaps, and explores barriers to access. The study employed a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. Phase one involved a quantitative survey of 120 homeless African men recruited from shelters, day centers, and community organizations across London, Birmingham, and Manchester. The survey measured awareness of support services, utilization rates, perceived helpfulness, and barriers to access. Phase two involved semi-structured qualitative interviews with 25 survey respondents, selected to represent diverse service-use patterns, and 10 service providers from statutory and voluntary sectors. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings reveal that only 34% of participants were aware of culturally appropriate services; 22% had accessed mental health support; and 18% had received housing advice specifically addressing marital breakdown. Major gaps included: absence of services addressing cultural shame (reported by 76%), lack of African male staff (71%), no support for father-child contact (68%), and no integration of marital counseling with homelessness services (73%). Qualitative themes included: (1) services are not designed for us, (2) shame as a barrier to help-seeking, (3) the missing role of community organizations, (4) positive exceptions and what works, and (5) recommendations for transformation. Direct quotations illustrate participants’ lived experiences of service failure and success. The study concludes that current support systems are fundamentally inadequate for this population and provides evidence-based recommendations for culturally competent, integrated service models.

Landfilling is the most prevalent method of waste management globally and is a crucial alternative, especially in low- and middle-income nations, owing to its comparative ease and affordability. Due to budget constraints, numerous landfills do not have sufficient environmental protection measures like effective liners and leachate collection systems, resulting in considerable environmental pollution. Despite having mitigation systems implemented, it is not always possible to ensure the total prevention of pollution. This research offers a case study of Pune’s Moshi Dumping Yard, with the goal of performing a systematic evaluation of municipal dumping grounds and sanitary landfills from social, technical, and environmental viewpoints. Information was gathered via site visits, field surveys, and stakeholder engagements to pinpoint the existing challenges in landfill management. The research highlighted crucial problems like the significant amount of waste, byproducts from waste-to-energy facilities, and inadequate internal access routes in the landfill site. In light of these discoveries, a structured framework has been created to tackle the pinpointed issues using efficient planning and management techniques. The suggested framework seeks to minimize environmental and social effects while acting as a blueprint for future sustainable landfill design and administration in India.

Linear Programming Problem (LPP) is one of the most important techniques used in operations research to optimize limited resources. It is widely applied in industries such as manufacturing, transportation, supply chain management, and financial planning. With the advancement of computational technology, several online optimization software tools have been developed to solve large-scale linear programming models efficiently. This paper analyzes various software systems used for solving LPP and compares their computational complexity in terms of time and space requirements. A sample LPP problem is solved and the performance of different solvers is analyzed based on the algorithms used by them.

Effective communication between schools, parents, and students plays a vital role in improving educational outcomes and strengthening relationships within the school community. This study focuses on analyzing the effectiveness of school communication systems with parents and students. The main objective of the study is to understand how well schools communicate important information such as academic performance, school activities, announcements, and student progress.The research examines different communication methods used by schools, including meetings, circulars, phone calls, emails, mobile applications, and online portals. It also evaluates the level of satisfaction among parents and students regarding the clarity, frequency, and usefulness of the information shared by the school. This study examines the effectiveness of school communication systems in strengthening the relationship between schools, parents, and students. It focuses on how various communication methods, such as digital platforms, meetings, and notices, influence student performance, parental involvement, and overall school management. The research highlights the importance of timely, clear, and consistent communication in building trust and improving educational outcomes. The findings suggest that effective communication systems play a crucial role in enhancing collaboration and ensuring better academic and behavioral development of students.

Business and management are two closely connected concepts that play a vital role in the growth and sustainability of organizations. While business focuses on the production and exchange of goods and services, management ensures the efficient use of resources to achieve organizational goals. This article explores the fundamentals of business and management, their importance, key functions, challenges, and their evolving nature in the modern world.

In the past few years, the rate at which electronic commerce has been growing in India has accelerated manifold, changing the way businesses are conducted and how consumers conduct their shopping activities. Among all the operational activities, logistics and supply chain operations have emerged as major drivers for the success of electronic commerce organizations. The major aim and objective of this research paper is to identify the role played by logistics efficiency in customer satisfaction, and for this purpose, Flipkart has been taken as a case study. This research paper has been prepared based on the descriptive method of research, as the major aim and objective of this research paper is to analyze the existing scenario. For making the data reliable and accurate, both primary and secondary data sources have been incorporated in this research paper. The basic statistical tools, such as percentage analysis and graphical presentation, have been employed in this research paper. The findings obtained from this research paper reveal that Flipkart has been able to develop a strong logistics system, but there are a few areas where improvement needs to be made, such as a large number of respondents facing problems like delayed delivery, damage, and poor communication during disrupted orders. Despite facing such problems, the overall level of satisfaction remains relatively high. The study has concluded that logistics play a vital role in influencing the customer experience, which can be a competitive advantage.

The Indian banking sector has undergone a remarkable transformation from traditional and unorganized financial systems to a technologically advanced digital ecosystem. This article examines the evolution of banking in India, focusing on major reforms, technological developments, and government initiatives that have shaped the current landscape. It also highlights the challenges faced by the sector and explores its future prospects in the digital era.

This study focuses on understanding the concept of credit and risk management in banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs). The purpose of the research is to analyze how financial institutions manage credit risk while providing loans and other financial services to customers. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire from respondents, while secondary data was gathered from journals, reports, and financial websites. The findings show that proper credit evaluation and monitoring are important for reducing the risk of loan default. The study concludes that effective credit and risk management practices help banks and NBFCs maintain financial stability and improve their lending decisions. This study seeks how credit and risk management helps to reduce NPA in banks and nbfcs.

Employability has become a crucial factor in today’s competitive job market, especially in the context of startups where individuals are expected to possess both technical and soft skills. Professional skill training plays a significant role in enhancing employability by developing essential competencies such as communication, teamwork, and decision-making. This study focuses on analyzing how professional skill training improves employability among individuals at Ilakku Technology. The study is based on primary data collected from 107 respondents using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical tools such as percentage analysis, correlation, chi-square test, and regression analysis. These tools were used to examine the relationship between training and employability skills and to evaluate the effectiveness of training programs. The results indicate that a majority of respondents (92.5%) believe that professional skill training is essential for employability, while the overall satisfaction level is moderate, with a significant proportion of respondents being neutral or dissatisfied. The correlation analysis (r = 0.064, p = 0.515) shows a weak and statistically insignificant relationship between communication and teamwork skills. The chi-square test (p < 0.001) reveals a significant association between educational qualification and decision-making skills. However, the regression analysis indicates that training-related variables do not have a statistically significant impact on decision-making skills. Overall, the study concludes that professional skill training contributes to employability improvement, but its effectiveness varies depending on factors such as educational background and training quality. Continuous improvement in training design and implementation is essential to achieve better outcomes.

In today’s world, environmental sustainability has become a major concern for both consumers and businesses. People are now more aware of issues such as pollution, climate change, excessive use of plastic, and the fast depletion of natural resources. Because of this growing awareness, many consumers are slowly changing their buying habits and showing more interest in eco-friendly and sustainable products that are safer for the environment. This study aims to understand the key factors that influence consumers when choosing sustainable products. It explores whether their preference is driven by environmental awareness, product quality, social pressure, or personal beliefs. At the same time, it also examines practical challenges like high prices and limited availability, which may prevent consumers from actually purchasing these products. The research is based on primary data collected from 250 respondents using a structured questionnaire. A descriptive research approach has been followed, and basic statistical tools such as percentage analysis, One-Way ANOVA, and Chi-Square tests have been used to analyse the data. The results show that most consumers have a positive attitude towards eco-friendly products, and awareness about environmental issues strongly influences their preferences. However, factors like higher cost and lack of easy availability still act as barriers to regular purchase. In conclusion, although sustainable products are becoming more popular, their widespread use depends on increasing awareness, making them more affordable, and improving their availability in the market. This study can help businesses, marketers, and policymakers develop better strategies to promote sustainable consumption effectively.

Investment decisions are largely influenced by the relationship between risk and return, which plays a crucial role in financial planning. Investors often face the challenge of choosing between equity instruments, which offer higher growth potential but involve greater volatility, and debt instruments, which provide relatively stable returns with lower risk. This study aims to compare the risk and return performance of selected equity and debt mutual funds in the Indian financial market. The research is based on secondary data collected from reliable sources such as AMFI, Moneycontrol, Value Research Online, and mutual fund fact sheets. A total of eight mutual fund schemes were selected for analysis, including four equity mutual funds and four debt mutual funds, over a five-year period. The performance of these funds was evaluated using financial indicators such as Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Standard Deviation, and Beta, which help measure return, total risk, and market sensitivity. The findings reveal that equity mutual funds provide significantly higher returns compared to debt mutual funds, but they also involve higher volatility and risk. In contrast, debt mutual funds generate comparatively lower returns but offer greater stability and lower market sensitivity. The study confirms the fundamental risk–return trade-off principle. Therefore, investors are advised to maintain a balanced portfolio combining both equity and debt instruments to achieve long-term financial stability and growth.

This study aims to assess the impact of the Tengeru Cultural Tourism Programme (TCTP) on the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage and indigenous knowledge among local communities in Tengeru, Tanzania. Guided by sustainable tourism theory, a qualitative case study approach was employed, with data collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation involving community members, tourism practitioners and local authorities. The data were analysed thematically to capture participants’ perspectives and experiences. Findings revealed that TCTP has significantly contributed to safeguarding traditional practices such as local dances, handicrafts, culinary traditions and storytelling, while promoting cultural awareness among both residents and visitors. Additionally, the programme has enhanced community participation, generated income opportunities and fostered creative innovation in tourism products. However, challenges such as limited resources, inadequate marketing and the potential for cultural commodification were identified as barriers to optimal impact. The study concludes that TCTP provides an effective model for integrating cultural preservation with community-driven tourism initiatives, offering valuable insights for policymakers, tourism developers and scholars interested in sustainable and culturally sensitive tourism practices.

Employee motivation plays a critical role in enhancing organizational performance, productivity, and employee satisfaction. This study titled “A Study on the Factors Influencing Motivation of the Employees in Ritz Serve” focuses on identifying and analysing key motivational factors such as incentives, recognition, and workplace respect that influence employee performance. The study is based on primary data collected from 108 employees of Ritz Serve using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analysed using statistical tools such as Percentage Analysis, Correlation, and Regression Analysis through SPSS. These tools were used to examine relationships between motivational factors and employee performance in a structured and measurable manner. The regression results (F = 9.574, Sig. = 0.000) indicate that incentives and recognition have a statistically significant impact on employee motivation. Correlation analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between recognition and motivation (r = 0.353, Sig. = 0.000). Furthermore, a stronger positive correlation was identified between workplace respect and employee motivation (r = 0.764, Sig. = 0.000), indicating that respect is a more powerful driver of motivation compared to recognition. The findings clearly suggest that while financial incentives and recognition contribute to employee motivation, psychological factors such as respect in the workplace have a significantly greater influence. The study concludes that organizations should prioritize both financial and non-financial motivational strategies, with a stronger emphasis on creating a respectful and supportive work environment to enhance employee performance and long-term organizational success.

Renal calculi (urolithiasis) is a common urological disorder characterized by severe pain and a high tendency for recurrence, with conventional management typically involving analgesics, lithotripsy, and surgical interventions that may carry risks of complications and recurrence. This case report presents a 53-year-old female patient who reported burning micturition with right-sided loin-to-groin pain suggestive of ureteric involvement, along with radiating pain, frequent and painful urging to urinate, and a persistent sensation of bladder fullness. The clinical picture indicated inflammatory and obstructive urinary pathology, supported by an underlying uric acid diathesis predisposing to calculus formation. Individualization of the case was guided by characteristic general symptoms, including a marked desire for cold drinks and cold extremities. Following individualized homoeopathic treatment, the patient experienced significant symptomatic relief, with normalization of urinary findings. Post-treatment investigations revealed improved renal parameters and absence of active pathology. This case highlights that individualized homoeopathic management may serve as a safe and effective non-invasive alternative in the treatment of renal calculi, with the potential to reduce the need for surgical intervention.